h. ranjbar

The ingestion and intake of healthful and high-quality water is a crucial aspect of human existence. As such, it is imperative to closely monitor the contamination of drinking water, including potential exposure to radioactive elements, in order to assess the level of radiation that individuals may be subjected to through water consumption. The aim of this paper is to measure the levels of gross β and α activity in drinking waters obtained from various sources in Ardabil. Through the utilization of liquid scintillation methodology, the gross α and β radio-activities of 25 water samples were scrutinized and measured to determine their radiological health. The findings of this analysis revealed that the concentration of gross α radio-activity ranged from 30 mBqL-1 to 180 mBq L-1, with an average of 71.6 mBq L-1. Similarly, the concentration of gross β activity in the samples varied from 49 mBq/l to 210 mBq/l, with an average of 114.4 mBq/l. Furthermore, there was a moderate positive correlation of 0.49 between α concentration and β concentration. The annually effective dose varied from 0.036 to 0.104 mSv, with an average of 0.072 mSv. The variation in risk ranges from 2.02E-04 to 7.91E-04, with an average of 4.01E-04. These outcomes demonstrate that the water samples analyzed are free from any radiological hazards and are deemed safe for consumption.

Today, health care systems are focused on the patient. The level of patient satisfaction with the quality of nursing care received is one of the main components of quality management in the hospital system. This study aimed to determine the satisfaction of inpatients with the quality of nursing care in the internal wards in medical training centers affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted with the participation of 197 eligible patients in 2018 in seventeen medical wards of hospitals affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Patients were sampled using a proportional random method. Data were collected using standard tools. Data analysis was done with spss software version 13 and descriptive and inferential statistics.

The total average satisfaction of patients is 187.31(21.76) from the range of obtainable scores (41-287) and the highest average satisfaction score is related to the respectful treatment of the nurse with the patient and the lowest score is related to the conflict between the words of doctors and nurses.

In this study, patients' satisfaction with nursing care was average. The lowest score was related to the conflict between the words of doctors and nurses that with the planning of nursing managers and doctors, a step can be taken to improve the quality of nursing care and patient satisfaction.

The Zamin Hossein copper deposit, as a part of the Dehaj- Sarduiyeh metallogenic belt, is located about 170 km southeast of Kerman city. This deposit is accompanied by Eocene volcanic (andesite, andesi-basalt and pyroclastic) and Eocene intrusive body (granodiorite and granite). The propylitic, sericitic, argillic-sericitic and silicic alterations are associated with this deposit. Chalcopyrite and pyrite are the most important hypogene sulfide minerals which are accompanied by supergene mineral assemblages such as goethite, hematite, limonite, malachite, and azurite. The hypogene minerals show generally vein-veinlet, stockwork and crustiform textures. The microthermometric studies in quartz crystalscogenetic with the ore minerals revealed four types of fluid inclusions on the basis of phase content: 1-( L-V), 2-(L-V-S), 3-(V-L), and 4-(V). The results of microthermometric analyses revealed that the fluid inclusions have a wide range of Th (170°C to 530°C). The L-V-S type fluid inclusions displayed Th and salinity ranges of 190-473°C and 31.4-55.6 wt% NaCl eq., respectively. The liquid-rich 2-phase inclusions (L-V) show salinities within the range of 1.74-6.45 wt% NaCl eq. Based upon microthermometric data, boiling, mixing, and simple cooling of the fluids were the essential mechanisms in deposition and evolution of this deposit. The ore-forming fluids were probably of magmatic and mixed magmatic-meteoric sources. According to the structural and textural aspects, alteration and mineralization of mineral assemblages and microthermometric data, the Zamin Hossein ore deposit can be categorized as porphyry copper-type.

Microgrids (MGs) are designed to be able to serve hosting critical load in island-mode during major events. However, during normal condition when they are in grid-connected mode, MGs may have opportunity to achieve monetary profits through optimizing operation of energy resources and their participation in wholesale markets. This paper proposes a model to optimize MGs participation in the markets and operation of energy resources. Since MGs usually host renewable energy resources, making decision without considering the uncertainties may prone MGs to risk. So, the model considers uncertainties associated with generation of renewable DGs, demand, and market prices via robust optimization technique. The model is a max-min problem which is modelled as a bi-level optimization problem. The problem is solved in two iterative steps. In the first step, a genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to obtain the worst case wherein uncertain parameters are determined such that MG profit is minimized. Then, a mixed-integer linear problem is solved to maximize the profit over MG decision variables considering the values determined in the first step. The steps are iterated to converge to the best solution. To verify performance of the approach, it is applied to a typical MG and the results are reported.

Identifying and measuring the radioactivity of airborne particles are a necessary and very important to recognize and estimate the effect of radioactive contamination on human health and the environment. Gamma-ray spectromety is one of the most useful methods for quantitative and qualitative analysis of samples, like air filters. One of the first and necessary steps in performing sample analysis by Gamma-ray spectrometer is to calibrate this equipment, which requires appropriate standard sources. The purpose of this research is to design and manufacture a suitable standard source considering filter geometry and its quality control and validation. For this purpose, a circular HEPA air filter with a diameter of 60 mm was used. Gamma-ray spectrometry system (HPGe) was calibrated by mentioned standard source. The results of counting and quality control of the manufactured source showed the accuracy of source manufacturing method. The validation of manufacturing method by Spike method showed an acceptable error of 8%.

Measurement and determination of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in water are important in all societies and countries of the world because of their adiobiological risks and is part of the goals of standards and public health organizations. Liquid scintillation counting technique is one of the best methods for simultaneously measuring alpha and beta-particle-emitting in water. In this technique, due to the overlap of spectra of alpha and beta, evaluation of the alpha and beta interference and the appropriate PSA value is very important for sample counting rate. The purpose of this work is to measure the activity concentration of gross alpha and beta in bottled water and compare them with the allowable limit and international standards. To achieve the goal of this research, the work was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, the alpha and beta interference and the appropriate PSA are obtained using two standard solutions of americium-241 and strontium-90 with activity of 21 and 40 Bq. In phase 2, The 10 bottled drinking water samples from different brands are analyzed using LSC. The results of the sample counting showed appropriate PSA value of 110 for the measurement of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in water. The measurement results showed that the gross alpha and beta activity concentrations were 41-62 mBqL-1 and 57-85 mBqL-1 which are below the allowable limit by comparing the standard limits.

The Zamin Hossein district is located about 170 km southeast of Kerman city in the Dehaj-Sarduieh metallogenic belt, SE Iran. Interaction of hydrothermal fluids with volcanic rocks (mainly andesite) of the Lower Eocene age in this district accompanied with occurrence of an extensive alteration system. The hydrothermal alteration system of the district includes argillic, phyllic and propylitic alteration zones. On the basis of microscopic observations, chalcopyrite, magnetite, pyrite, hematite, goethite, malachite and azurite are the most important minerals in the mineralized veins and veinlets of the argillic alteration zone. Mineralogical studies indicate that the argillic alteration zone contains minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, montmorillonite, muscovite-illite, jarosite, hematite, goethite, albite, orthoclase and calcite. Calculations of the mass changes of trace elements, assuming Al as the monitor immobile element, show that the process of conversion of andesitic rocks into argillic alteration zone accompanied with enrichment of elements such as U, Ba, Nb, Ga, Tl, Sr, Sc, Ta, Th and Mo, and depletion of elements such as Th, Co, Cs, Rb, V, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn. Other trace elements, such as Hf, Y, Zr, and REEs, have undergone both leaching and fixation processes during development of the argillic alteration zone. The distribution pattern of normalized REEs to chondrite implies difererntiation and enrichment of LREEs ratio to HREEs and occurrence of weak negative Eu anomaly during development of the argillic alteration zone. Combination of the obtained results from mineralogical studies, geochemistry of mass changes, and investigation of correlation coefficients between elements reveal that the behavior of trace elements during the development of argillic alteration zone in the Zamin Hossein district is a function of factors such as changes in temperature and chemistry of solutions involved in alteration, differences in alteration intensity, adsorption by clay minerals, scavenging by metallic oxides and hydroxides, and fixation in the neomorph mineral phases.

Considering the radioactivity of radiopharmaceuticals compounds, there are strict rules and regulations regarding their quality control aspects. One of the essential parameters in quality control is to determine the type and amount of radiopharmaceuticals impurities in order to ensure the prescribing of the correct dose. Impurity values are usually small, but these small amounts are also important and should be measured with high accuracy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the simultaneous production of 186Re and 188Re with one target material and to investigate the production of probable impurities. To achieve the goal of this research, the work was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, a model based on the MCNPX code is designed to simulate target irradiation. In phase 2, the experimental assessment will be carried out using natural rhenium irradiation in Tehran research reactor. Both simulation and practical results showed that 186Re and 188Re can be produced with appropriate and nearly equal activities, simultaneously. Also, the amount of impurities is negligible compared to the main products. Our findings indicated that experimental data are in good agreement with simulation data (bias error less than 5%) and as a result, the simulation method is the powerful and useful technique to investigate different aspects of radioisotope production in reactor.

These days, the use of Rhenium 186 and 188 radionuclides in the production of various radiopharmaceuticals has grown considerably. These two radionuclides have good features such as emitting beta particles with appropriate range and energy, and gamma rays for imaging and evaluating biological distribution in cancer treatment. Regarding the energy and range of these radionuclides, Rhenium 186 with small range is suitable for treating small tumors; and Rhenium 188 with greater range is appropriate to destroy large tumors. In this study, the simultaneous production of these two radionuclides by natural rhenium irradiation for the production of a combined radiopharmaceutical, to treat tumors with various sizes has been investigated. For the purpose of this study, the irradiation of 1 mg of natural rhenium in a neutron flux of 3×1013 cm-2s-1 for 7 days was evaluated and the activity of the main products was calculated. Since the presence of impurities delivers an unwanted and excess dose to the patient, the presence and activity level of these radionuclides have also been studied. The results of the study showed that by the irradiation of natural rhenium, Rhenium 186 and 188 radionuclides can be produced simultaneously with the appropriate activity level for using the combination of both radionuclides. Also, theoretical calculations showed that the amount of produced impurities compared to the original products is negligible.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women around the world. Early detection of this cancer plays an important role in its treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention based on health belief model in adopting breast cancer prevention behaviors in female health workers in Torbat Heydariyeh.

This study was a quasi-experimental intervention with a control group, which was conducted in 1398 on 70 female health workers working in health centers. Data were collected from both intervention and control groups by a valid and reliable questionnaire before and after the intervention and analyzed by Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon statistical interventions version 16. SPSS in software.

The mean age of the participants in the experimental group was 77.42±8.43 years and the control group 40.09±8.21 years (P=0.178). According to the results obtained after interventional education, the mean score of Health Belief Model constructs (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits of breast self-test, perceived barriers of breast self-test, perceived self-efficacy of breast self-test, perceived benefits of mammography and perceived barriers of mammography) showed a significant increase in the experimental group in comparison to the control group (P<0.001). It should be noted that the mean score for perceived self-efficacy of mammography was not significant.

Health belief model training improved participantschr('39') perceptions. Therefore, the use of this educational model in other educational and prevention programs is recommended.

A useful benchmark for the reliability of gamma spectrometry results is to provide measurement uncertainty. Due to the importance and necessity of radiation monitoring in water resources, this research has been oriented toward providing measurements of the gamma- emitting radionuclides along with introducing the expression for the uncertainty that appeared in these measurements. To calculate the uncertainty of the activity measurements in water, a sample, where its radioactive elements were obtained from the PolAtom Company, was used. The calculations were performed based on the 661 keV peak of 137</sup>Cs radionuclide and a high-purity germanium detector (HPGe). The investigations show that the factors affecting the measurement uncertainty are composed of two parts, including counting with the gamma spectroscopy system and sample preparation, where each of these parts comes from several sources of uncertainty such as uncertainties associated with the counting process, efficiency calibration, emission probability, the counting correction factors, and the mass measurement. The results of analyses show that the relative uncertainty is about 3.7% (Coverage factor = 1) for a water sample with an activity of 425 Becquerel from 137</sup>Cs.

Radiotherapy is the treatment of cancer using ionizing radiation. When a tumor is large in comparison to the range of the ionizing particles, most of the energy is absorbed within the tumor. In cases when the tumor dimensions are smaller than the range of ionizing particles, a large proportion of the energy can escape. Therefore, the tumor size and the range of the ionizing particles are important to be realized in the recurrence probability of tumors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of recurrence probability to tumor size and paricles energy in external radiotherapy and targeted radionuclide therapy. The absorbed fractions for spheres that ranged in radii from 20 µm to 4.5 cm were calculated using the MCNPX code. A mathematical model based on Poisson distribution was used to investigate the relationship of recurrence probability to tumor size for tumors treated with external beam radiotherapy and targeted 131I and 90Y. The results show that for targeted radionuclide therapy, the relationship between the recurrence probability and tumor size is different from that for external beam radiotherapy. The analysis shows that there is a minimum value of the recurrence probability that occures at a diameter of approximately 3.5 cm for 90Y. For 131I, the minimum recurrence occurs at a tumor diameter of approximately 3.5 mm. The results show that there is an optimal tumor size for the tumor curability. The recurrence probability has a minimum value for tumors whose diameters are close to the optimum value which depends on the particles energy. Smaller tumors are more recurrence because of the incompetent absorption of radiation energy, i.e., it dose not occure with the external beam iiradiation, and larger tumors are more recurrence because of the greater cell number. The results are shown that single agent targeted radiotherapy should not be used for treatment of disseminated cancers when multiple tumors of differing size may be present. The use of several radionuclides, including long-range and short-range beta emitters, concurrently or from combining targeted radiotherapy with external beam irradiation would be more effective than the reliance on a single radionuclide.

Soil spectroscopy in the visible and near infrared (Vis-NIR) range has widely been used as a rapid, cost-effective, and non-destructive technique to predict soil properties. Since little data is available about soil properties determined by using this technique, the present research was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of Vis-NIR spectroscopy to estimate several soil properties in Bardsir area, Kerman Province. About 150 complex surface soil samples were collected from four different land uses from depth of 0-20 cm. Soil organic carbon, equivalent calcium carbonate, pH, and the amount of silt, clay and sand particles were measured by routine laboratory methods. Reflectance spectra were obtained from air-dried samples under controlled laboratory conditions using an ASD FieldSpec Pro spectroradiometer in 350-2500 nm wavelength range. Partial least squares regression was used for calibration of spectral and laboratory data using cross validation. Coefficient of variation for organic carbon, equivalent calcium carbonate, sand, silt, clay, and pH values were 0.68, 0.62, 0.64, 0.66, 0.3, and 0.01, respectively. Based on RPD values (Ratio of Prediction to Deviation), the precision of the prediction model for sand and silt contents was quite suitable, and for organic carbon and equivalent calcium carbonate it was suitable. [H1] However, the predictions of the model for clay content and pH were poor.Furthermore, standard normal variate (SNV) was the best pre-processing method to predict organic carbon, whereas, first derivative with SG smoothing (FD-SG) showed better estimation for carbonate, sand, and silt. Consequently, Vis-NIR spectroscopy is capable of predicting several soil properties at the same time. As the model accuracy is acceptable, it has the potential to substitute conventional laboratory analyses of selected soil properties.