a. fallahi

Free logic is a non-classical logical system that rejects some of the rules of standard logic‎. ‎While the importance of free logic has been discussed a lot‎, ‎its significance in modal logics has been largely overlooked‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎I aim to highlight the importance of free logic in modal logics (and also in temporal logic)‎. ‎In classical modal logic‎, ‎many metaphysical principles are proven which are philosophically controversial‎, ‎such as Barcan formulas‎, ‎Buridan formula‎, ‎converse Barcan formula‎. ‎These formulas in modal free logic are equivalent to two strong metaphysical principles‎: ‎Necessitism (i.e‎. ‎“all beings are necessary”) and Actualism (meaning “all possibilities are existent”)‎. ‎These two principles appear in temporal free logic as new metaphysical principles‎: ‎eternalism (i.e‎. ‎“all material beings are permanent”) and presentism (meaning “all past and future things are present”)‎. ‎Since these principles as well as Barcan and Buridan formulas are provable in modal and temporal “classical” logics‎, ‎they are equivalent in thesee classical logics‎. ‎I show (i) that these principles are unprovable in “free” logics‎, ‎(ii) that their relationships and proportions can be obtained‎, ‎and (iii) that adding each of them as metaphysical principles to modal and temporal free logics has what consequences.

In today's dynamic and unpredictable world, the planning and management of humanitarian supply chains hold paramount importance. Efficient logistics management is crucial for effectively delivering essential aid and resources to affected areas during disasters and emergencies, ensuring timely support and relief to vulnerable populations. In this research, we addressed a novel humanitarian supply chain network design problem that considers product differentiation and demand uncertainty. Specifically, we simultaneously incorporate non-perishable, perishable, and blood products as critical components of the network. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model aiming to minimize the total cost and total traveled distance of products by making location, allocation, and production decisions. To enhance realism, we account for demand uncertainty in affected areas. To tackle this challenging problem, we proposed a two-phase solution methodology. Firstly, we employed a robust optimization approach to establish a deterministic counterpart for the stochastic model. Subsequently, an efficient fuzzy programming-based approach reformulates the model into a single-objective form, effectively accommodating decision-makers' preferences. Numerical instances are solved to investigate the performance of the model and solution methodologies. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our fuzzy approach in finding non-dominated solutions, enabling decision-makers to explore trade-offs. Also, sensitivity analyses were conducted to provide more insights. Finally, some suggestions are presented to extend the current work by feature researchers.

Human life is self-founded and should not be reduced to a right. Supporting human life in various dimensions is the goal of rights. Since the human embryo has a human nature -which is also accepted by the supporters of the theory of personhood- and has life, only this life must be supported, and the embryo has a chance to survive. What is the fact that the relationship between parents and fetus-child is not a proprietary bond? Being a person is not an inherent characteristic in the definition of human nature, and the support of the existence of a human being should not be reduced to his being a person. Protection of human life is the basis of the criminalization of murder, and abstract characteristics such as personhood do not play a role in the inclusion of this crime.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver is a prevalent liver disorder that can lead to severe consequences and complications, including death. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational intervention based on a health belief model to prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver among women.

This study was conducted among 110 women who sought health services in Malayer City, located in western Iran, in 2021. The participants were divided into two groups: experimental and control. The data collection tool was a questionnaire based on the health belief model and demographic characteristics. The experimental group received three one-hour training sessions through pamphlets, lectures, and group discussions. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21, which included correlation tests, paired t-tests, and independent t-tests.

A total of 110 women participated in this study, with the average age of 38.07±6.28 years. The majority of participants were middle-aged, married, housewives with academic education, middle-income, and overweight. Following an educational intervention, the experimental group showed significant improvement in perceived sensitivity, severity, benefits, guidance for internal and external action, and self-efficacy compared to the control group (p=0.01 for all constructs). Additionally, the perceived barriers score decreased after training. The experimental group also demonstrated a decrease in perceived obstacles score after training (15.2±3.9 vs. 11.2±3.3, p<0.01).

The study revealed that developing educational programs based on the constructs of the health belief model could prevent women from developing higher levels of non-alcoholic fatty liver.

The quality of products, maintenance operations, and transportation policies are primary concerns of managers in inventory and production planning issues. Besides that, environmental concerns and regulations are growing increasingly and attracted much attention to green production concepts such as sustainable production. Previous authors conducted a wide range of research on these problems separately. Regarding the gap of an integrated framework, we formulate a sustainable Economic Production Quantity model by considering preventive maintenance and multiple shipments of items where a portion of produced items are defective. Two different Cases are studied. In Case I, we assumed that the demand in the production period is satisfied by the produced items in the previous cycle. In another state and in Case II, simultaneous production and consumption during the production period is considered and mathematically formulated. An analytical method is presented for solving the models, and a numerical example is discussed for both Cases. Moreover, sensitivity analysis of the models is carried out, and some managerial insight is derived by changing some of the critical parameters of models. Finally, we present some directions for feature researches.

Food insecurity is defined as limited or uncertain access to adequate and healthy food in terms of nutrition or limited ability to obtain food in socially acceptable ways, which can affect the health of the elderly. The aim of this research is to investigate the state of food insecurity and the factors affecting it and its role in physical and mental health in the elderly.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 550 elderly people aged 60 years and older who referred to 10 health centers in Sanandaj, and were selected via random cluster sampling. Demographic information questionnaire, HFIAS food security questionnaire (8 questions with a score range of 0 to 24) and Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (28 questions with 4 subscales) were completed and reviewed.

In this study, 324 elderly women and 224 men were evaluated, 75.6% were married and 73.6% were illiterate. The findings showed that 59.1% (325 people) of the elderly had some degree of food insecurity and severe insecurity was observed in 62 people (11.3%). Food insecurity in people with moderate to severe physical symptoms (OR=7.33), anxiety and sleep disorder (OR=8.63), functional disorder (OR=6.78), depression (OR=21.12) and in general, moderate to severe general health disorder (OR=11.85) was seen more. In addition, food insecurity, not being married, being illiterate, living alone, and low income were observed to a greater extent in women.

The results of the study showed that the prevalence of food insecurity among the elderly in Sanandaj is significant and is related to factors such as general, physical and mental health disorders.

The growing prevalence of fatty liver is a major threat to health. This study aimed to design and measure a psychometric scale on the fatty liver disease-related health beliefs in middle-aged Iranian people.

This qualitative descriptive study was performed on middle-aged people referring to the Comprehensive Health Service Centers of Qorveh, Kurdistan Province, Iran, in 2020. An extensive literature review was performed, and interviews were done with people with fatty liver disease and experts in the field. The interviews were analyzed through a directed content analysis approach. The researchers applied an existing theory (health belief model) and designed and compiled 90 items.

Following evaluation of the face and content validity and obtaining item impact mora than 1.5, CVI more than 0.62, and validity mora than 0.79, a research scale with 57 items was designed. After exploratory factor analysis, 49 items with factor loading mora than 0.5 were confirmed, covering seven factors with a predictive power of 57.5. The reliability of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cue to internal action, cue to external action, and self-efficacy were 0.90, 0.89, 0.85, 0.81, 0.91, 0.86, and 0.88, respectively. The total reliability of the scale was also confirmed (Cronbach's alpha=0.92).

The designed scale has appropriate validity and reliability for measuring the health belief constructs associated with fatty liver in middle-aged people.

The present study investigates the influence of three different microstructure features including volume fraction of α phase (A), thickness of α phase (B), and aspect ratio of primary α (C) on tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, by response surface methodology with central composite design (CCD). The experimental data required for the design of experiment (DOE) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) is predicted using the artificial neural network (ANN). First using the experimental data of other researchers, the ANN with two hidden layers by the error propagation algorithm was trained. The main objective of this study is to compare the two feedforward and feedback neural networks in as well as examine the influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The results showed that the feedback neural network has higher accuracy than the feedforward neural network to predict the values of yield strength and elongation. Besides, according to ANOVA and response surface method, C, B2, AB2, and A2C factors and A, C, B2, BC, and A2B factors have more significant effects on yield strength and elongation in Ti-6Al-4V alloy, respectively.

The classical inventory models do not consider the real-world competitive situations and management desire to enhance the system and economic parameters such as inflation and time value of money. Studies show that the management wishes an investment in system components in order to improve them and gain a competitive advantage over other businesses. Moreover, the value of system financial resources depends on the time that the use and cash flow of different time is not aggregate. Due to inflation, prices become volatile and change constantly. Therefore, disregard for inflation and time value of money parameters does not lead to optimal ordering policy for inventory systems in reality. For these reasons, it is necessary to consider these components for an inventory system.Previous researchers have conducted various research studies on the performance of inventory systems from various perspectives. Many of these papers did not consider economic parameters and also production environment. During our studies, this study found a gap in the literature that was related to the enhancement of the production capacity in inventory systems in an economic structure. The present paper presents a literature review of time value of money, inflation, and investment in inventory systems and, then, investigates economic production quantity (EPQ) model considering inflation and time value of money in situations, where there is a possibility of investment as a decision variable with the aim of increasing production capacity. The goal of this model is to find economic production quantity and optimal quantity of investment in production capacity so that the total profit function, consisting of system revenues and costs, is optimized. Due to complicated behavior of the proposed model, it is not possible to solve this model analytically. Therefore, a grid search algorithm is proposed for solving the model. The solving algorithm process is investigated by a numerical example. Sensitivity analysis is carried out by changing various parameters. Finally, it is concluded that there is an ascending relationship among the total profit function and the number of algorithm iterations, grid factor, demand rate, selling price, and inflation rate of price; there is also a descending relationship among the total profit function and ordering price, purchase price, rate of return, and inflation rate of sales. At the end, some possible research problems are proposed for the future.

The increasing use of artificial insemination (AI) in the poultry industry emphasizes the need for the sharing of good quality sperm. The evaluation of semen quality characteristics of poultry gives an excellent sign of their reproductive potential and has been reported to be a major determinant of fertility and subsequent hatchability of eggs. In poultry industry in order to take advantage of new AI techniques, proper storage of poultry semen is needed. As poultry semen is viscous, highly concentrated, with low volume, containing 6 (chicken) to 12 (turkey) billion spermatozoa/ mL, the extension of good semen with a proper diluent is required prior to AI and storage. Reproduction performance is affected some factors include; nutrition, genetic, management, and environment. One of the fundamental aim in poultry industry is production of fertile eggs with high hatchability. In reproduction physiology, male and female are important, but sire effect is more than dam because of breeding program, semen samples could be applied for females. In layer industry, number of females are more than males; so, artificial insemination is an important tool for genetic diversity and high reproductive performance. One of the major problems in artificial insemination is low quality of poultry semen. Freezing and thawing have adverse effects on sperm viability. Since lipids (poly unsaturated fatty acids) are important part of plasma membrane of sperm cells, it could be destroyed in short times of storage in a liquid condition. It has been reported that antioxidants can be employed to prevent sperm damage during chilling storage condition (Malo et al. 2011). It is well known that sperm of farm animals is highly sensitive to oxidative stress (Surai et al. 1998). The high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane of the sperm is also considered as another key factor for susceptibility to the oxidative stress. The process of semen production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to impairment of sperm morphology, motility, and finally viability. Pharmacological plants have some antioxidant components, which decrease free radical levels in organism. One of the major problems in sperm viability is sperm fragmentation. In this case, nucleus chromatin of sperm damages or splits. In some cases, the motility and normality of the semen analysis is acceptable, but the sperm nucleus of sample is damaged.  Different tests are available for detection of sperm DNA damages like COMET assay, TUNEL assay, SCSA, and Sperm Chromatin Dispersion (SCD) test. Among these assays, the SCD test is a simple and low-cost method for the analysis of sperm DNA fragmentation (Shanmugam et al., 2014). This method is based on the principle that sperm with DNA fragmentation fails to produce halo of dispersed DNA loops when mixed with agarose followed by acid denaturation and nuclear protein removal. The halos can be visualized using bright-field microscopy after staining with Wright’s stain. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Rosemary extract on rooster semen parameters during chilling storage condition at 4ºC.

Dimension of individual cages were 85×70×70cm. Photoperiod program was applied based on 10 h darkness and 14h light. Water and feed were ad libitum. Rooster were fed corn and soybean meals based on 2107 kcal and 12% protein per Kg of dry matter. The semen was collected twice a week for six times from 10 mature roosters using abdominal rubbing method. As the rooster responded to abdominal rubbing by everting its cloaca, the ejaculate was collected using a graduated pipette; then, total volume was recorded. Urine or fecal contamination was discarded. Fresh semen was evaluated for sperm concentration using a haemocytometer. The semen samples were diluted by Sexton extender and evaluated at 25-27 °C. Then, the samples were divided into six equal parts. Different treatments were including: 0(control), 15, 25, 35, 45 and 60 µg/ml of Rosemary extract. Rosemary extract were added to each part and kept at 4oC for 72h. The parameters included motility, viability and plasma membrane integrity were evaluated at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after storage. Also, DNA fragmentation was evaluated 48h after storage at 4 oC. In this method, sample is affected by acid treatment and denatures sperm chromatin. For elimination of proteins from chromatin, DNA strands are scattered around the sperm head and then, a halo forms around the sperm head.  With staining, halo is visible under the microscope. Halo in fragmented sperm is very small.   Data of the experiment were analyzed by Proc ANOVA SAS software (repeated measurement) and means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test.

Sperm during time of storage undergoes different changes and potentially undergoes mechanical and oxidative damages. At the time of storage in liquid condition, free radicals are released and sperm performance decreases significantly. The results of this experiment revealed that applying 35 µg/ml Rosemary extract could decrease DNA fragmentation (P<0.05). It seems that this concentration of Rosemary extract has antioxidant properties in rooster semen. Avian sperm have high concentration of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids within the phospholipids and therefore, are prone to peroxidation damage (Blesbois et al. 1997). Also, after 48h of storage, motility, viability and sperm plasma membrane integrity were lower in treatment 60µg/ml Rosemary extract than control group (P<0.05). Finally, it was demonstrated that 48h after storage, motility, viability and sperm plasma membrane integrity in samples treated by 35µg/ml Rosemary extract were higher than control group (P<0.05). High level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oxidative stress is related to DNA fragmentation. Free radicals oxidize purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA structure of sperm and it causes damage DNA structure. The prevention of free radicals is the first defense line of antioxidants against oxidative damage. Rosemarry extract improved rooster sperm quality after thawing (Shafigh et al. 2016).  This is the first study to report the use of DNA fragmentation test in rooster sperm in Iran. This is a simple technique requiring no sophisticated instruments when Wright stain is used for visualization of the halos. According to the results of this study, it seems that applying 35µg/ml Rosemary extract can be useful in rooster semen at 4 oC. Rosemary extract effectively reduced DNA fragmentation. This effect seems to be associated with the high motility of treatment (35µg/ml Rosemary extract) compare with other treatments.

In recent years, the need to make greater use of urban spaces on the one hand and the lack of these spaces in comparison with the ever- increasing demand of urban society are reasons for optimum utilization of available spaces with underground constructions such as tunnels. Most of these excavations with large volume of drilling are located at shallow depths and close to surface which cause displacements in the groundand effect of these movements can be seen as surface settlements in the soil. Surface settlements can be very influential in surface structures such as buildings and facilities that are located in densely populated urban areas and the vicinity of the excavated tunnels. The control of these settlements in order to protect surface structures during tunnel excavation, is the most important issue considered by design engineers. Analytical, experimental, and numerical methods for estimating these settlements were studied and presented by several researchers. However, experimental and semi-experimental methods are not able to include all parameters; so they cannot perform detailed calculation in complex problems. For this reason, the use of numerical methods was developed in order to accelerate and increase the accuracy of calculations, beside methods was developed.In the present work, the effect of tunnel support on surface settlement has been studied by using finite- element method after verification of the model results made with ABAQUS software along with the experimental results and observations of sections s5-28 of the Milan underground line1. As the thickness and length of the concrete lining as geometric parameters that affect the support system stiffness, they can affect the surface settlements caused by tunnel excavation. Therefore, it is important that the support have the optimum size to have the greatest effect on reducing the settlements. Finally, in the present work, the effect of thickness and length of concrete segments installed with EPB-TBM ,has been studied. Keywords: settlement, EPB-TBM, concrete segment, tunnel, finite element.