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Fat inclusion in the diet presents positive features such as essential fatty acids and vitamin supply, slowing the passage rate, and lubricating the feed milling equipment. The price of conventional added fat sources has been increasing in the last few years; therefore, there is a growing interest in the use of alternative energy sources in poultry feeding. In this context, coproducts derived from the soybean oil refinement process represent an economic alternative and permit giving added value to residual products. Soybean lecithin, which is extracted from the soybean oil degumming process, is mainly composed of polar lipids (>60%), especially of phospholipids, but also contains an important amount of neutral lipids (30–40%), as triacylglycerols and free fatty acids. Soy lecithin may also act as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are important precursors of eicosanoids for human health benefits and neonatal growth. The inclusion of lecithin in the diet could improve lipid digestibility, liver function, and performance. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of fat source and soybean lecithin on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters in laying hens.
A total of 144 Nick Chick laying hens were randomly divided into six treatments, six replicates, and four hens per replicate as a 2×3 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included: 1) 3% soybean oil, 2) 3% soybean oil + 0.1% lecithin, 3) 3% tallow, 4) 3% tallow + 0.1% lecithin, 5) a mixture of soybean oil + tallow in equal proportions, and  6) a mixture of soybean oil + tallow in equal proportions + 0.1% lecithin. Lecithin contains 7480 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and is added to experimental diets at one kg/ton as per company recommendation. Productive performance and egg quality traits were recorded from 37 to 44 weeks of age. Egg production and egg weight were recorded daily and feed intake was recorded weekly. This information was used to calculate the feed conversion ratio. Egg quality was measured in four eggs which were individually weighed and the external and internal quality (shape index, yolk index, yolk weight, yolk color, Haugh unit, shell weight, and shell thickness) was determined. At the end of the experiment (44 weeks of age) celite was added to experimental diets as an insoluble marker. Apparent metabolizable energy, dry matter, fat and crude protein digestibility were measured. Liver enzymes’ activity (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations) and blood parameters (triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL) were measured at the end of the experiment.
Feed intake (P<0.01), egg production, and egg mass improved by a mixture of soybean oil + tallow (P<0.05) in the entire experiment. The effects of the source of oil on the productive performance of laying hens are contradictory and depend on the oil source and fatty acid compositions of oil/lipids, strain, and age of hens. Inclusion of lecithin in the diet increased feed intake and yolk color (P<0.01) but decreased Haugh unit (P<0.05). The reasons for the discrepancies among researchers concerning the effects of dietary lecithin on poultry production are not known but might depend on the type of bird used, as well as on the characteristics of the diet, including the level, source, and fatty acid profile of the lipid source used. The information available on the effects of lecithin on yolk pigmentation is scarce. The unsaturated fatty acid profile of lecithin is more favorable for xanthophyll absorption and utilization than that of the more saturated fatty acid profile of animal fat. Lecithin facilitates the absorption and transfer of fats, so it can cause the absorption of pigment substances as fat-soluble compounds. Yolk color increased and eggshell thickness was decreased (P<0.05) by a mixture of soybean oil + tallow. Apparent metabolizable energy, dry matter, fat, and protein digestibility were not affected by fat source, lecithin inclusion, or fat source × lecithin interaction. Moreover, the data indicated that the addition of soy oil decreased the cholesterol in the plasma (P<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.01), lactate dehydrogenase (P<0.05), triglyceride (P<0.01), cholesterol, and LDL (P<0.05) concentrations of the plasma decreased by lecithin inclusion in the diet. Lecithin is one of the natural elements that have dispersing properties. Lecithin is capable of reducing LDL cholesterol. It also promotes HDL cholesterol synthesis. In addition, it is used to help reduce cholesterol and triglycerides and protect the liver in the prevention of kidney stone formation. The lecithin modifies the cholesterol homeostasis in the liver, increasing the HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase) and alpha 7 hydroxylase cholesterol activities. The LDL concentration and size are also significantly reduced and the bile acid pool and bile lipid secretion are increased.
In general, soybean lecithin can be added, in combination with soybean oil and tallow as an energy source in laying hens' diet to improve performance.

This experiment was conducted to consider different levels of canola meal (CM) and protease enzyme on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, intestinal aminopeptidase activity, and relative weight of digestive organs of laying hens from 28 to 36 weeks of age. In total, 180 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were allocated to six treatments, five replicates, and six laying hens in each replication in a factorial arrangement of 3×2 by a completely randomized design with three levels of CM (0, 7.29, and 14.59%) and two levels of protease enzyme (0 and 200 g/ton). For the entire experimental period, the productive performance of laying hens and egg quality were not affected by CM levels or protease enzyme (P>0.05). As well as, there were no significant effect of CM levels and protease enzyme on AMEn, protein, and organic matter digestibility of the diet (P>0.05). The aminopeptidase activity of the duodenum (P<0.01) and jejunum (P=0.0511) was significantly increased by 14.59% CM supplemented with protease enzyme (10.61 and 11.94 Unit/ mg of tissue, respectively). Duodenal aminopeptidase activity increased by protease enzyme supplementation (7.74 vs. 6.69 Unit/ mg of tissue) (P=0.0103). The results showed that CM can be included in laying hen diets up to 14.59% with protease enzyme without any adverse effect on productive performance, egg quality traits, and nutrient digestibility.
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The current study was conducted to determine the effect of the feed form (mash, pellet, and extrude) on Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α mRNA) and heart index in broiler chickens. The relative weight of hearts and lungs, the ratio of Right Ventricle heart weight to the Total Ventricle weight (RV/TV, heart index), Hematocrit value (HCT) and gene expression (HIF-1α mRNA) in the hearts and lungs tissues of the broiler chickens were determined at 35 days of age. Also, mortality and performance parameters were recorded throughout the experiment. The results showed that Average Daily Weight Gain (ADWG), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) (P< 0.01), Right Ventricle weight (RV), Ventricles Total weight (TV), hematocrit value and expression of HIF-1α mRNA in the lungs tissues were higher in the pellet and extrude diet form compared to the mash diet form (P< 0.05). Also, a higher Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) (P< 0.01) was observed in the mash diet form. The hematocrit value and expression of the HIF-1α mRNA gene in the lung tissues of the broiler chickens were increased by feeding pellet and extruded diets, which was associated with increase in mortality from ascites. Our findings, therefore, revealed that the HIF-1αmRNA gene might be concerned with the increase of pulmonary and ascites syndrome in the broiler chickens.

A total of 540 one-day old male broilers Ross 308 were allocated to 6 treatments in a completely randomized designed with a 2×3 factorial arrangement (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and probiotics) with 6 replicates and 15 birds in each. Factors include aflatoxin B1 (control, 500 ppb) and probiotics (control, 108 cfu/mL Bacillus sp. MBIA2.40, 0.2 g Gallipro per kg). Results showed that adding 500 ppb AFB1 to broiler diets resulted in a significant decrease of body weight gain and feed intake (P < 0.05). The highest of feed conversion ratio was observed in AFB1 group (P < 0.05). Average body weight gain was significantly increased while feed conversion ratio decreased by Bacillus sp. MBIA2.40 and Gallipro compared with control group (P < 0.05). The supplementation of Bacillus sp. MBIA2.40 and Gallipro in contaminated diets relieved the negative effects of aflatoxin on performance. Increased serum aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were observed in diet contaminated with AFB1 compared with other groups (P < 0.05). The lowest antibody production against Newcastle disease and sheep blood cells and also the lowest skin response to phytohemagglutinin were observed in the AFB1 group (P < 0.05). Villus height and width were significantly increased by probiotics diets without AFB1 in compared with others (P < 0.05). The crypt depth was significantly higher by birds fed AFB1 rather than that others (P < 0.05). Improving villus height, width and crypt depth by the diets containing probiotics + AFB1 were found as similar as the control diet (P > 0.05). In general, the results of this study showed that adding of Bacillus sp. MBIA2.40 and Gallipro in contaminated diets reduce negative effects of AFB1 and consequently these probiotics (especially Bacillus sp. MBIA2.40) have a protective effect against aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens.

The influence of dietary oxidized oil was studied on laying hen performance, egg quality and blood metabolites. Experiments were conducted on 160 laying hens (Hy-Line W 36, 54-61 weeks of age) in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicated cages containing eight birds per cage. Dietary treatments replaced fresh soybean oil in the control diet (3% fresh soybean oil, 15.25% crude protein, and 2858 Kcal/kg metabolizable energy) with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% oxidized oil. Egg production (EP) and egg weight (EW) were recorded daily and feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and egg mass (EM) were calculated weekly. Egg quality traits were recorded on a biweekly basis. Hen’s body weight (BW) was measured individually at the beginning and end of the experiment. Serum metabolites were determined at the end of the experiment. There was a significant difference between diets with different oxidized oil levels in EW, EM, EP, and FCR (P

In order to survey the effect different levels of pre and postpartum dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on milk production, milk composition, plasma mineral concentration and health status twenty four Holstein cows were used in a split-plot in time design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement as a completely randomized design. Before calving, cows were divided into two groups of 12 each, one group was fed by a diet of -100 DCAD (meq/kg DM) and another group by +100 DCAD (meq/kg of DM). After parturition animals in each group were divided into two group of 6 each and one group fed a diet of +200 DCAD (meq/kgDM) and the other fed a diet of +400 DCAD (meq/kgDM). Feed intake was recorded weekly and blood samples were collected on days -12, -2, +2and +12 of parturition. Prepartum feeding of the diet with -100 meq/kg DM DCAD increased plasma concentration of Ca, Mg, Cl and S. After parturition, feeding the diet with +400 DCAD increased significantly (P<0.01) DMI, fat corrected milk production, milk fat and total solid concentrations and plasma Na and K concentrations. Prepartum DCAD did not affect plasma mineral concentration, DMI, and milk production of lactating cows. No case of milk fever was observed in dairy cows. However, different levels of DCAD did not significantly affect retained placenta and hypocalcemia incidences, their risks were reduced for animals fed anionic diets. So it was concluded that low level of DCAD on late gestation can be useful to improve animal health and high of DCAD after parturition had positive effect on animal performance.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dry rolling on nutritional value of barley grain and comparison of digestive coefficients of diets contented of processed grain associated with two nitrogen sources (urea and soybean meal) in Mehraban sheep. In this study, six head of Mehraban ram were used as change-over design. Experimental rations according to dry matter basis included: ration 1 (stem of alfalfa and barley grain), ration 2 (stem of alfalfa and dry rolled barley grain), ration 3 (stem of alfalfa and barley grain with urea), ration 4 (stem of alfalfa and dry rolled barley grain with urea), ration 5 (stem of alfalfa, barley grain and soybean meal) and ration 6 (stem of alfalfa and dry rolled barley grain and soybean meal). The crude fat digestibility had significant difference between first and second rations (P<0.05) and digestibility of other nutrients had not significant differences (P>0.05). Also calculated digestibility coefficients of whole barley grain and dry rolled barley grain had not significant difference except of crude fat (P>0.05) and dry rolling didn’t change dramatically on digestibility of barley grain. Comparison of six experimental rations was showed which digestibility of nutrients especially crude protein and crude fat influenced by rations significantly (P<0.05) and NFE digestive coefficient of dietaries lacked significant difference (P>0.05). In general can be concluded that, rolling process was not effective on nutrients digestibility and nutritional value of barley grain in sheep but use of protein nitrogen sources and non protein nitrogen sources can affect nutrients digestibility of total dietary.

The objective of this study was to determine nutritive value and phenolic contents in raisin by-product. The samples were obtained from four factories in Malayer (i. e.، treatments 1، 2، 3 and 4). The amount of DM، OM، ether extract، CP، NDF، ADF، lignin، ash، total phenolics (TP)، total tannin (TT)، condensed tannin (CT) and protein precipitable phenolics (PPP) were measured. The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) inclusion on the gas production and related parameters were also determined using the exponential equation of Y = A (1 − e−ct) by measurement of gas production at 0، 2، 4، 8، 24، 36، 48، 72، 96، 120 and 144 h after incubation. The data were analyzed using completely randomized design. The amounts of NDF، ADF، lignin and ash in treatment 2 were higher than the others. The amount of TP and TT were significantly influenced in all treatments (P<0. 05). There were no difference between treatment in terms of CT and PPP. The type of raisin by-product had a significant effect on gas production، rate of gas production، organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy (P<0. 05). Adding PEG led to an increase in gas production and related parameters (e. g.، metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility) in all treatments. This increment illustrates that detanification of raisin byproducts can partly improve their nutritive value.