فهرست مطالب فروزان ناصری

Doline is one of the most characteristic and basic surface and morphological forms of karst, as a result of the chemical effect of water on limestone that occurs in different shapes and sizes. Dolines differ in morphological characteristics. In the present study, after identifying the valleys in the karst areas of the Zagros, their dispersion and change of morphological characteristics such as length, width, area and depth in relation to altitude and climate, citing documentary sources such as geological maps 1: 100000, digital elevation model layer with strength 12.5 m resolution, satellite imagery, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, and 49-year-old Esfzari temperature and precipitation databases were analyzed in Arc GIS, Mapper Global, and Excel software. The study of different parameters of Zagros valleys in different altitudes and climates indicates that their shape and depth have been affected by Quaternary climate change. At lower altitudes, where water is more involved in dissolution than low temperatures, the dolines are nearly circular in shape and stretch at higher altitudes and the lower the temperature and the greater the likelihood of the doline turning into a glacial-doline circus, the more elongated the doline becomes. The compression coefficient of the dolines also indicates that their elongation and length increase with increasing height; in this way, at an altitude distance of 500-1000 meters, the ratio of circles for every 1000m increase in height increases by 0.8 and the compression coefficient decreases by 0.9. At an altitude distance of 1000-2000m, with each increase of 100m, the ratio of circles is 0.44 and the compression coefficient is 0.1. In the 3700-3000m floor, the circular ratio decreases by 1.2 with each elevation of 1000m, and the compaction increases by 1.3.

The external processes of the earth and the resulting forms are basically a function of the climatic conditions prevailing in each region (Ramesht & Kazemi, 2007). There is a special connection between the climate and the shape of the roughness. In other words, in each realm, the main face of the rugged forms is under the influence of an evolving system and that system has functioned as a prevailing climatic condition in that land (Mahmoudi, 2007, p. 19). Karst geomorphology studies the specific morphological and hydrological features of soluble rocks (mostly carbonate), (Zanganeh Asadi et al., 2002). Climate change is one of the characteristics of the Quaternary period that has led to changes in shaping systems and consequently in the land form (Nematollahi, 2003, p. 12). The change has occurred intermittently (Jafar Beigloo et al., 2014). In the cold periods of the Pleistocene in the northwestern part of the Zagros region, a glacial and adjacent glacial process, and in the southeast of the eastern part, the river process have been the causes of changes in the face of roughness. But now the northwestern part of Zagros has mountainous weather. For this reason, the adjacent glacier process at the level of the hills and the river process in the thalwegs are considered to be the main elements of the formation (Alaeetalaghani, 2012, p. 135). The present study aimed to investigate the physiographic characteristics of Zagros sub-basins in relation to karstization conditions.

Drainage systems and river landscapes react in various ways to the physical characteristics of the catchment. In this paper, according to karst characteristics and the effect of dissolution on the basin in terms of physiographic characteristics, sub-basin shape parameters such as slope and roughness coefficient, along with topographic parameters in Arc Map 10.3 environment were extracted. Basic parameters including environment, area, minimum and maximum, the height and length of the canals of the basins were estimated. The results were entered into Excel 2013 software and their status was analyzed at different altitudes and climates.

The most important factor for creating karst is the presence of carbonate dissolved masses. Therefore, in this study, calcareous areas were first identified in Zagros. In general, limestone in Zagros was approximately 43% of its area, equivalent to 121270.8 km2, which was the highest in the middle of Zagros. Due to the vast amount of the study area and its placement in the wet currents and the Mediterranean and Sudanese cyclones, the western slopes of Zagros received more rainfall and humidity than the eastern slopes (Alijani, 2003). According to the precipitation and temperature maps of Zagros, the annual precipitation varied between 250 to 900 mm and the annual temperature varied from -1 to 26 ° C. In order to study the conditions of Karsts of Zagros, temperature and precipitation maps were classified. The values of these parameters were classified into five classes according to the conditions of the basins. Parameters such as the ratio of rippling, slope, circle ratio, form factor, basin length, and elongation were placed in the best possible condition. This coefficient was closer to the 1. Geometrically, the basin was closer to the circle. In square-shaped basins, the shape and form factor of the basin was equal to one.

In general, the study of the physiographic characteristics of the sub-basins in the climatic classes showed that when the karstification conditions become more climatically favorable, the shapes and landforms become circular and take on an elongated shape. Due to the climatic differences of the classes and the shape of karst landforms, terms such as water-water basin and glacial-water basin can be used. This means that in higher areas where the climatic conditions are favorable and very favorable for the karstification system, under the influence of the glacier, the dissolution action was more concentrated and in-depth, and karst-glacial forms were created. And at lower altitudes, due to the greater role of runoff in the karst-fiction process, the dissolution was at a higher level than the depth. The roughness coefficient was reduced and the shape of the karst complication was closer to the circle.

This paper considers pricing and inventory control decisions simultaneously as a hybrid production system. The hybrid production system with two recovery options, remanufacturing and refurbishing are presented. The demand follows Poisson distribution, which depends on the sale price of each product. Returned products arrive according to a Poisson process. Each returned product can be remanufactured, refurbished, or disposed of. The time to manufacturing, refurbishing, and remanufacturing a product also follows an exponential distribution. By modeling the system as a Markov chain, the long-run expected profit function is derived as a function of the dispose –down-to level of returned products and the order-up-to level and the sale price of serviceable products 1 and 2. Considering pricing and inventory control decisions simultaneously with remanufacturing and refurbishing returned products creates a three-dimensional state space of the Markov Chain with dependence, the sale price of products. Due to the complexity of the model (mixed integer nonlinear programming), the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm and complete search method are used. The results show that by increasing the purchase price of returned products, the amount of returned products will increase. If the refurbishing cost of the return products is high or the disposal cost is low, less inventory should be kept in the system with a high price of serviceable products. If the lost sale cost is high, the more inventory should be maintained. Moreover, by decreasing the price elasticity of demand, the customer’s demand is increased, and then more inventory should be kept in the system.

Natural evidence suggests that past climatic conditions have changed dramatically. Most land formations are not justified by current processes and their origin is attributed to climatic processes other than the current climate. Climate change has always been associated with the rise and fall of glaciers. Climate change and the displacement of permanent snowflakes have certainly led to changes in shaping systems, including the karst-fiction system. With reference to documentary sources (geological and topographic maps, digital elevation model, temperature and precipitation information of Esfzari databases, satellite images), the purpose of this paper is to study the changes in the geometric properties of karst landforms (Dolin, Strait, Canyon, Calcareous region, Home, Caves and springs), in relation to the Quaternary climate (temperature and precipitation), altitude and fault. Examining the density and dispersion of these forms, considering the factors affecting karst (climate, altitude and tectonics), it can be concluded that although changes in karst landforms follow the same vector as altitude; taking into account temperature changes, glacial, abscission and landslides that occur in the highlands, Changes in some karst landforms cannot be definitively attributed to favorable or unfavorable dissolution conditions. The interpretation of such landforms must take into account the palimpsest (multi-painting) paradigm. In the evolution of karst landforms, processes have often operated in the same way and mathematical logic cannot be used to change the karstic-fiction boundaries of the Quaternary.

Karst is a result of numerous processes that occur in limestone areas and different climatic, geological and hydrological conditions and its effects in various shapes, such as pits and caves in the ground and underground. We in this article study due to the vast area of the region and the lithology dispersion of lime in various altitudes. Based on documents such as geological maps 1: 100000, the digital model of elevation with a power of 12.5 m and topographic maps of 1: 50,000. The first of the karstic forms Located in Zagros in the Arc GIS software and required data was extracted using Mapper Global, Google Earth software, and their dispersion analyzed in terms of height, seams and cracks (faults) and Excel. The results of the dispersion of karst shapes and complications relative to height indicate. They the density of the forms at different altitude levels has increased with increasing elevation. Their frequency in the upper classes is several times higher than the lower classes, and the dispersion of the karstic forms concerning the distance from the fault shows that all types of karst except Hum, without exception, have the highest density at a distance of fewer than 20 kilometers from of the failure. The dispersion of these forms, including Doline and caves at that space, indicates that Karst's evolution increases according to the gaps and the dissolution process, especially in the deep karst, increases.

Various factors influence the karstification process in the dissolution of carbonate rocks. Karst is common influence result of internal morphodynamics (geological structure and lithology) and external morphodynamics (climate, altitude, vegetation, and time). They affect the karstification of the demise of carbonate rocks. Karst is the result of numerous methods that occur in calcareous zones and climatic, geological, and hydrological conditions, and its effects can be seen in multiple forms, such as pits and caves above and below ground. One of the climate indices that determines the environmental conditions is the amount of moisture and its changes. The presence of water is a significant climate factor in karst development. They reflected in the formation of the environment in several Forming systems: in the high elevations and latitudes as glacier systems, in the piedmont as ice sheet systems, in the marginal zone as ice tab and mudflat systems, in the lower zones as runoff and in the smaller pit as waterfall system (Seif et al., 2015). The solubility of carbonate rocks is sensitive to temperature changes (Ghobadi, 2009: 142); Limestone dissolution is more rapid at low temperatures and in colder climates, and the amount of karst erosion in cold and humid regions is much higher than in hot and humid regions (Zanganeh Asadi et al., 2002). With the impact of elevation on temperature and precipitation, erosion processes and consequently the face of the Earth and geomorphological phenomenon change (Alipour et al., 2017). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the physiographic differences of calcareous Zagros sub-basins concerning altitude variation and the interpretation of disagreements concerning temperature and precipitation elements.

In this paper, considering the karst features and the effect of dissolution on the basin in terms of physiographic properties (shape parameters), slope, roughness (topographic parameters) in the Arc Map, the basins of the rivers that were located in the calcareous zones were determined. The settings of such as environment, basin area, and rivers length, minimum and maximum height were calculated. The shape and topographic parameters of the basins were estimated, by using the existing relationships, and then the final rank of the basin's main waterway was obtained based on the Australian method. The collected data were entered into Excel software. Finally, linear regression equations between altitude as the independent variable and other parameters as the dependent variables were estimated to investigate their variation concerning the altitude factor. They were also studied in elevation classes, different climatic zones, and distance to the fault.

Investigation of the estimated linear regression relation between height as an independent variable and other parameters as a dependent variable at different ranks indicates that with increasing elevation, area, roughness coefficient, length, elongation ratio, and basin shape factor become less and form element lower. Increasing the area of sub-basins at ranks similar to elevation implies that surface erosion overcomes linear erosion. When corrosion is direct, the intermediates are usually less extensive, and the basins are consequently getting smaller. However, the sub-basin area increases due to elevation in single lithology, and as in similar waterways. Due to the karst-fission effect on basin dimensions and their influence on climatic elements, the sub-basin area has grown and increased the area of the sub-basin has made the erosion from the line (water) to surface (dissolution) more inclined. In 297 sub-basins with rank 2 and 3 northwest Zagros, there was no significant relationship between altitudes with other parameters except ruggedness. That is, their coefficient of explanation was less than 0.4, and it could not be analyzed solely by the height factor. Examination of these parameters indicates that their changes, sometimes with increasing altitude, are minor and occasionally unanticipated and sometimes have no specific direction. As the river rises, the area of the sub-basins also increases. We identified in the southeastern part of the folded Zagros, 48 basins. In each rank basin, there is a direct correlation between height and other parameters. It means that all of them are affected by altitude. They increase with the coefficient of all of them, except the form factor, it has grown. In low Zagros, 68 catchments in calcareous zones, with ranks two to four, it was considered that the regression relationships between altitude and parameters except the form factor had a direct correlation with the difference that this unit had higher correlation coefficient than the other Zagros units.

The physiographic coefficients of the basins in the calcareous zones, the change in temperature and precipitation due to elevation changed. The transformations of karstification can analyze the change in temperature and precipitation — these changes reflected in different parts of Zagros (except for the folded northwest Zagros). The increasing of the coefficient of explanation in low altitude Zagro indicates that due to the physiographic characteristics of the basins, the role of climate change (temperature and precipitation) in this part of Zagros can be better traced. The examining factor such as basin physiography due to the increase of altitude shows that the elongation and length of the sub-basins increase with increasing. And it is reflected almost like the basin drag coefficient. Erosion at the basin surface may have a homogeneous or heterogeneous distribution. If the coefficient of roughness is high, it indicates that the distribution of decay has become seamless. In calcareous regions, as the altitude increases, the ratio of hardness increases too because the distribution of erosion becomes heterogeneous. Investigation of the physiographic characteristics of the watersheds concerning altitude shows that the elongation and length of the basins increase with increasing Zagros with an explanation coefficient of 0.5. The results show that increasing the coefficient of elongation and length of the basin in calcareous zones lead to more dissolution, and the form factor, with a ratio of explanation of 0.53 for the whole Zagros indicate the geometric shape of the basin to square and rectangle. It almost reflects results similar to the basin drag coefficient. In calcareous areas, as the altitude increases, the coefficient of roughness increases by an average of 0.6% due to heterogeneous surface erosion.
Morphometric study of Zagros calcareous sub-basins about climatic factors indicates that several factors affect these properties, only some of which are related to dissolution conditions; Crashes, landslides, topography, faults, seams and crevices, and any other factors can affect these properties that may be addressed in separate studies.

In this paper, a multi-objective, multi-period and multi-product mixed integer programming model ‎for the supplier selection and quota allocation problem under an all-unit quantity discount policy, ‎constrained storage space and stochastic demand is considered. Also, due to the stochastic status of ‎the demand, we use the Chance Constrained Programming (CCP) in order to transform the inventory ‎balance equation to a stochastic position. Since the discount policy encourages the buyer to buy more while the storage capacity restricts, we require to consider both in the supplier selection and quota allocation problem; furthermore, different priorities for the objectives should be considered. We use the LP-metric method, goal programming and the novel solution technique ‎called multi-choice goal programming in order to model the multi-objective problem. Furthermore, a numerical ‎example using three modeling approaches, considering the different scenarios are solved. The differences ‎in the scenarios are the importance of the objective function in terms of the decision maker. Results ‎show if an objective function is prioritized, that objective will be closer to its optimal value.

Development of ICT services specially those presented by mobile phone operators and increasing competition forces operators to offer new and various services. Operators try to motivate users to apply their innovations by presenting appropriate quality and price. Regarding to the importance of this issue, we survey the effect of service quality and users’ satisfaction on innovation adoption by mobile phone users and predict innovation adoption. The relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction, and innovation adoption will be evaluated and compared using Structural Equation Modelling technique. Also, after extracting the appropriate factors, the probability of acceptance of new services will be calculated using logistic regression method. The results showed that customer orientation and flexibility in services have a major effect on innovation adoption by users. Furthermore, the first mobile operator can attract a lot of users.by offering new services and focusing on these factors.