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 This study aimed to assess the photobiomodulation effects of blue and red lasers on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells (PDLMSCs).

 PDLMSCs were cultured and tested in 4 groups. The first two groups were exposed to 445 nm diode laser irradiation (200 mW, 6 and 12 J/cm2), and the third group was exposed to
660 nm diode laser irradiation (50 mW, 4 J/cm2). The fourth group was also considered as the
control group without irradiation. Cell viability/proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type 1 (col1), and osteocalcin (OCN) were evaluated by RTPCR, and Alizarin red was used to evaluate the colonization. The data were analyzed by means of one-way analysis of variance.

 The results of our study showed that cell survival/proliferation in the second group was significantly lower than that in the control group on days 1 and 7 (P<0.05). RT-PCR showed a significant increase in osteogenic genes in all three laser groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). All groups showed a significant increase in calcium content compared to the control group (P<0.05). ALP activity also confirmed the osteoblastic differentiation of cells in laser groups.

 445 nm and 660 nm lasers with the studied parameters showed positive effects on the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of PDLMSCs.

 Periodontal problems are very common among patients undergoing fixed orthodontics treatment. Using mouthwashes such as Listerine and Persica is recommended in order to prevent such complications. There have, however, been no information on the comparative effects of Listerine and Persica mouthwashes so far. Thus the comparative study presented here under the title of “Evaluating the comparative effects of Listerine Zero and Persica Mouthwashes on the Periodontal Conditions of fixed orthodontics Patients was conducted at the Department of Dentistry of Azad University of Tehran.

 A blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 30 patients. All subjects were between 20 and 50 years of age; had been under fixed orthodontic treatment for at least two months; did not have serious systemic health complications; had a minimum of 5 teeth in each quadrant for evaluation. Root planning and scaling were conducted on male and female subjects prior to their entry into the study. The SI, GI, PI, and BOP indices of each subject were then recorded in the base-line stage. The subjects were then divided into two random groups. The first group was treated with Persica (Pursina Co., Iran) and the second group with Listerine Zero (Johnson & Johnson, New Jersey, USA). The two groups were followed up twice after two and four weeks of treatment and their SI, GI, PI, and BOP indices were recorded.

 The SI, GI, PI, and BOP indices were found to have changed by similar amounts in both groups (P<0.12). The changes in GI, PI, and BOP were, however, statistically significant within each group (P<0.02). The changes in SI index within the Persica group were found to increase only within the first two weeks of treatment (P<0.05).

 Following the comparative study described above, both mouthwashes appear to positively affect the periodontal condition of fixed orthodontics patients. Both mouthwashes were, however, found to have similar effects.

Xenogeneic grafts have gained attention due to advantages in compare of autografts. This study aimed to compare Xeno (ostrich) Acellular Dermal Matrix (XADM) with the free gingival graft (FGG) to increase the width of Keratinized gingiva (KGW) in dogs.

This split mouth animal study was performed on 10 mixed breed dogs. The upper second premolar sites were randomly selected for grafting by XADM (test) or FGG (control). Measurements of KGW were recorded before surgery, 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Biopsies from grafted sites for histologic and histomorphometric evaluations were harvested 6 months after surgery. Data were analyzed by repeated measured, paired samples t‑test, and Wilcoxon Signed rank test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

KGW increased in the two study groups after surgery with no significant statistical difference between them at any time intervals (P > 0.05). The graft shrinkage was 23% and 21% for the test and control groups, respectively, without statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). Histomorphometric evaluation showed no significant difference between the two study groups. Foreign body reaction was not seen in any of the study groups.

Increased KWG was similar between the two study groups. With regard to FGG limitations, XADM may be assumed as a suitable alternative for FGG. It should be noted that this research was an animal study and clinical trials on human should be performed to approve the efficacy and safety of this material.

Statement of the Problem: 

Subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) is the gold standard treatment for root coverage procedure; however, this technique has limitations such as the need for a donor site and the difficulty of the harvesting procedure.  The potential benefits of Mucoderm®, a collagen matrix derived from porcine dermis, as an alternative treatment for root coverage can be investigated.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Mucoderm® for root coverage and compare its results with SCTG.

This double-blind split-mouth randomized clinical trial was conducted on seven patients with 12 bilateral gingival recessions (24 recession sites). Coronally advanced flap + Mucoderm® was applied on one side and coronally advanced flap + connective tissue graft (CTG) was applied on the contralateral side. We measured the periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), recession depth (RD), keratinized tissue width (KTW) and gingival thickness (GT) with a surgical stent at baseline (preoperatively) and at 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The Wilcoxon and Friedman tests were used to analyse the data.

The mean percentage of root coverage was 26% in the Mucoderm® group and 60% in the SCTG group at 6 months, compared with baseline. The mean percentage of root coverage was significantly different between the two groups (p Value<0.05). The results indicated that Mucoderm® did not increase the KTW, while CTG significantly increased the KTW (p Value< 0.05 at 1, 3 and 6 months).

The results of this study showed that Mucoderm® might not be an appropriate alternative for the CTG in root coverage procedures.

Prior to crown lengthening surgery and/or restorative and prosthetic treatment, it is necessary to know the dimensions of the tooth biologic width. In different studies, the biologic width has been measured in different sites and teeth with a healthy periodontium. In this study, the biologic width was measured in different teeth of the mandibular and maxillary arches, and the effect of periodontal/gingival biotype on biologic width was evaluated.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 163 teeth in 12 subjects, including five males and seven females with an average age of 28 ± 4 years. After injecting the anesthetic agent, the dimensions of the biologic width were measured using a periodontal probe at six sites in all the existing teeth (except the third molars). Periodontal biotype was evaluated and categorized as thin or thick by observing transgingival shade of a probe. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and t-test using SPSS 19 (α = 0.05).

The average biologic widths in the molars, premolars, canines, and incisors were 1.90 ± 0.80, 1.72 ± 0.69, 155 ± 0.72, and 1.49±0.64, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the biologic width and the tooth type (p value = 0.000). However, there was no significant relationship between the biologic width and gingival biotype in six points and different sites of the mouth (p value > 0.08).

The biologic width dimension varies in different tooth types. The periodontal biotype has no effect on the biologic width dimension.

Pharmacological factors, such as ibuprofen, released topically in the periodontal pocket modulate the host response and enhance the influence of non-surgical periodontal treatment.

In this double-blind, randomized, split-mouth, clinical trial, 38 outpatients with mild to moderate chronic periodontitis were enrolled by applying the simple random sampling method. They had at least one tooth with a periodontal pocket depth of >4 mm in each quadrant and had undergone phase I of periodontal treatment one week after scaling and root planing (SRP). The parameters of clinical periodontal evaluation, including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and bleeding index (BI), were measured. In addition, two mandibular molar teeth in one quadrant were randomly nominated for subgingival irrigation with 0.5 mL of 2% ibuprofen or placebo mouthwash. The measurements were repeated after at least one week for three months.

Thirty-four individuals (18 women and 16 men), with an age range of 28‒36 years, were evaluated for three months. Moreover, periodontal clinical parameters were assessed within three months. There was a significant improvement in pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) readings after 12 weeks in both groups (paired t-test). On comparing, the group with scaling and root planing (SRP) + ibuprofen showed more favorable results than the group with SRP + placebo (P<0.05). There were significant improvements in PI and BI in both groups; the differences between the two groups were significant (P<0.05).

The mouthwashes containing ibuprofen might reduce the symptoms of periodontal disease and might be used as an adjunct in the healing process.

 

In the course of periodontal diseases, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) produce oxidative agents and free radicals, thus triggering oxidant-antioxidant disequilibrium in the saliva. Due to the reduction of antioxidant protective effect, oxidative stress is induced, destroying periodontal tissues. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of the non-surgical phase of periodontal therapy on the level ofsalivary antioxidantsin patients with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis.

Un-stimulated salivary samples were collected from 43 patients with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis for 5 minutes. Clinical parameters, including clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP) and pocket depth (PD), were recorded in each tooth and subsequently, scaling and root planing (SRP) was carried out. After four weeks, salivary samples were collected once again, and the above-mentioned clinical parameters were recorded. Following centrifugation and freezing at a temperature of -80°C, salivary samples were examined simultaneously in a single day, and the level of their antioxidants was measured with ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method using a spectrophotometer.

The concentration of salivary antioxidants significantly increased four weeks following the non-surgical periodontal therapy (P<0.0001). Moreover, the clinical parameters of CAL, BoP and PD showed a significant decrease in 4 weeks as well (P<0.0001).

The level of salivary antioxidants in patients with generalized moderate to severe chronic periodontitis significantly increased after etiotropic periodontal therapy, indicating the possible beneficial influence of periodontal therapy on the level of salivary antioxidants in patients suffering from periodontitis.

Host modulation therapy represents a treatment concept in which drug therapies are applied as an adjunctive therapy to conventional periodontal treatments to counteract the destructive effects of the host inflammatory response.

This is a randomized split-mouth clinical trial in which a total of 40 outpatients diagnosed with mild-moderate chronic periodontitis with at least two pairs of contralateral anatomically matching proximal tooth surfaces showing probing depth of ≥5 mm were enrolled. Full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP) was performed for all patients and pockets larger than 5 mm were selected for application of the studied gels. The selected sites were randomly divided into group A (piroxicam + metronidazole) and group B (piroxicam). Recall appointments were scheduled every two weeks within 3 months. The periodontal parameters, assessed in the molar teeth, also recorded that changes in clinical parameters during the study.

A total of 34 patients, with mean age of 45.2±8.6 (range 32-60) years, none of whom developed unpleasant side effect, were enrolled. Plaque index was significantly higher in group A; further it was a statistically significant difference in Bleeding on probing levels in group A at the baseline to last interval recall while current study. The results exhibited significant reductions in pocket depth within 3 months when compared to the baseline values, while the combination adjunctive therapy was more effective to reduce pocket depth. Furthermore, both groups showed a statistically significant mean reduction in clinical attachment level (CAL), but in the test group A had a higher CAL gain than in the control group B (P=0.039).

The use of a combination of drugs can help reduce the clinical signs of periodontal disease, therefore, by changing the patient’s health habits along with periodontal treatment, the mechanical treatment that a microbial plaque can be obtained, and then the use of piroxicam + metronidazole gel as a complementary therapy, the recovery process can be accelerated.

Plaque-induced gingivitis is a common gingival disease. There are some limitations in mechanical methods to promote plaque control which is why chemical methods have been introduced. Chemical toothpastes have side effects like hypersensitivity and staining, so the tendency is growing towards herbal toothpastes. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Aloevera tooth paste on gingivitis. This was a Single blind cross over clinical trial study which was conducted on 20 dental students ( 10 male, 10 female with the average of 24.5±4 years) who had gingivitis. Then, they were divided into 2 groups: The first group used the Aloevera toothpaste for 30 days and PI and GI was recorded. They had been washed out for 2 weeks and after that they used the Fluoride toothpaste for another 30 days. Again, PI and GI was recorded. In the second group the toothpastes were used in an opposite order. The Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate statistical analysis.the level of significance was set as 0.06. There was no significant difference in periodontal records between toothpastes after 30 days of administration. After 30 days, PI changed from 2.14±1.3 to 1.84±1.02(P<0.098) and GI changed from
0.74 ±0.62 to 0.25±0.46(P<0.068) and the P-value between the toothpastes was P<0.07 for PI and P<0.308 for GI. Aloevera toothpaste may have the same effect on PI and GI as the Fluoride tooth paste, So it can be concluded the this toothpaste could be used instead of conventional chemical toothpastes.

Preeclampsia is a considerable complication of pregnancy. Chronic inflammations such as periodontitis may lead to a transient low-grade bacteremia in the maternal-fetal circulation, inducing systemic immune responses, placental abnormalities, and other clinical manifestations of preeclampsia. There are inconsistent findings regarding the correlation between periodontitis and preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to compare periodontal parameters in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women.
This case-control study was conducted among pregnant women visiting Akbarabadi Teaching Hospital, Tehran, Iran, for specialized care during 2015-16. From among 260 pregnant women, 100 with gestational hypertension were selected as the case group, and 100 without gestational hypertension were recruited as the control group. The examined periodontal parameters included Probing Depth (PD), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and Plaque Control Record (PCR). The participant's demographic data, prenatal history, and family history were collected through interviewing and assessing their medical records. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test.
Although there were significant statistical differences between the groups with regards to the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of PD (P The present study did not support the theory of the relationship between periodontal parameters and preeclampsia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural integrity of multiple-choice questions according to the Millman checklist, and to assess thedistinguishing power of these questions between weak and strong students in theoretical courses of Periodontics in an academic year (2014-15) in Dental Branch of Tehran Islamic Azad University.
A total of 262 students comprising periodontics module 1, 2 and 3 in two semesters responded to 240 multiple-choice questions and results from the two consecutive semesters were compared with each other. ANOVA was used to analyse data. P There was no statistical difference between the difficulty coefficient of the questions in the two semesters for Periodontics module 1, 2, and 3 (P-values were0.2, 0.34 and 0.69, respectively). For discrimination coefficient, there was no significant difference between Periodontics module 2 (P=0.72) and 3(P=0.42) in the two semesters, however, in Periodontics module 1 this difference was significant (P=0.017). Although a favourable change in the indicators of Millman checklist was seen in the second semester, it was not statistically significant (P= 0.65).In total, the difficulty and discrimination coefficients revealed that the majority of questions were "medium difficult".
Although the educational pamphlet did not significantly improve the quality of multiple-choice questions, some Millman checklist items improved slightly.

Several methods have been suggested to measure gingival thick-ness. This study aimed to assess the reliability of visual assessment of facial gingival biotype of maxillary and mandibular teeth with or without using a periodontal probe in comparison with direct measurement.
Sixty-seven healthy patients (25 women and 42 men) with a total of 100 hopeless teeth were selected for this study. Three methods were used to evaluate gingival thickness namely visual assessment, visual assessment with the use of periodontal probe and direct measurement using a caliper after extracting the hopeless tooth. One trained examiner performed all examinations. Patient demographics, tooth position, and the results of three assessments were recorded. The mean and standard deviation of gingival thickness were calculated. The three methods were compared using the chi-square test.
The accuracy of visual assessment method for the “thin biotype” was 96.7% [positive predictive value (PPV)=96.7%], while it was 10.3% for “thick biotype” [negative predictive value (NPV)=10.3%]. The accuracy of visual assessment with the use of periodontal probe for the thin biotype was 100% (PPV=100%), while it was 17.1% for the thick biotype (NPV=17.1%). The results of visual assessment method alone and with the use of periodontal probe were incorrect in 37% and 29% of the cases, respec-tively and this difference was significant (P Gingival biotype identification by assessment with the use of periodontal probe is an adequately reliable method while visual assessment of gingival biotype by itself is not sufficient for proper diagnosis.

The aim of this clinical trial study was to clinically evaluate the use of enamel matrix protein derivative combined with the coronally positioned fl ap to treat gingival recession compared to the subepithelial connective tissue graft by a new method to obtain denuded root surface area. Thirteen patients, each with two or more similar bilateral Miller class I or II gingival recession (40 recessions) were randomly assigned to the test (enamel matrix protein derivative + coronally positioned fl ap) or control group (subepithelial connective tissue graft). Recession depth, width, probing depth, keratinized gingival, and plaque index were recorded at baseline and at one, three, and six months after treatment. A stent was used to measure the denuded root surface area at each examination session. Results were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilcoxon, Friedman, paired-sample t test. The average percentages of root coverage for control and test groups were 63.3% and 55%, respectively. Both groups showed signifi cant keratinized gingival increase (P < 0.05). Recession depth decreased signifi cantly in both groups. Root surface area was improved signifi cantly from baseline with no signifi cant difference between the two study groups (P > 0.05). The results of Friedman test were signifi cant for clinical indices (P < 0.05), except for probing depth in control group (P = 0.166). Enamel matrix protein derivative showed the same results as subepithelial connective tissue graft with relatively easy procedure to perform and low patient morbidity.