amir khavas

The study of topics related to religions, especially Abrahamic religions, has always been important and prioritized, particularly when these topics are examined in a comparative and interfaith manner. This research examines the character of Jesus Christ from the perspective of the Holy Quran and the four Gospels to determine whether divinity can be attributed to him or if, as the Holy Quran explicitly states, he was one of the great prophets of God. By analyzing the content of the four Gospels using content analysis methods, we concluded that none of these four Gospels, which are regarded as the official sources of Christianity, provide any evidence of divinity for him. Rather, he was a human, born of Mary by divine will and through the Holy Spirit, with his special mission being the guidance of the Children of Israel. Like other prophets, he performed numerous miracles, and his character possessed outstanding qualities that are also emphasized in the Holy Quran.

Hazrat Maryam (PBUH) has a special and privileged position in Islam and Christianity due to her role as the mother of Jesus (PBUH), but in the Quran, apart from being the mother of Jesus (PBUH), this honorable lady had outstanding human qualities and special purity. On the other hand, in the New Testament, her character does not have a very high status and sometimes she has not been confronted with the dignity of an ordinary person. After several centuries, special attention has been paid to him in the church tradition and they have progressed to the point of worshiping him; It seems that in the world of Christianity, after a trivial encounter with this purified personality in the first century, they have taken a step towards an extreme perception of her character and position until she was brought to a position worthy of worship in the following centuries. Using the content analysis method, this research aims to compare the personality and position of Maryam in the Holy Quran, the New Testament and Christian theology to show that the true description of this honorable lady has been made in the Holy Quran. At the same time, we will present a critique of the beliefs of the church tradition about the character and position of Maryam (PBUH).

There are two faces and descriptions of Prophet David's personality in the Old Testament that are not compatible with each other, one is a servant of God and obedient to him, and the other is a sinful and rebellious face before the Prophet of Truth. Although the Old Testament mentions him as one of the important kings of Judaism, the Holy Qur'an places him among the prophets who also achieved the position of caliphate and apparent kingship. Based on the descriptive-analytical method, this research tries to explain the character traits and characteristics of His Holiness' rule in the two texts of the Old Testament and the Holy Qur'an based on the library documents after his introduction, and by stating the commonalities and differences, To introduce and explain the prominent features of that Prophet in the Quran. Among the most important findings of the research, we can point to the fact that Prophet David was the Messiah in the Old Testament, his infallibility in the view of the Qur'an, many miracles and the divine nature of his rule in two documents.

Violence and extremism in the guise of religion has a long history, as old as history of religions. However, its expansion in the last century has become a serious challenge to peace and the peaceful coexistence of religions. Insisting on a Literal interpretation approach to biblical prophecy is not a universal method. Most Christians, both Catholic and Orthodox, and many branches of Protestantism have a different approach to dealing with it. They often interpret these texts in a "spiritual", "allegorical", "historical" and "retrospective" way. There are many movements in Christianity, such as fundamentalism, that claim religious purity. They interpret the Bible in a textual way (especially its apocalyptic prophecies). The result of this attitude has in many cases been the emergence of violent and extremist religious tendencies. Acceptance of this method also has its own theological consequences, including the need to fulfill the preconditions of these predictions. This analytical-critical article tries to show the connection between the fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible and the formation of religious violence among fundamentalists, especially "Christian Zionism".

Peace  is one of the innate and lost needs of human beings in today’s world. A mental state with comfort and stability, where there is no anxiety, worry, anger, pain and the like. Using an analytical-comparative method, this paper seeks to study the peace in Islamic spirituality and secular spirituality. The findings show that, secular spiritualties, with their materialistic worldview, have claimed to meet human needs, but their teachings have nothing to do with their claims. The religion of Islam, on the contrary, as a comprehensive and complete religion and in accordance with the nature of human beings, considers human needs in line with the ultimate goal, which is nearness to God. Therefore, Islamic spirituality, based on the verses of the Holy Qur’an and the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (as), has explained the elements and factors of tranquility in line with the ultimate goal for man.

The "Doenmeh" is a Jewish-Islamic sect, whose formation is rooted in the false claims of the Jewish mystic called "Shabbethai Zevi". He is known in the history of religions as a Muslim Jew, in the Jewish period of his life, with the help of another false Prophet, "Nathan of Gaza", he claimed to be a prophet and then a God .He quickly followed followers with a fascination of his various dimensions. However, after being tempted by the Jewish scholars, he was apparently Muslim by the pressure of the Ottoman king, renamed "Muhammad Effendi", and died in the same situation. But this was not the end of the Shabbathism process, and some of his Jewish followers, with the design of new claims, provided the foundations for sectarian creation called " Doenmeh ". Not only did this sect bears great harm to Judaism, but also played a role in the fall of the Ottoman rule and the rule of Islam in Turkey. This paper attempts to explain the character of Shabbethai Zevi as the main source of this trend, the relationship between these false claimants and the establishment of the Doenmeh cult, and its impact on the Jewish and Islamic community.

This paper seeks to study the idea of God and explain His ontological existence in Vedanta school. This school is the most important and most profound mystical- philosophical school in Hinduism and it is based on the last sections of "Vedas", which is considered as the most sacred Hindu scriptures. Although the hymns of Vedas begin with praising gods, in the final hymns, the One God is presented and the other gods represent a manifestation of the One God. Also, the Vedanta school is based on the last sections of the Vedas that display clear tendency to monotheism. The scholars of this school have presented a number of interpretations on God and the unity of Being, the most important of which is those presented by Sankara and Ramanuja. Sankara who established "Adavita Vedanta" school, rejects absolute dualism, denies any dichotomy between man and God, and believes in the unity of the Absolute. On the other hand, Ramanuja has modified non-dualism and his view is referred to a modified non-dualism or “Vishishtadvaita”. Ramanuja accepts the distinction between man and God and rejects the unity of absolute Being. Ramanuja’s theory is known as the theory of "Mokayef “.

Every religion and theological school claims that it guides mankind towards happiness and perfection. Considering man's innate tendencies and natural inclinations, such as Deism, Egoism, Tuism has special importance. Due to the importance of man's happiness which represents his main goal in life and in order to show the compatibility and consistency of the tendencies in question, this paper uses a descriptive-analytical method and cites some Quranic verses and narratives to explain this compatibility and resolve the conflict between these tendencies. It also shows the comprehensiveness of the moral code in Islam and the profound knowledge of this reveled faith as compared to the other moral schools. Determining "optional nearness to God" as the criterion for the value of moral act and ultimate goal of ethics, morality, stressing the possibility of the integrity of the mentioned tendencies, concentrating on deism and recommending doing all that leads to God's good pleasure; the moral code in Islam provides a good reliable method for their integrity, an issue on which this study is centered.

For some religions, mass destruction and extensive killing is predicted as a precursor of the coming of promised Savior. The advent of such events is predicted in different parts of the Bible, especially Revelations and in the New Testament. Catholics and Orthodox are among the sects of Christianity that have a spiritual and non-literal interpretation of such predictions and openly disagree with mass destruction and killing. However, some protestant groups such as Puritans have an objective and literal interpretation of these predictions. They believe the massive destruction and suffering is inevitable and disagree with the attempts for global peace as futile and have considered such events as a part of the divine plan for the provision of the return of Christ. This paper uses an analytical method, to review and assess the above issue. And found out that most previous studies show that although the occurrence of mass destruction before the Messiah is reported in the Bible, the idea that the preparation of this battle might be a task of individual or group assignment is not compatible with Bible passages.

At first glance, most people unconsciously associate the name of India, with such issues like superstition, idolatry, certain various ceremonies and ascetics and so on. However, there have been many scholars throughout the checkered history of this land, who have thought about rational, philosophical, theological and mystical issues and started different schools of thought. Generally speaking, the scholars of ancient India who were contemporary with Greek thinkers developed theological and philosophical thoughts too, and some advanced interesting theories in this regard. These schools of thought are based on four-fold pivots. Some are based on accepting the probative validity and authority of Vedas and some on rejecting them. Some philosophical thoughts and ideas in India are based on the Holy Scriptures and in general the purpose of these schools is religion-oriented. This paper examines the three Nâstika schools.

Although the origin of Judaism was not in the Arab Land, the events were behind the Israelites, dispersal. One of the places to which the Jewish migrated was the Arabia Peninsula. This historical research investigates the Jew's presence, activities their influence and other's influence on them among the Arabs in the pre-Islamic period of ignorance until the advent of Islam. In discussing the question of geography of religions and evacuation of a religion its original place, sometimes the evacuation is optional; for example, when the followers of that religion intend to spread their religion (doctrine) among the people of other countries and attract new followers, and sometimes the evacuation is not attributed to optional factors. The evacuation of Judaism from its original land is considered of the first kind; because after Moses, Judaism gradually turned to tribalism, and so the main concern of the followers of this faith was something other than propagation and extension of their beliefs. Therefore, the factors of their existence among the Arabs in the Pre-Islamic period of ignorance are involuntary. This existence had its effects on Arabs and was also liable to be influenced by them. This paper investigates this issue using a historical approach.

Religion and ethics, closely related issues, have always been the special concern of man. Throughout the history of ethical-philosophical thought, several theories have been proposed about the relationship between religion and ethics. One of these theories is the theory of the distinction between religion and ethics. This theory believes that, there is no relationship between religion and ethics. Nietzsche is among the thinkers who developed this theory an attempt to criticize the theory of Christian ethics. He believes that religion is incongruous with ethics, the goal of ethics is to assume authority and the man who shows moral behavior is a powerful man. Using an analytical approach and presenting documents, this paper investigates the relationship between religion and ethics from the view of Nietzsche.

The issue of ‘future’ and other relevant issues particularly eschatology and End of the Time are of special importance in Judaism. Taking a cursory look at the revelation of Jewish prophets in the Old Testaments, we see most of them having visions and dreams about the future of the Jewish people and their land. This study is an attempt to analyze and criticize the apocalypses of Jewish prophets concerning the future of the Jews, Jerusalem, and deliverance of this people at the End of the Times according to the Scriptures. The apocalyptic literature is of high significance among Jews, since certain Jewish sects are seeking to establish the great Jewish state and people, relying on this literature. Having defined relevant terms, the article deals with some apocalypses of Jewish prophets, the typology of these revelations, and the prophecy of the good or bad fate of the Jewish people.