javad hosseinzadeh

Cryptocurrency is one of the modern tools that aims to replace money and is sometimes traded among citizens as a commodity or a means of debt payment. Even though the legislator has banned cryptocurrency exchange in domestic transactions, its buying and selling is common among some people. Therefore, it's necessary first to find the situation of such transactions and then the type of reaction of the court to the lawsuit on cryptocurrency among the provisions and in the shadow of general legal principles. This article seeks to answer these questions: 1) What is the legal status of cryptocurrency trading? 2) In a legal dispute of cryptocurrency transaction, can the promise request the court to hand over the cryptocurrency by the promisor? 3) Can a right not protected by the law be claimed in court? The authors believe that cryptocurrency transactions can be done in two ways: first, in the form of a “trade item" and second, as a “means of payment. "The cryptocurrency transaction is void under the law, but if it is agreed upon as a means of payment, the contract is valid. But we cannot use cryptocurrency as the price of the transaction, and fiat money should be given instead. 

The main goal of this research is to assess the readiness of countries for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The study aims to provide a model using artificial intelligence algorithms, such as clustering and classification, to predict the movement of countries towards Industry 4.0.

The research utilizes fast-density clustering (FDC) to categorize countries into distinct clusters. Subsequently, the kNN and SVM algorithms are employed for modeling and predicting countries' movements. Additionally, swarm intelligence algorithms are used to optimize the performance of the algorithms.

One of the achievements of this research is the development of a composite index for the classification of countries and predicting their movement toward Industry 4.0. The countries are categorized into three clusters based on their readiness for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and the characteristics and trends of each cluster are elucidated. Another finding is the optimization of the kNN and SVM algorithms, demonstrating their superior performance compared to other algorithms.

Originality: 

The proposed composite index outperforms similar algorithms, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method in predicting countries' movement toward Industry 4.0. The study presented a comprehensive analysis of the Iran cluster, including its overall ranking and rankings within specific sub-indices. The findings offer insights into the strategic movement patterns of Iran and provide recommendations for advancing its technological capabilities. This research not only contributes to enhancing the country's readiness in technology but also aims to elevate the power and standing of the Islamic Republic of Iran, particularly in critical sectors such as national defense and security.

The examination of Verdict No. 810 \3\4\1400 issued by the general board of the Supreme Court of Iran holds significant weight in legal discourse, particularly concerning the transfer of property and subsequent transactions. This verdict stipulates that in cases where a property is sold and subsequently transferred to a third party, upon the termination of the initial transaction, the object of the transaction must be reverted to the original owner, despite the existence of an irrevocable contract.However, upon detailed scrutiny, it becomes apparent that the prevailing opinion among most judges within the Iran Supreme Court might be flawed. There's a critical oversight observed among certain judges who fail to discern between conditions that prohibit the backing out of an arrangement and those that allow termination by both parties within a specific period.Moreover, the rationale behind reverting the property to the first owner is seemingly one-sided. While the first owner anticipated receiving consideration due to an optional condition, they seem to overlook the detriments imposed on the seller. Consequently, holding the subsequent buyer accountable for an optional condition, knowingly concealed during the transaction, appears unjust. Even if the property has undergone changes or its value increased, disregarding the legal causes behind the buyer's ownership seems unfair and contradicts the essence of the judicial system's philosophy.To address this discrepancy, a logical and legally sound solution must be sought. A pertinent query emerges: should this verdict extend its impact to individuals who have purchased the property during a valid contract? Furthermore, an exploration into the potential hurdles faced by the generalization of this issued verdict becomes imperative. Additionally, it's crucial to determine a solution that safeguards the buyer in good faith and reallocates responsibility to the offender, thereby averting undue detriments.Within Iran's civil law system, consent stands as a fundamental pillar validating a contract. Consequently, the transfer of property is perceived as a presumption wasting, an assumption lawmakers make about wastage that lacks validity. Consequently, when a property is transferred via a valid contract and the preceding contract terminates due to any cause, it should be directed to the substitute owner as the property is now subjected to another right. Returning it to the former owner lacks a legal and logical foundation.The issued verdict signifies an exceptional ruling that demands a circumscribed interpretation and application. Judges should interpret this verdict as a legal rule restricted to events mirroring the specific circumstances of the case at hand.The research findings indicate that the enforceability of the Supreme Court's verdict is limited to cases such as chattel mortgages, scenarios where the buyer's practical transferable legal activity is impermissible, or contracts where the buyer possesses adequate knowledge or couldn't have been unaware of an optional condition's existence.Furthermore, the concept of a unanimous verdict is regarded as an exceptional institution, contradicting established judicial principles. To curtail such interventions, a meticulous examination of the issued verdict's causative factors leading to interpretative disparities is essential.In common law countries, judges, when referring to judicial precedents, must align the subject matters of the case with the event prompting the issuance of the previous verdict. Hence, the case's topic supersedes the public board's verdict since the latter fails to provide a genuine cause for its decision-making process. This ambiguity allows individual judges to craft their interpretations, potentially resulting in unfair outcomes.Additionally, courts are prohibited from issuing summary judgments. The resolution of disputes necessitates a case-by-case analysis, considering personal and subject-specific characteristics.In the realm of civil law, opinions of eminent jurisprudents significantly shape its components. Silence or doubt often prompts reference to arguments enjoying greater support among jurists, forming the intellectual or historical basis of codified laws. Deviating from these established opinions is uncommon, as they are deemed integral to the law's spirit, grounded in custom, reason, and judicial procedure.

Jurists have always been interested in the methods of transferring ownership rights of immovable property as a legal fact. Different legal systems' attitudes toward the simple or complex registration of property rights have had varying effects on the social and economic structures of each society. Possibly, the consistency of real estate transactions in Germany, and the disorder of this field in Iran can be attributed to the attitude towards the creation and transfer of ownership of immovable property, despite the Iranian government's recent support of the positive developments in this field. In Iran's legal system, according to the theory of ownership and the principle of the intentionality of ownership contracts, which have deep roots in Ja'fari jurisprudence, the right of ownership is considered to be based on nothing more than the effect of a legitimate transaction, and "registration" has only a declarative effect and is only confirmed if it matches the "truth". In German law, "registration" is deemed to have a "creative" effect and act independently of the original binding contract, thereby transforming the property right into a compound right. This research, using a descriptive - analytical, and comparative method, while expressing the concept, difference, and effects of each of the two causal and abstract systems of transferring ownership of immovable property, has come to the conclusion that without a doubt, in order to organize transactions in the field of real estate and maintain economic order and public interest, Changing the perspective on how to create and transfer ownership rights in Iranian law is a necessary and inevitable thing that can be justified by identifying "registration" as a part of the ownership right process and a necessary condition for the transfer of this right.

Abuse of the dominant position is one of the anti-competitive practices in the automotive sector. Consequently, this abuse can lead to monopolising the automobile market, the lack of competition, unfair contract terms, and the expansion of a few companies' market power. The main objective of this study is to answer the following questions: What are the causes and examples of abuse of dominant position in the Iranian and European automotive industries? What solutions are there to limit and prevent the abuse of dominance in this market? The questions are addressed by using a descriptive-analytical approach. Study results indicate that Iranian automotive industry failure factors include failed and non-targeted state aid, impediments to private sector practice, and tariff and non-tariff barriers to foreign automakers' practices on the Iranian market. A review of successful competition law enforcement strategies enacted by the EU will be conducted with the objective of improving the Iranian automotive market.

 One of the most important fundamental principles of official statistics, is the principle of Relevance, Impartiality, and professional ethics. Trust and ensure of the stakeholders and users of official statistics to the professional independency of National Statistical Offices (NSO) and the National Statistical System (NSS), as a social capital, is one of the most important factors for the success of these organizations in producing and disseminating accurate statistics. Regarding the important role of official statistics in the development and progress of each country, this trust and social capital is very essential. Therefore, one of the challenges for NSS and NSOs, has been to provide analysis on disseminated statistics. Due to this concern, in the past, NSOs, did not consider analysis as their duty. However, in regard to recent advanced progress and achievements in science and technology, the need for changes in approaches and methods of producing and disseminating official statistics has become inevitable. Therefore, in recent years, especially since 2010, the issue of modernization of official statistics discussed and pursued increasingly, in the literature and highest levels of reference and related international organizations. In this article, an attempt has been made to study foresaid subjects and deal with backgrounds and contexts of analysis in official statistics and its approach and its Interpretations in a modern NSS. Also tried to explain and define the features of proper analysis in modern and its necessity.

The Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution issued “the Second Phase of the Revolution Statement” addressed to the Iranian nation" explained and interpreted the remarkable achievements of the last four decades, which is a document and a strategy to be implemented in the fifth decade of the revolution and its core is to entrust the job to young people aiming at comprehensive development. What is important in this statement is to address the young population by Supreme Leader saying that: " The young population under the age of 40, an important part of which is the result of a birth boom in the1980’s represents an invaluable prospect and opportunity for the country, and the most important optimistic potential capacity in the country is the talented and efficient human resource that enjoys deep, noble foundation of faith and religion. The youth of the current population of the country is an opportunity and a privilege, accordingly, considering the positive role of the population factor and the population window component, appropriate, planners should develop appropriate planning so that effective steps can be taken towards the nation’s economic, social and cultural development by managing human resources. Despite the positive outlook about the impact of demographic changes on economic growth, demographic dividend does not occur by itself and are essentially potential conditions that can only be realized through effective policy-making. In fact, this situation of the age structure of the population leads to the creation of opportunities for the growth in production and per capita income through mechanisms such as improving labor supply, savings, and human resources. On the other hand, during the last three decades, the data show a decrease in fertility from 1986 onwards. By studying the causes of the decrease and appropriate policies to increase fertility, the duration of using the population window can be increased. In this paper, the concepts of population window and demographic dividend have been looked through and the impact of these variables and human resources management on increase in sustainable economic growth as well as in the fertility rate has been studied by using the results of the population and housing censuses and the current situation of the population structure and developments.

Clearing house is one of the important and basic institutions in the financial derivatives market. This house has been designed in such ways that not only minimize breaches by dealers of their contracts, but also ensures the security and certainty in the market and facilitates the transactions to be settled. This article aims to raise more awareness on the part of the legal community on the functions and roles of the clearing house in the market. Therefore, we will first discuss the house function in the market and how it intervenes in it and then will compare its nature with such legal institutions as open offer, agency, guarantee and novation and finally will conclude that despite some similarities between these institutions, the house nature differs from them in many respects.

Hypertension is one of the most common noncommunicable diseases in the world. One of the most effective factors on blood pressure (BP) is nutrition. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and BP among military staffs.

The study was carried out among 405 military staffs between 22 and 51 years old. Demographic, anthropometric information, and BP of participants were evaluated by standard methods. The dietary intakes were collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were identified using a posteriori method, factor analysis, and based on the FFQ. To check the relationship between BP and dietary patterns, we used multivariate linear regression in different models, relationship were adjusted for Age, sex, marital, smoking, income, body mass index, waist‑to‑hip ratio, family history of hypertension, energy intake, and physical activity level.

Two dominant dietary patterns were identified in the participants: Healthy and western pattern. The association of dietary patterns with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) was exhibited in different models. There was no relationship between SBP and DBP with healthy pattern (P = 0.269 and P = 0.638, respectively) and western pattern (P = 0.648 and P = 0.315, respectively) after adjustments.

Our findings indicated that dietary patterns did not have any significant relationship with SBP and DBP after adjustment for confounders in the healthy military. To identify the dietary patterns associated with BP in healthy military, more strong design studies and more participants should be conducted in the future.

Sending students abroad (scholarship) were conducted according to the executive regulation of law governing of sending the students abroad by holding a exam until 2004. Between 2006 and 2008, the condition for the exam was removed and with changing the regulations, other criteria for the selecting volunteers for sending abroad are legislated. According to the Court of Auditor's report in 2013, some of these changes were not legal and also the some rules are not correctly implemented in the same way for those who were accepted.The verdict that follows, is analyzed and criticized, refers to one of the scholars admitted whose after graduation, for employment at a university in which he was already located has filled a lawsuit in the Administrative Court of Justice. After reviewing the case, the court has ordered the issue out of time that the admission and placement of the volunteers of the scholarship means the obligation of the scholarship provider to hire them after the completion of the scholarship. While this inference is not consistent with the legal principles, laws and regulations governing the employment and recruitment of applicants to the faculty membership of universities and educational and research institutes.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging method widely used in medical diagnosis. Data in MRI are obtained line-by-line within the K-space, where there are usually a great number of such lines. For this reason, magnetic resonance imaging is slow. MRI can be accelerated through several methods such as parallel imaging and compressed sensing, where a fraction of the K-space lines is obtained. According to the advanced mathematical theories about compressed sensing, images entailing sparse representation within a certain area can be restored through a random sub sampling of K-space data. MRI images are often sparse in an appropriate conversion range, where imaging speed can be significantly improved through the compressed sensing theory. The complete random sub sampling of K-space creates an extremely high degree of incoherent artifacts for simplifying the mathematical calculations. Random sampling of K-space points is generally impractical in all dimensions, because the K-space paths will be smooth only when hardware and physiological considerations have been met. Our goal is to design practical decoherence sub sampling models simulating the interference properties of the pure random sub sampling until it is possible to quickly gather information. This paper introduces 3 sub sampling techniques for K-space data, providing the best efficiency in the production of sparse incoherent artifacts based on the compressed sensing theory. All the proposed methods were simulated on real-life data compared against the MRI results.

Nutritional intake is an important issue in adolescent athletes. Proper athletes’ performance is a multifactorial outcome of good training, body composition, and nutritional status. The aim of the present study was to assess nutritional status, body composition, and cardiometabolic factors in adolescent elite athlete’s province of Isfahan, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 100 adolescent elite athletes from volleyball, basketball, and soccer teams were selected for the study. Demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic parameters were assessed. Nutritional intakes of participants were recorded using three 24-h recall questioners.

Thirty-four female athletes and 66 male athletes participated in this study. Body mass index had not signifi cantly different between the sexes. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, iron, and fat intakes were signifi cantly higher in male athletes (P = 0.02), but calcium and folic acid intakes were not signifi cantly different between the sexes, and Vitamin D intake was signifi cantly higher in females (P = 0.01). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was signifi cantly higher in males (P = 0.04) and heart rate had not signifi cantly different between the sexes (P = 0.09). Heart murmurs and heart sounds in the majority of participants were normal.

All the evaluated anthropometric and cardiometabolic parameters were in normal range in the majority of participants. The results showed that dietary intake in these athletes is approximately normal but micronutrients intake status in these athletes needs to be investigated further and longer.

There is no doubt that taking help of spiritual acts and religious worshiping, is one of the best ways to reach the facts of truth, and understanding scientific problems and becoming clear of dirt and wickedness and going towards spiritual worlds and reaching to the high levels of humanity , if it is accompanied with insight. So the present article is up to take help of verses of the Holy Koran and the valuable speech of our infallible Imams, and to have a basic consideration and studying of library documents and content, analyzing and studying the concept of insight from the viewpoint of the Holy Koran and the Islamic texts. Allah’s book is the best way to insight and it is criteria for speech and listening of the believer human. Analyzing the contents of Islamic sources, the researcher can understand that insight is an acquired level which is one of necessitating and negotional ways, which is reachable, and different ways have been declared as ways to reach it. Factors like heavenly success, thinking, piety, paying attention to the examples and warnings, virtue, reliance, thinking to god, devotion, humility, jihad, doing according shariah, doing good acts, earth and its signs, signs of creation, are ways to reach the religious insight.

Agricultural insurance is one of the most important mechanisms to providing security for investment in agricultural and natural damage reduction. One of the modern types of insurance is weather index- based insurance that developed based on climatic parameters such as rainfall and temperature. The purpose of this study is to identifying the factors affecting wheat farmer's participation on proposed weather index-based insurance and their willing to pay the risk premium for wheat in Ahar County. The required data was collected for 289 farmers in Ahar County in 1390. Results of estimated logit model showed that the satisfactory from performance of agricultural products insurance, familiarity with weather index insurance, high school education have direct and significant effects on probability of adoption the weather index insurance, and the proposed amount of premium and the number of occurred damage in recent 3 years have reverse and significant effects on its. In this context, the level of wheat cultivators knowing about weather index insurance has the most effect on probability of adoption of weather index insurance. Based on the estimated parameters of logit model, the average premium that the Ahar wheat cultivators willing to pay was calculated and it is 91470 Rials per hectare and in comparison with the current insurance premium of wheat yield insurance, which is about 145000 Rials is reasonable. Results of the estimation of tobit model indicates that the farmer's age, education and being familiar with the weather index insurance have positive and significant effects on the willing to pay the risk premium.

It is postulated that ritalin may adversely affect sleep, appetite, weight and growth of some children with ADHD. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate melatonin supplementation effects on dietary intake, growth and development of children with ADHD treated with ritalin through circadian cycle modification and appetite mechanisms. After obtaining consent from parents, 50 children aged 7-12 with combined form of AD/HD were randomly divided into two groups based on gender blocks: one received melatonin (3 or 6 mg based on weight) combined with ritalin (1mg/kg) and the other took placebo combined with ritalin (1mg/kg) in a double blind randomized clinical trial. Three-day food record, and standard weight and height of children were evaluated prior to the treatment and 8 weeks after the treatment. Children’s appetite and sleep were evaluated in weeks 0, 2, 4 and 8. Hypotheses were then analyzed using SPSS17. Paired sample t-test showed significant changes in sleep latency (23.15±15.25 vs. 17.96±11.66; p=0.047) and total sleep disturbance score (48.84±13.42 vs. 41.30±9.67; p=0.000) before and after melatonin administration, respectively. However, appetite and food intake did not change significantly during the study. Sleep duration and appetite were significantly correlated in melatonin group (Pearson r=0.971, p=0.029). Mean height (138.28±16.24 vs. 141.35±16.78; P=0.000) and weight (36.73±17.82 vs. 38.97±17.93; P=0.005) were significantly increased in melatonin treated children before and after the trial. Administration of melatonin along with ritalin improves height and weight growth of children. These effects may be attributed to circadian cycle modification, increasing sleep duration and the consequent more growth hormone release during sleep.

Future and forward contracts are regarded as a case of financial derivative instruments the public offering of which on a limited level in Iranian capital market, has recently come to commence by virtue of clause 11 of article 1 of Iran’s Securities Market Act 1384. This article, by the lack of any legal definition of the contracts and for making law community familiar with such new financial instruments, seeks to explain the structure of future contracts in capital market, while describing the characteristics that distinguish them from forward contract. Moreover, the explanation of subject-matter of future contracts, how to terminate the contracts and how to exit the futures market and legal grounds of validity of such contracts shall constitute the discussions of this article.

Call of option is a pre-contract which paves the way for conclusion of the contract in future. This contract originates from economic needs and in the financial markets of the world; and it is these very economic needs and ought's which determine many of its characteristics, rules, and principles governing it. Given the developing motion of the Iranian financial markets, characteristics of this contract should be known.Commitment to sell or purchase some item by one of the parties and production of some option for the other party as well as payment to acquire such an option have made this kind of contract an unrivalled arrangement with its own rules. This is an arrangement whose similar can be found in no one of the various contracts mentioned in the Civil Law. Given the numerous objections and suspicions posed against this contract as well as incorrect description provided for it by some authors, and since in spite of mentioning the call of option, the Law of Iranian Negotiable Exchange has not described the nature and characteristics of this contract,the present study tries to discuss the most important characteristics of the call of option, and provide replies for objections and suspicions posed against it.

The Law Governing of the Securities Market in the Islamic Republic of Iran has recently recognized option contracts as a type of derivatives without providing any further details of such contracts. Article 4(4) of the Law has, however, assigned the duty of approving any new financial instruments to Bourse High Council. Although options contracts are regarded many of financial markets in developed countries as an effective instruments, Iranian Islamic Jurists and lawyers haven’t still render any ideas about the nature of the in considering that Sunni Juries consults opposition to this contract, and the necessity of varying the financial instruments for thriving in bourse markets and mobility of our country, in this paper we review and discuss the principle of the validly of such contracts.