alireza maleki

One of the complicated issues related to financing contracts is to give facilities to applicant in exchange for the purchase of credit documents, which is called "factoring" and "debt purchase" in the British and Iranian legal systems, respectively. Although in English general law, due to the analysis of such an act based on the institution of novation and necessity of agreement of debtor, creditor and transferee, the possibility of such assignment was faced with problems in jurisprudence and civil law, there is no doubt about the possibility of such assignment by agreement of creditor and transferee, although there is no consensus on nature and conditions of such a legal act, especially possibility of exchanging two debts.

The research method in this article was descriptive-analytical.

Ethical Considerations: 

All ethical principles have been followed in writing this article.

Although there are problems in the general rules of two English and Iranian legal systems, regarding the possibility of assigning such a demand to each of them, there is consistency in doing it based on negotiaable instruments.

Today, factoring operations in British law and debt purchasing in Iranian law are carried out in context of negotiable instruments, based on which, negotiable instruments are considered due to easy transferring of rights arising from it by creditor to new holder and do not transfering of obligations and guarantees of former signatories, it has been decided and two legal systems have come closer to some extent in this regard.

 Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a significant cause of preventable premature infant vision loss. Many studies have reported different risk factors depending on the region. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of ROP and associated risk factors in a referral eye hospital in southeastern Iran.

 This was a retrospective cohort study of preterm infants with birth weight (BW)≤2000 g or gestational age (GA)≤34 weeks and infants with GA between 34-37 weeks or GA<37 weeks and BW>2000 g referred by their pediatricians to our center from March 2022 until March 2023.

 Totally, 920 infants met the inclusion criteria for the study. The incidence of ROP and ROP requiring treatment was 20.2% and 3.58% respectively. Results of logistic regression analysis showed higher GA and BW as protective factors against ROP occurrence. History of blood transfusion and phototherapy increased ROP development.

 Lower GA, lower BW, history of blood transfusion, and phototherapy were associated with ROP development. Phototherapy decreased the need for treatment among ROP patients.

The remuneration of managers and its measurement, especially in public companies, is one of the challenges of the economy of developing countries, and applying approaches such as transparency of financial reporting can be useful in this regard. In this regard, this research was carried out with the aim of designing a model for assessing managers' rewards with the approach of transparency of financial reporting in Iran's National Oil Products Distribution Company.

The method of conducting this research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative part, after analyzing interviews with 20 experts, 21 indicators were identified and extracted. In the quantitative part, first, using the self-interaction matrix, the relationship and effectiveness of the indicators were collected with the help of experts. Then, with ISM MATLAB software, the data were analyzed in the form of self-interaction matrix.

Achieving a five-level model consisting of 21 indicators, of which the 2 indicators of reporting transparency and alignment of financial reporting with international reporting standards are the most effective. Also, 9 indicators act as the most influential and 10 indicators act as interfaces in this model.

Conclusion, originality and its addition to knowledge:

 alignment of financial reporting with international reporting standards showed that uniformity, transparency and comparability of reports and financial statements is only possible with the help of these standards. Because, these standards specify how companies record documents, report expenses and revenues.

As people get older some may experience reduced mobility and more physical challenges that can affect their quality of life negatively. The research focused on investigating how two different types of training programs sensori-motor and Otago affect the abilities, functional balance and overall well being of men.This study was semi-experimental. This research included 45 men aged 65 to 70 who were selected in an accessible and purposeful and then randomly divided into three groups.. With 15 individuals, in each group, for sensorimotor training group the Otago training group and a control group. Respective exercise groups underwent a total of 24 training sessions done in 8 weeks. To measure abilities and being impact effectively, in this study various assessment methods were used such as Short Physical Performance Battery (SPBB) tests together with time up and go (TUG) evaluations besides implementing SF36 quality of life survey questionnaire. ANOVA and paired sample t-tests were done for data analysis with a significance level set at p≤ 0.05 using SPSS software version 23. The outcomes showed a Significant different, in groups prior and post exercise experimental (p=0.001). Significant variations were noted in the test results when comparing the sensorimotor and Otago groups to the control group at a significance level of p=0.001 for inter group comparisons; whereas no notable variations were observed among the groups during the pre test phase.Both sensorimotor and Otago exercises effectively enhance physical performance, functional balance, and quality of life in elderly men. Since no significant difference was found between the two experimental groups, it can be concluded that either type of exercise can be beneficial for improving these aspects of health in older men.

Valid online formative assessments are crucial for accurate measurement of students' progress and effective pedagogical decision-making in digital learning. This quantitative-based study followed two primary aims. First, it aimed to investigate the extent to which Iranian EFL teachers working in universities and language institutes apply indicators of online formative assessment validity. Twenty-one online classrooms were observed in three sessions using a checklist. The second aim of this study was to determine the effect of EFL teachers’ place of living on the validity of online formative assessment. To this end, 316 Iranian EFL teachers from diverse EFL settings, including public schools, private schools, language institutes, and universities were asked to fill out online formative assessment validity scale developed by Maleki et al. (2023). The sample included both male and female teachers with varying age group ranges and academic degrees. The findings of the study indicated that Iranian EFL teachers in universities and language institutes tend to overlook indicators associated with the learner-centered aspects of online formative assessment validity. Furthermore, it was revealed that EFL teachers’ place of living could impact the validity of online formative assessment. This study has several implications for online EFL teachers and policymakers. The findings of this study emphasize the context-bound nature of validity in online formative assessment. Besides, it helps Iranian EFL teachers identify specific areas that need more attention and improvement in order to enhance the validity of their online formative assessments.

It is evident that although empowerment is effective in changing the lifestyle of rural inhabitants, due to the dominance of rationalist approaches in the planning system of Iran, the empowerment of rural residents has not been adequately addressed in the country's planning and policy-making. The present research, conducted through documentary and survey methods, aims to investigate the impact of planning types on rural empowerment and ultimately its effect on the sustainable socio-cultural development of rural settlements. The statistical population of this study encompasses the inhabited rural settlements in the central district surrounding Hamadan County. Out of the total 107 inhabited villages in Hamadan County, 50 settlements were randomly selected. The selection of rural settlements was done using a combined random sampling method, including stratified or class sampling. The sample size selected was 382 households, chosen randomly. For data analysis, in addition to descriptive techniques, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used to assess the relationship and impact among the study variables. The results showed that out of 14 indicators examined, 7 indicators (education and information, the manner and mode of participation, social capital, improvement in individuals' living standards, self-determination, trust and confidence, and transparency) have a significant correlation with the socio-cultural development component of the rural areas under study, according to experts and rural respondents. In fact, the Pearson test results indicate the existence of a relationship between the planning approach and the empowerment and sustainable socio-cultural development of the villages in the study area.

This study aimed to evaluate the changes in macular superficial and deep capillary plexus (SCP and DCP) density, Foveal Avascular Zone (FAZ) area, and visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema after anti-VEGF therapy.

This descriptive-analytical study utilized before and after treatment design. In total, 30 eyes of 30 patients with diabetic macular edema were investigated in this study. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) images were taken at baseline (before injections) and at visits after injections (30 days after injections). The patients were treated with intravitreal injection of Avastin (Bevacizumab) with a dose of 2.5 mg per month. Macular vessel density of the SCP and DCP, as well as FAZ area were measured in each OCTA. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured at baseline visit and at last visit (30 days after the third injection).

The mean age of patients was 57.33 years. Vessel density in SCP, DCP, and FAZ area were found to be significantly different before and after one, two, or three intravitreal injections (P<0.001). However, vessel density was not found to be significantly different in SCP, DCP, and FAZ area among one, two, or three intravitreal injections (P>0.05). Moreover, BCVA was not significantly different before and after intravitreal injections (P>0.05).

In this study, macular vessel density and FAZ area statistically changed following the intravitreal injections of Bevacizumab; however, they were unchanged among three injections. In addition, the BCVA remained unchanged before and after treatment. Anti-VEGF effect on macular perfusion may cause a direct change in the micro vascular flow.

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) placement is a surgical procedure performed under local anesthesia and often without the need for muscle relaxants in patients with end-stage renal disease. The results of studies comparing remifentanil (REM) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) in patients undergoing AVF placement are controversial. The present study compared sedation efficacy between REM and DEX in patients undergoing AVF placement.

The present double-blind randomized clinical trial enrolled 40 patients in the operating room of Shahid Hashemi-Nejad Hospital in 2 groups and compared sedation between REM and DEX at different times during and after the surgery using a visual analog scale and the Ramsay score. The data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS, version 22.

The average pain score 120 minutes after the surgery was 4.9±0.72 and 4.3±0.80 in the DEX and REM groups, respectively (P=0.017). No significant difference was observed in the level of sedation between the 2 groups (P=0.113). The prevalence of tachycardia and bradycardia in the 2 groups was 10% (P=1.00) and 15% (P=1.00), respectively, and no significant difference was observed.

We found no significant differences between DEX and REM concerning sedation efficacy. Further studies with larger sample sizes in each group of patients and different procedural scenarios are recommended. 

Oximetry is a method for measuring the arterial hemoglobin saturation (SpO2) using pulse oximeter and is essential in any type of anesthetic procedures. The growing population of geriatrics in the recent decades in combination with an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases including diabetes and hypertension are some of the leading causes for an increase in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The definite treatment for ESRD is renal transplant but unfortunately, it may take a long time to find a suitable kidney and continuing the patient’s life may depend on dialysis. Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) formation is one of the first steps to prepare the patient for hemodialysis. ESRD itself is a reason for physical and psychosocial issues. Preparing a favorable condition for AVF surgery is essential to decrease the burden of the underlying disease. An efficient respiratory supply is necessary in all parts of an anesthetic procedures. Aims and

This study is a double-blind clinical trial to compare two anesthetic agents, dexmedetomidine and remifentanil in patients with ESRD who underwent AVF formation.

SpO2 was measured on different phases including the time of initial incision, and after 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of finishing the surgery. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, two-way repeated measures (ANOVA), and independent t-test.

This study showed that there was no any significant difference in using any of these two agents with regard to SpO2 in the different times of measurements during the anesthetic procedure and after the surgery in the recovery phase.

This study showed that there is not any superiority in using DEX or REM in the patients undergo AVF formation. More studies on the other groups of the patients with different surgeries.

Glaucoma is a term used to describe a group of diseases that progressively weaken the optic nerve and cause vision loss and eventually blindness. Glaucoma is one of the most common and controversial eye diseases. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the eye, regulates ciliary blood flow and aqueous humour production, which affects intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Based on previous studies on dopamine receptor ligands, it was concluded that the effect of dopamine on fluid production is stimulated by dopamine receptor 1 (D1) activation. Expression and translation of the DRD1 gene cause the production of the D1 receptor. Based on this, it was hypothesized that changes in DRD1 gene expression may play a role in the development of glaucoma. The aim of this study was to analyze DRD1 gene expression in patients with glaucoma.

In this study, a statistical population of 40 people including 20 patients and 20 healthy individuals was used to analyze the effect of DRD1 gene expression on patients with glaucoma. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) technique was used and its data were analyzed by SPSS software and Mann-Whitney statistical method.

The results of this study indicate a significant difference (P = 0.015) in the expression of the DRD1 gene in patients with glaucoma compared to the control group.

Microwave energy is non-ionizing radiation that causes the molecule to move and is a good way to extract compounds from plant extracts. This study aimed to investigate the effect of three independent variables including solvent type (water and methanol 80%), time (3, 6, and 9 minutes), and microwave power (100, 200, and 300 watts) on the flavonoids, anthocyanins, antioxidant properties (IC50) of the Persian Golnar plant or Punica granatum var. pleniflora (PGP) extract. According to results, simultaneous optimization of extraction conditions with 95.609% desirability in 300-watt microwave power, 9 minutes, and use of methanol solvent the flavonoid content was 5.7597 mg /g, anthocyanin content was 4.7983 µmol/g, and IC50 value was 6.5063 mg/ml. The highest average of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum Bactericidal concentration of PGP extract were 1250 and 5000 µg/ml, respectively against Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli, and the better antimicrobial effect was against Staphylococcus aureus with the highest diameter of zone of inhibition (11 mm) compared to Escherichia and Clostridium perfringens. According to the results of this study, microwave pretreatment with optimized conditions can be used to extract significant amounts of phenolic and antimicrobial compounds of PGP extract as a rich source of antioxidants with minimal damage to its effective compounds.

Racism in its wide sense means that some people are superior to others because of their race. In some ethical systems, such as Kant's philosophical system, the subject of racism, like so many other issues, has not received much attention. But that does not mean that we cannot considering racism under that system.In this essay, we attempt based on Kant's ethical system to elaborate and infer Kant's view of racism by describing "authority" as the premise of any moral act. In the research conclusions, it will be concluded that Kant, on the basis of his ethical system, cannot justify racism. In Kant's view, moral virtue is a task or an act in accordance with the task, which cannot be related to the type of the active subject. The international human rights system will be studied as a general reference in addressing these issues in the real context of society. It has been attempted in the reviews of the international human rights system to discuss the emancipation of the human race for its inferiority and the inherent value of human beings in Kant and this system.

The moral and legal rights to sue a party do not always conform well. In cases where legal rights are not established, one may obviously be entitled to file a lawsuit against the action conducted outside the ethical frameworks. In contemporary legal systems, “the right to sue someone” must be based on statutory law; however, there are some issues which are not recognized in national laws or international right-oriented systems, but they have theoretical significance. Because some of these issues cannot be easily denied in terms of morality and just because they are not recognized, they cannot be rejected or undermined. In other words, a moral right shall not be denied merely because it is not recognized as a legal right.  Therefore, this article seeks to look at the moral right of the child born out of rape and prove that if a mother decides to keep and give birth to such a child, can the child bring a charge against the mother?

Heart failure is a complex syndrome and also one of the common reasons for readmission following discharge. This condition imposes an enormous economic burden on healthcare sectors. The present research aimed to study the establishment of a home care system for patients with heart failure in order to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this system and patient satisfaction.

The present health system research selected 40 patients as the sample with eligible criteria. Care was provided by nurses based on physicians’ instructions. In the first visit at home, a questionnaire on the quality of life was filled out by the patients or the nurses. The financial data of the medical records of the patients constituted the reference for the analysis of cost. After the intervention, the questionnaire on the quality of life was filled out by the patients once again and their satisfaction was measured. The data were statistically analyzed using the Python programming language and SPSS-16 at the 0.05 level of significance.

The length of stay in the hospital for each patient decreased from 2.1 days to 0.9 days per month. The number of annual hospitalizations also decreased from 5 to 3, and the number of annual outpatient visits showed a reduction from 46 to 38 for each patient. The results of the patient satisfaction assessment also indicated that most of the patients were satisfied with the services provided to them.

The results showed that our study was cost-effective. We suggest that interventions be performed on larger scales so that the results can be used in the future as services available to patients with heart failure.

Today, health literacy is introduced as a global issue and debate, and low health literacy appears to be related to nonadherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors and health inequalities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the health status of patients with cardiovascular disease and its relationship with the patients’ adherence status to their drug therapy. The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The research population comprised the patients referred to our clinics. Four hundred participants were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria from the research population. The sampling method was simple random sampling. The instrument consisted of 2 parts: the first part evaluated demographic information and the second part was based on the combination of 2 standard instruments of cardiovascular literacy and adherence to treatment, which were used after being modified and reassessed in terms of validity and reliability. The obtained information was analyzed with the SPSS software, version 19. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used. The Spearman test indicated general health literacy had a significant relationship with treatment (r = 0.31, P < 0.001). This correlation was also observed in relation to the subscales of perception of health (r = 0.27) and health behavior by adherence to treatment (r = 0.29, P < 0.001). If the participants received information through their physicians, they showed a significant relationship between health literacy (in all subscales) and adherence to treatment (P < 0.001). The results showed a high correlation between health literacy and adherence to treatment. Therefore, considering the importance of cardiovascular diseases, as well as the importance of health literacy and its relevance to adherence to treatment, we suggest that the television sets located in the clinics of the center broadcast educational videos during the waiting period for the clients.

The role and importance of natural language in philosophy is clearly significant and obvious. Aristotle for systematizing his logic and formalizing its rules was significantly dependent on ordinary language such that he formulated the rules of his logic in the framework of this language. By criticizing Aristotle’s logic on the basis of incompetence and limitations of natural language, Frege developed a new philosophical system by introducing a formal language and a new system of logic. Of course these modifications did not end with Frege and continued in later philosophical systems. In this paper, firstly, we consider natural language and it’s influence on Aristotle’s logic and the problems of its application in ancient logic. Then some of Frege’s innovations in formal language and logic will be discussed. After that, we will examine Frege’s linguistic turn, its turning point, nature and conditions. Finally the effects of formal language in establishing the structure of Frege’s philosophical system will be considered.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab (IVB) in patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC) compared to the control group, after four months of injection. In this study, 30 eyes of 30 patients with CSC, who were in the age range of 23 to 50 years old (70% male subject) were included. Eligible patients were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 15) and control groups (n = 15). Patients in the intervention group received a single dose injection of bevacizumab (1.25 mg in 0.05 mL), while patients in the control group were followed-up during the same time interval, without any medical interventions. Corrected Distance Visual Acuity (CDVA) and Central Macular Thickness (CMT) were evaluated as the primary outcome measures at the four-month follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding their baseline characteristics. Corrected Distance Visual Acuity was improved significantly in the intervention group (P < 0.001), while this improvement was not observed in the control group. Furthermore, greater improvement of CDVA was detected in the IVB group compared to the patients without injection (P = 0.018). The CMT findings were in line with CDVA changes in both groups, revealing a significant reduction of CMT only in the intervention group (P < 0.001). Also, thinner central retina was found in the intervention group compared to the comparison group, at the four-month follow-up (P < 0.001). Based on the findings, bevacizumab could be effective for improvement of both anatomical and functional outcomes in patients with CSC.

In Gottlub Frege's theory of the meaning of particular names and his descriptions of the meaning-making process of that, and subsequently, the process of conformation and fixing the references through the proposed meaning, Kripke introduces criticism. By misrepresenting the dual processes of Frege's theory, and consequently Russell's, Kripke argues that this theory is ineffective and misleading.My main purpose is to discuss Kripke's most important description of the theory, which is reflected in "naming and necessity" and to challenge Kripke's critique. Accordingly, I believed that Kripke's criticism of Frege for the confusion between the two processes of fixing and meaning-making in a sense in the theory is incorrect, and Kripke created this view and mistakenly attributes this idea to Frege at first. Actually, Kripke made this idea for Frege and from his theories in Sence and Reference. But Frege never mentioned this misleading in the process of fixing the sense for the references. Kripke after this creation began to critique on Frege in this.For this conclusion, we first need to explain Frege's theory of meaning and then we will research in terms of two processes of references and meaning fixation. This article claims that the two cannot be traced in the Frege's views, and Kripke has not used sufficient precision, deliberately or inadvertently, in his description of this theory.

In this essay, we seek to make a comparative overview of the Platonic Form with the main idea of Gottlob Frege in the creation of the Third Realm and to attribute the presence and existence of certain beings, especially thought, to that world. This is, of course, the first study to be carried out, and the main idea is to explore Frege’s Platonism (meaning its term in contemporary philosophy) in analytic philosophy.
Accordingly, the author first examines Plato's original idea of the creation of the universe as well as exemplary beings, then explains Frege's use of the idea and tries to match it. Then, by examining Frege's views on the Third Realm and the creatures present in it, especially thought, we attempt to determine whether a one-to-one correspondence can be established between the two. With the objections and criticisms that the author makes of describing the Frege system in the creation of the Third realm and thought, in the end he claims that the one-to-one correspondence between them cannot be raised. What has been examined as the end result is Frege's overall system and system in Platonism.

The relationship between religion and philosophy has been of concern to theologians and philosophers for a long time. Among the Peripatetics, Fârâbi and Ibn-Sina have extensively tried to show the consistency and integration between these two areas. The aim of this paper is to show the consistency between religion and philosophy in two important controversial problems, namely, “God and His Creation” and “eternity of the world”, based on the writings of some Peripatetics. In effect, this research is mainly based on the views of Aristotle, Fârâbi and Ibn-Sina which have been compared with the Abrahamic religious doctrines. So, we will first examine Aristotle’s views on these two issues, as the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy. Following that, Fârâbi’s and Ibn-Sina’s opinions will be compared with Islamic doctrines, based on some verses from the Quran, as the most reliable source of Islamic principles. Finally, this paper concludes with the fact that there is not a deep and fundamental disagreement between Islamic doctrines and philosophers’ views on the two aforementioned issues.

Philosophy of language and its problems are among the most important and challengeable topics in contemporary philosophical thought. Discussion about the sense of a sentence is one of these important debates. Gottlob Frege explains the sense of a term as the form of the representation of its reference. He calls the sense of a sentence a “thought” and believes that the reference of a sentence is determined by its truth value.
In this article, at first, we develop a new approach to the notion of thought. To reach this aim, some of Frege’s logical and epistemological presuppositions and also the properties of thought from his point of view will be examined. Then, on the basis of a vague relation that Frege supposes between a thought and its owner his view is criticized. Finally, we will criticize Frege’s opinion about true essence and the inessential properties of thoughts. It will be shown that Frege’s interpretation of these notions is incomplete and makes the notion of thought problematic.

Racism in its broad sense, means the superiority of some others over the others on their race. Subjects about Racism has considerate in different fields including politics, sociology, law, psychology and especially in ethics. In some ethical systems, such as Kant's ethics, racism, as well as many other topics, is not consider. But this does not mean that the system cannot consider and investigate on racism. In this paper, we try to investigate Kant‘s point of view in his ethical system on racism by using his idea on triple rule of categorical imperative and finally this result will occur that Kant, on the basis of their moral system cannot be justified racism either. For Kant, moral virtue consists of duty or act according to the task, which cannot communicate with the race of the subject of the verb.

To report a young patient with microphthalmos associated with bilateral papillomacular fold and severe hyperopia Case report: In this observational case report, a sixteen-year-old young man was referred with high hyperopia to Al-Zahra Eye Hospital, Zahedan University of Medicalf Sciences, Zahedan, Iran, for check up. Spherical error in right eye (RE) was +14.75 D and in the left eye (LE) was +15.00 D without astigmatism. Keratometry was reported 51.50, 52.25@113 in RE and 51.25, 52.25@65 in LE. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/25 in both eyes. Axial length in RE was 14.8 mm and 14.9 mm in LE. Also cornea diameter measured 9.9 for both eyes. In fundus exam, a papillomacular retinal fold extending from the center of the fovea toward the optic nerve head was present. In OCT exam, papillomacular fold with thickness of 322 microns in RE and 277 microns in LE were reported. In Pentacam exam, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness and anterior and posterior best fit sphere (BFS) were reported 2.34 mm, 565 microns, 6.54 mm and 5.39 mm in RE and 2.41 mm, 578 microns, 6.54 mm and 5.39 mm in LE. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was 13 mmHg in both eyes and there was no sign of angle closure glaucoma. Microphthalmos may be associated with high hypermetropia, thick papillomacular fold, and steep cornea with a relative good vision.

Visual system has a major role in balance control and provides information about the position of body and head in relation to surrounding objects and in the space. One of the health problems, especially in developing countries, is the high incidence of low vision in different age groups (3.1%). The visual deficit in these patients may affect their balance during daily activities which usually involve concomitant tasks such as walking and speaking. Therefore, the effect of concurrent cognitive activity on the postural control of patients with low vision was investigated. twenty low vision volunteers (age 32±5, weight 71±17 kg, height 167±14 cm) and twenty normal subjects (age 33±4, weight: 72±14 kg, height: 170±9 cm) were recruited in this study. The dynamic stability score was evaluated by Stabilometer (Biodex, England) in three different standing positions (eyes open, eyes closed and eyes open with a cognitive task). Lower stability score represents better stability. The stability score in open eyes condition with or without dual task in normal group was lower than low vision group (P=0.04). However, in closed eyes condition, it was lower in low vision group compared to normal group (P=0.03). Dual task resulted in increase in the stability score in both groups; however, the changes were only significant in low visions (P=0.04). The results represent the higher reliance of normal subjects to visual inputs for balance control. The decreased balance control in low vision groups during dual task suggests the higher usage of their limited central integration capacity in balance control. This may predispose this group of patients to falling accidents during daily activities which may involve several concomitant tasks.