javad imani shamloo

In addition to physical dimension of a place, it also possesses an immaterial aspect that evokes emotions in its inhabitants. A place is not merely a shelter for human activities but also a phenomenon that, through interaction, humans imbue with meaning and develop an attachment to, sometimes to the extent that they even identify themselves with that place. The emotional connection between humans and places has been explored across various disciplines, particularly in the literature on architecture and urban planning. Depression has become a major social issue of global concern, which has seriously threatened the quality of an individual’s life. Although the relationship between community environment and depression has aroused heated debate, the empirical research on the relationship between community environment perception and public depression is still relatively insufficient. It is a mental disorder that impacts a person's thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and physical functioning. Those affected by depression experience overwhelming sadness, lose interest in activities they once enjoyed, and struggle to perform daily tasks. Depression is, in fact, an interdisciplinary issue, with its roots in the human psyche, the environment, society, and the human brain and body. Consequently, it requires a comprehensive approach to be properly understood and addressed. The sense of attachment to a place plays an undeniable role in influencing depression.

The Purpose of the Research: 

The primary objective of this research is to identify and analyze the various dimensions and components that contribute to the reduction of depression, with a particular emphasis on fostering a sense of place attachment among citizens. By understanding the elements that enhance place attachment, this study aims to provide insights into how urban environments can be designed or modified to mitigate depressive symptoms and improve overall mental well-being in the population.

To achieve this goal, a meta-analysis research method was employed to identify and analyze relevant articles. The statistical population for this research includes scientific studies published as research articles on the role of place attachment in depression. To locate these articles, searches were conducted using the keywords 'place attachment' and 'depression' within urban environments across several databases: ScienceDirect, Sage, and Taylor & Francis for Latin sources, and Google Scholar, Elamnet, Civilica, and Normagz for Persian sources. The search covered publications from the year 2015 (1393 in the Iranian calendar) to 2023 (1402 in the Iranian calendar).

The research findings encompass all the influential components of the built urban environment and the sense of place attachment on depression, which are examined across various dimensions such as physical, semantic, social, environmental, visual, and functional. A significant aspect of this research method involves applying parts of meta-analysis studies and systematically utilizing their statistical and qualitative results. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of this research, including their classification and organization based on language, study scale, theoretical foundations, methodologies of selected articles, and geographic distribution, revealed several weaknesses through content analysis of the sources. These weaknesses include the absence of strong theoretical frameworks and foundational theories, the lack of specific geographic areas in some studies, and insufficient and unsatisfactory conclusions. The findings support the hypothesis that a strong sense of place attachment can act as a protective factor against depression.

By applying the meta-analysis method in this study, insights were gained into the complex relationship between place attachment and depression. The synthesis of selected research findings highlighted the multifaceted nature of this relationship and the impact of place attachment on depression. The analyses underscore the importance of considering place attachment as a significant factor in understanding and addressing depression. Moving forward, integrating these insights into practical applications can contribute to more comprehensive approaches for preventing depression, fostering environments that support positive connections with one's surroundings, and ultimately enhancing citizens' resilience and psychological well-being. The findings indicate that place attachment encompasses dimensions that influence the reduction of depression among citizens, which represents a key achievement of this research. It is recommended that future studies employ content analysis and qualitative research methods more extensively, and focus on smaller-scale research, including neighborhoods and city districts. Additionally, to achieve more robust results in this field, further research with a larger sample of articles is suggested.

The growth of large cities in developing countries is one of the main problems, and many of these countries have formulated policies to reduce migration to cities, including improving the quality of life in rural areas and sub-cities. Tabriz city, as one of the metropolises of Iran, is no exception to this rule. Following this migration, the composition of age, gender, ethnicity, etc., of people in Tabriz city has changed, especially in the old contexts, which can affect qualities such as identity, sense of place, sense of belonging, collective memory, etc. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to deal with the relationship between the variables of a sense of belonging and citizens' participation according to the specific culture and tradition of Tabriz city. The site of Maqsoudiyeh neighborhood of Tabriz city, which is one of the old and traditional contexts of Tabriz city, has been selected as a case study, field observations have been made, and questionnaires have been distributed among its residents. The results of the research after analyzing the questionnaires in the SPSS environment show that there is a significant positive and strong relationship between the sense of belonging and citizenship participation. Other contextual variables that have been evaluated in this research include age, job status, and education. After analyzing the questionnaires, the results show that there is a significant relationship between these variables and citizens' participation.

"Researchers explored the value of a city's mental imagery, which found a more open space since the 1960s, as a critique against the reductionism of the modern movement. They highlighted the importance of the qualitative aspects of mental landscapes. The imagery of urban spaces, especially those with historical identity and essence, represents the ultimate desirable qualities of the environment. The important question is how urban designers and planners can influence the formation of mental imagery of urban spaces. To answer this question, experts first need a better understanding and analysis of people's minds, which presents a significant challenge. They must examine techniques for analyzing individuals' mental imagery from qualitative and objective perspectives. Researchers must investigate what tools and strategies are essential for accurately understanding a city's imagery and identity, and its significant places against homogenizing forces transforming contemporary cities. This paper emphasizes creating mental imagery of historical urban spaces as an urban cognition philosophy, where multisensory environmental experiences create a meaningful spatial quality. It then addresses the importance of accurate understanding and analysis of mental imagery using various tools. The study aims to identify techniques for evaluating the mental imagery formed from the perceptual realm of residents using their empirical research. This research seeks to understand how the residents of Arg Street in Mashhad perceive its imagery and which methods effectively evaluate it empirically. Examining theoretical principles and methods that researchers empirically used to manage qualitative mental imagery in urban environments is crucial due to the extensive changes and transformations of cities.

The research methodology of this study is a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach. In the qualitative part, researchers categorized techniques and tools for analyzing mental imagery. Then, they measured the conceptual model's indicators according to the nature and characteristics of each technique. They conducted semi-structured interviews with various groups of people on Arg Street in Mashhad to capture the analytical layers of their mental imagery. Researchers then performed qualitative analyzes for each method. In the quantitative part, they used Tableau software, a powerful tool for visualizing qualitative data and converting it into spatial information, to process all qualitative outputs.

The results show that in the third sequence of Arg Street, the depth of individuals' mental connection with the environment diminishes. Most sequences fail to evoke memories effectively, and the lack of connection is visible in the software analysis. The absence of familiar places in the third sequence weakens the axis. Overall, the mental imagery at the entrance of the axis in the first sequence significantly influences the initial mental image of the environment and appears very favorable.

The key techniques for evaluating mental imagery analysis include ranking familiar places, multidimensional scaling, assessing individuals' mental color spectrum, recognition operations, evaluating the passage of time, and analyzing missing urban and mental elements.

In the past decades, the frequency of pandemics of global importance has increased significantly and created significant threats to human health and society. Covid-19 is a contagious infectious disease. This virus has a high reproduction rate, spreading faster than COVID-19. With widespread human-to-human transmission, it has deeply affected the world and has had a different impact on countries, cities, and societies. It has also significantly affected human society, including health care, economic structures, and social relations. This virus has spread in all continents of the world except Antarctica. Since January 2020, the virus has spread significantly in countries such as Italy, Iran, Brazil, and the United States of America and has rapidly spread to other countries. Moreover, it infected hundreds and killed thousands in the fastest unprecedented crisis ever. As of June 31, 2023, the number of cases of COVID-19 in the world is approximately 675,033,474, and the number of deaths has reached 6,761,290. Cities house most of the world's inhabitants. The high concentration of people and activities in cities makes people vulnerable to various stressors, such as natural and manufactured disasters. In the recent pandemic, cities are the places where the transmission started.  Cities are generally considered as a vulnerable area for infectious diseases. The origin of many infectious diseases is within the cities, fueled by the increase in urbanization, and these types of diseases spread rapidly within the urban texture. In many countries, COVID-19 has changed the face of cities, at least temporarily. However, this is not the first time in human history that epidemic diseases have affected cities. This impact will change the way we think about cities and health. Therefore, cities are a natural environment for spreading infectious diseases. This pandemic is happening right now, and this fundamental challenge in global health governance can also be considered an urban accident, which has created significant problems for urban management and planning. The current pandemic is crucial for managing urban planning in critical conditions. As many regions of the world struggle with the COVID-19 crisis, researchers are constantly trying to shed more light on the underlying patterns of the pandemic and its unanswered aspects. This topical aspect of this virus requires analysis that adopts an interdisciplinary approach. Furthermore, geography is one of the few disciplines that intends to perform this analysis according to environmental characteristics. In this research, urban geography examines environmental factors, social factors, economic factors, etc. A growing literature shows that residential, economic, and social living conditions and neighborhood conditions significantly affect the pandemic. There is evidence that socio-economic and demographic characteristics are factors influencing the transmission of COVID-19.Person, place, and time are the essential elements of outbreak and epidemiology research. It is necessary to examine the interaction of the internal environment (residential space) and the external environment and its effects on the health of city dwellers. The influence of the neighborhood environment is a fundamental factor that cannot be neglected when studying the health of residents and the indoor environment. Considering that the neighborhood environment can affect the indoor environment, it is reasonable to assume that the indoor environment can mediate the relationship between the neighborhood environment and the residents' health. The built environment can be essential in minimizing crowding and facilitating social distancing and has historically played an essential role in controlling epidemics. The purpose of this research is to measure the impact of each socio-economic quantity and the built environment on the rate of contracting the disease of COVID-19 at the level of all localities of Urmia city in 2020. Socio-economic quantities include the population, the number of older people (over 65 years old), the number of literate people, and the number of workers in each neighborhood. The quantities of the built environment include building density, net population density, population density, commercial density, medical density, density of roads and streets, green space density, occupation level, street congestion, average height of buildings, and number of bus stops.

The type of research is quantitative. The research is also practical from the point of view of the goal. In terms of approach, the research is descriptive. The required data for the research are the number of people infected with Covid-19 and social, economic and environmental indicators (number of population, number of elderly people (above 65 years old), number of literate people and number of employed people, building density, net population density, population density, commercial density, treatment density, density of roads and streets, density of green space, occupancy level, street congestion, average height of buildings, number of bus stops in each neighborhood). Moran's analysis and hot spot analysis have been exerted to find out whether the patients are sprawl or concentrated (clustered). And in the following, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression were applied to analyze and determine the direction and intensity of the relationship between the variables.

The results of the Moran's coefficient indicate the clustering of the number of patients at the neighborhood level. Also, the p-value confirms the cluster formation, and the results of the analysis of hot spots also led to the identification of six high-risk neighborhoods with different confidence levels. The presented correlation and regression analysis showed that among the fifteen variables mentioned in the research findings section, six had a positive relationship with the infection rate at the neighborhood level, and three had a negative relationship.

The results show that the number of employees, population density, number of older people, building density, commercial density, and road density affect the infection rate with Covid-19. What is fundamentally clear is that reflecting on past events and learning about what can be improved for future responses is essential for the built environment and related professionals, because life after the pandemic will never be the same. Planning, architecture and the built environment will change under the influence of values, life and habits. Increasing layers of immunity in modern built environments seem to help prevent the spread of infections and diseases.

The importance of effectively managing free time to balance work and daily life cannot be overstated. Effectively managing leisure time is not only crucial for maintaining personal and social identity but also plays a vital role in ensuring a high quality of life. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, managing leisure time has become even more critical, and it presents a major challenge for families and urban planners alike. With the pandemic's widespread impact on daily life, including social distancing measures and lockdowns, leisure time patterns have undergone significant changes in recent times. To gain a more accurate understanding of leisure time patterns during and after the pandemic, a study was conducted in Tabriz city. The study aimed to identify and evaluate the various leisure time activities that people engaged in during the pandemic period. The study also sought to determine the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on people's leisure time choices.

  The research methodology was practical and descriptive-analytical, allowing for effective participation of the target population. Key data was collected through a web-based questionnaire, and analyzed with high accuracy using statistical software such as SPSS and Excel.Findings and

The findings indicate that during the pandemic, there was a decrease in the tendency to engage in leisure activities indoors, and an increase in the use of electronic tools, and desire to participate in physical activities in open spaces. Additionally, gender surveys revealed that women tend to spend more leisure time outside the home than men, and education level did not significantly impact leisure patterns. Therefore, it is important to consider both structural and individual factors when determining how to manage leisure time and to develop social, political, and cultural programs that promote activities that benefit physical and mental health.

Introduction :

Chrono-urbanization is the latest manifestation of modern urbanism, and it has revolutionized environmental planning policies. This type of urban planning policy emphasizes time and temporal urban planning. Besides this issue, habitable neighborhoods with the correct time scenario affect health and the ability to lead a healthy life. In this regard, the concept of 20-minute neighborhoods, with an emphasis on health dimensions, is rooted in the compact city approach. This approach involves the development of urban areas with short walking distances from residents to access public transportation, public open space, and good access to destinations, facilities, and services that encourage everyday local life. The idea that a person’s daily needs can be met within an active travel distance has become a global flavor of urban policy and planning. The increasing pace of life in the city due to economic issues has forced citizens to change and adapt their lifestyles, maximizing the use of comfort facilities. Besides this challenge, the existence of spatial and social inequalities is one of the main issues in neighborhoods, especially in the context of old cities. The concept of 20-minute neighborhoods was created to address and solve these problems. Currently, this approach has been chosen by several European local and national governments, turning from a principle of planning and design into a comprehensive policy for the future city government. These neighborhoods are recognized globally as a good way to improve life and reduce car travel by having most of the things you need close to you [21, 17]. It was published earlier this year for Melbourne, proposing a city that consists of 20-minute neighborhoods [22, 2]. On the other hand, it can be said that 20-minute neighborhoods are places where everyone can have better access to essential local services and open spaces [24] while also enjoying excellent transportation and active travel links to the rest of the city [24, 26]. This approach allows people to live well in a locality through the services and opportunities available in their area [18]. 20 Minutes has become a special brand in the world, which, of course, does not have new roots and follows the previous idea of Harvard’s Garden City [27 and 31]. Transportation is based on carbon and supports citizens’ health at the same time [28 and 32]. This concept goes beyond political economies by calling for liberal and socialist societies [30]. Open spaces are also emphasized [21 and 36]. Therefore, it can be said that the advantages of this approach are multiple, including more active people and better mental and physical health [32 and 4]. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that the nature of these neighborhoods means it is not about creating restrictions for people’s travel outside their boundaries but about supporting local communities and businesses [22]. It is a city with transportation planning [17]. Now the important question is, why 20 minutes? People travel less on foot than in the past because the distance to the things they need has become longer [2, 15]. Those who do not have vehicles are isolated with poor access to daily services. It should also be kept in mind that spaces dominated by cars harm health and the environment [14]. This research aims to evaluate the approach of 20-minute neighborhoods in the form of a comparative comparison in the old context (Gennet neighborhood) and the new context of the city (neighborhood Imamate) in Mashhad so that its feasibility can be analyzed in two different ways.

The research method is quantitative and employs a comparative-hypothetical approach. A questionnaire was utilized to collect information and field data. The statistical population of the research includes 2633 people in the Jannet neighborhood and 3375 people in the Imamat neighborhood. The selected sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula as 335 and 344, respectively, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.759. Data analysis was conducted by comparing the averages of two independent communities in SPSS software. The findings of the research indicate that the Imamat neighborhood (new neighborhood), with an average of 49.28 compared to the Jannet neighborhood (old texture) with an average of 44.4 and an overall average of 47, is closer to the indicators of 20-minute neighborhoods. To assess the spatio-temporal analysis of the 20-minute neighborhood approach, Tablo software served as the measurement tool. Spatial-spatial analysis was also employed to analyze the existing realities and the spatial components of the conceptual model. Initially, a checklist corresponding to the characteristics of 20-minute localities, such as the required functions and access network, was prepared. Subsequently, based on the characteristics of the 20-minute neighborhood approach (10-minute round trip and 10-minute return) and the access radius of 800 meters, 800-meter buffers were drawn around each neighborhood, corresponding to the geometric center of the neighborhoods. Finally, the criteria for checking the existing standards in the reality of each neighborhood were considered to be the functions within this buffer. Based on this, the existing conditions for both neighborhoods were measured using field observations and statistical information from GIS software to analyze the proximity of each neighborhood to the standards of the approach.

The results of the comparative study of two neighborhoods, Janet and Imamat, considered the old and new fabric of Mashhad city; show that both neighborhoods have the potential and issues to become successful 20-minute neighborhoods for residents. Additionally, the presence of high permeability, access to services, active trips, facilities, and local health services has a stronger presence in new neighborhoods (Imamat neighborhood) than in old neighborhoods. However, in contrast to the local economy, local job opportunities and social interactions are much more active in old neighborhoods (Gennet neighborhood). In general, it can be mentioned that the Imamat neighborhood (new structure) has better coverage from a functional point of view, and these functions are connected with a continuous network of bicycles and public transportation. On the other hand, the Jannet neighborhood (old structure) has less permeability due to the type of tissue, and the public transportation network within the tissue experiences less traffic, which is considered a fundamental weakness in the approach.

20-minute neighborhoods are not just about access to amenities; they can have real benefits for health, the environment, and the local economy. Reducing the use of cars and encouraging more use of other modes of transportation is considered a positive aspect of this approach. Therefore, it should be kept in mind that these neighborhoods are where people want to live, so the existence of affordable housing is crucial. However, all these issues aim to create “livable places,” locations that improve the quality of life and provide flexibility against challenges. Therefore, the essence of this approach implies that a person can reach all their needs comfortably and willingly on foot within a reasonable distance. What makes these neighborhoods special is the definition of diverse and attractive spaces. According to the findings of the present research, the research hypothesis should first be stated: “Imamat neighborhood of Mashhad city (the new fabric of the city)” has more potential to become a 20-minute neighborhood than the Jannet neighborhood (the old fabric of the city). Confirmation is possible because, based on the nature of the approach designed and planned according to the thoughts of the modern world, it has more potential to align with its main features.

One of the geographical spaces that has long been a reflection of the ideology of the ruling systems, and one of the most important intellectual, philosophical, artistic, industrial and productive achievements of human civilizations and societies is the phenomenon of the city, which is both relatively durable and the manifestation of beliefs and values. It is the culture of the society and it affects the human behavior and at the same time it expresses the identity of the society in the eyes of the world and history. The city should create a decent environment for humans. It should also respond to the characteristics of the land, nature, history and the moods of its people and have a suitable answer for the instructions and rules of life. At the same time, it is affected by people's beliefs and opinions. There is a special relationship between Islam and urban life, and the promotion of Islam has been manifested by the development and promotion of urban life. The justice-oriented city and society is one of the issues raised in the field of Islamic thought and thought and one of the distinctive features of the Islamic utopia. In today's world, economic and social inequalities can be seen as a pervasive and expanding phenomenon. Considering the negative effects of unfair and unequal distribution of facilities and services in the formation of ecological, economic, social, physical and cultural injustices, paying attention to the basic principles of Islamic justice in each of the above indicators and components can lay the foundation for the development of Provide balanced and fair and equal distribution of facilities and services in all regions. In this regard, one of the most important issues that Islam relies on is the issue of protecting people's rights and property and generally implementing social justice. Investigating social justice from the perspective of the Islamic city in three economic, social and physical dimensions is the aim of the present study, and in this regard, one hundred and sixteen traditional neighborhoods of Tabriz city have been selected as case samples. The present research is a quantitative research. The research data is secondary and primary and was extracted from the shape file of Tabriz city master plan 2016 and Tabriz population statistical block 2016. The library method was used to collect the information of the present study. Shannon's entropy model was used to weight them, TOPSIS model was used to rank localities, and Moran's index was used to check whether or not there were clusters in the availability of localities at the level of regions. The results show that in terms of the realization of social justice among the neighborhoods of Tabriz city, ostandari alley, valiasr, Golshahr neighborhoods got the first ranks and Ghorbani, Sorkhab and Mofeteh neighborhoods got the last ranks and generally the neighborhoods in the east side have a better situation. Spatial autocorrelation of the level of localities at the level of regions indicates that there is no significant clustering at the level of Tabriz metropolis

Analyzing the relationship between gender and space elucidates the roles and needs of both men and women, particularly in urban spaces. This analysis aids in understanding how the constructive roles of women contribute to the production and reproduction of desirable social relations in urban spaces. The presence of women in public and urban spaces not only reflects but also narrates the desirable relationships within a society. The primary objective of this research is to identify the dimensions and components that influence the formation of desirable urban spaces for women using the meta-analysis method. The searches were conducted manually, focusing on the keywords "urban spaces, women." For sub-keywords, the terms "park, public space, single-gender spaces" replaced the first keyword. The study period spans from 2016 to 2022 in Persian sources and from 2016 to 2022 in English sources. SPSS software was employed to conduct meta-analysis tests, resulting in the production of forest, bubble, heterogeneity, and funnel (diffusion bias) diagrams. VOSviewer software was used to assess scientific databases for content production in this field. The results indicate that the main dimensions of the research encompass physical and functional dimensions, structural and spatial dimensions, individual and personality dimensions, and cultural and social dimensions in the design of urban spaces. The position of research in the field of urban space design for women holds significance in the global research literature.

Cities and especially metropolises, due to the concentration of power and wealth factors, play anirreplaceable role in the developments of the contemporary world, in such a way that cities, due to theconcentration of capital - especially in the form of fixed capital - are considered as an important source for theflow of profit, which this flow through It is realized by political forces and mainly in favor of capitalist groups;Therefore, it is obvious that the metropolises under the oil system produce their style and spatial-functionalstructure corresponding to their economic and political situation, according to the specific politicalcharacteristics, so the exploration of the pattern of social-urban relations in the oil economy is the goal of thisresearch. . For this purpose, using a critical approach, historical documents in the socio-spatial field have beenanalyzed. The results of this study show that the formation of unequal social relations and speculative socialrelations grows in the framework of the rent system, and these inequalities continue to show themselves in thebody and urban structure after passing through the smoothness of the sp.

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to public transportation systems worldwide, resulting in a substantial decrease in demand. In light of this, it is crucial to develop policies that mitigate potential risks and prioritize the health and safety of passengers. While the scientific and collective understanding of the interplay between these two spheres is steadily growing, the absence of a comprehensive review focusing on sound policymaking is deemed significant. This present research aims to quantitatively synthesize and consolidate existing studies in the field to determine the effectiveness of various policies by examining overlapping sources and combining findings. The meta-analysis method was employed to fulfill the research objective, with both Persian and English scientific research articles constituting the statistical population. The search process involved manual selection and utilized relevant keywords such as "public transportation" and "COVID-19." Ultimately, a total of 50 scientific research articles (in Persian and English) were included as the final statistical population. For the execution of the meta-analysis, data were inputted into the Stata software, enabling the creation of a forest diagram (also known as an accumulation diagram). Furthermore, analytical connections between the research articles were established using the VOSviewer‎ software. The findings of the synthesis reveal a profound research gap pertaining to the understanding of resource policies in this domain.

Mental imagery has always played a central and essential role in the discussion of mental performance in cities. It is one of the primary mental events of a human being that allows him to plan, route and make decisions for the future in the city.

In this research, recent studies in the field of mental imagery and its surrounding topics have been analyzed based on the Prism guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis.

In various parts of the research, it was tried to analyze the main factors related to the field of mental image formation of cities from different points of view. Finally, after analyzing and categorizing the thoughts of many theorists, the conclusion was reached that various dimensions can have an impact on this important issue according to the environmental and contextual conditions. In total, nine main and influential dimensions including physical, cultural, functional, environmental, value, semantic, socio-political, individual, and mental dimensions were identified. The basis of its division is the frequency or the amount of repetition in the researches.

Regarding the dispersion of research conducted in Iran, the highest amount of studies was in Tehran with 40%, followed by Rasht and Mashhad, which included 20% and 10% of the total volume, respectively. From Iran (English sources) in France and Germany, there is more study dispersion. In addition, in Russia, China and India, studies in the field of mind and city have increased significantly in the past years, and studies have been conducted on urban branding and mental imagery.

This research started by examining the concept of mental imagery with an emphasis on urban science, which is considered only a part of the big world of urban imagery studies. Although mental imagery is an interwoven and complex issue due to its relationship with mental elements, but this concept is quite clear that the way mental imagery is formed in the mind consists of several layers, each of which has a significant impact on each other and cannot be separated.

The mental image is an accumulated image that reflects the time and place identities; it is the aspect of the city perceived by a large number of citizens and has a special value on the society’s self-esteem and culture. The urban facade is also a unique manifestation of the city that emerges in the deep perceptual layers of the environment. The mental image in the urban facade has a cumulative cause that reflects the spatiotemporal characteristics of the background and context, which can be understood by a large number of people. These two factors have an undeniable effect on each other, the main purpose of which is to improve the perceptual and physical qualities of the urban landscape, which is clearly visible in historical situations. The main purpose of this research is to explain the identification of effective dimensions and criteria in designing the facade of historical axes with an emphasis on the mental image of citizens. In order to fulfill the purpose of the study, the meta-analysis method was used. Searches were done manually and based on related keywords (e.g., mental image, urban facade, and historical axes) and the type of hypotheses raised, 121 studies were identified with different titles related to the structure of the research being studied. In the first stage, according to the established protocol and standards, some articles were removed from the research process. Finally, 40 studies were excluded from the research process, and 81 scientific articles (Persian and English) related to the topic, which were in the period of 1390-1400 and 2012-2021, were selected as the statistical population of the research.  Scopus and Elsevier databases were used for studies and access to related research in the Latin field, and for the Persian information database, Iranian scientific documents (irandoc), the country's publications database (Magiran), elmnet, Civilica, and Google Scholar were used. The data collection method was based on the PRISMA protocol, which is the standard for meta-analysis studies. The results show that most of the articles were reviewed only in the name of descriptive-analytical and did not provide a detailed structural framework for this issue and the volume of samples was very low, which caused a high error rate in the theoretical output of the studies. In the theoretical foundation section, more than 39% of articles lacked basic theory.

The high and main streets of the city are the heart of cities nowadays. Today, these vital arteries are facing new social, environmental and economic challenges and must deal with the uncertainty of the city. Now the important question is how to design and plan the main streets of the city in such a way that it meets the different expectations of society and at the same time, it can be compatible with future developments. Many planners and urban designers in the world are thinking of creating strategies to restore the role of high streets to their original position as a place to serve visitors, businesses and stakeholders that all people can use. The high streets for all approach is a popular approach in urban studies in recent years. Nevertheless, so far, it has not been mentioned in the research field of Persian texts and sources in the specialized field of urban planning. Although this approach is successful in global experiences. The purpose of this research is to look at the function of the street by presenting a conceptual model of the high streets. In addition, to validate and better introduce this new approach, two critical streets of Tabriz City (Imam Khomeini Street and Foroughi Street) have been compared from the perspective of this approach. The general approach of this research is descriptive-analytical. Collecting information and field data through a questionnaire and the sample size based on Cochran's formula is 384 people. The research findings show that the essential components of the "High Street for All" approach are more vital in Imam Khomeini Street than in Foroughi Street, and only Foroughi Street has a higher priority in the two indicators of "personal branding, presence of famous commercial brands." To create a High Street for all streets, it should be a strength at the comprehensive level of spaces in all dimensions, including the relationship between humans and the environment.

Description: 

The study of historical axes is considered as a necessary subject for valuing and preserving the cultural identity of people in the structure of the city and it is a kind of mental and meaningful heritage of a society. While most studies focus on the body of urban facade, there are limited studies to analyze urban facade based on subjective dimensions and meaning.

The main goal of this research is to identify the effective indicators in the redesign of the facade of historical axes based on the semantic dimensions and the mental image of the citizens. The qualitative-quantitative combination of research and research conducted in this field to validate the indicators is considered another goal of the research.

In order to achieve the goal, a systematic review method has been used, and Farsi and English scientific-research articles have formed the statistical population of the research, and examining the interaction between research conducted using the tool of the review method is considered an important tool. The statistical population of the research is about 73 articles, which are based on keywords (mental image, meaning, and historical axes). Some articles were excluded from the research process in the screening process based on the PRISMA checklist, and finally, 57 articles formed the final statistical population of the research, and in this regard, Persian databases (Irandoc, Civilica, Elmnet, and Magiran) and in the field of English-language articles, databases (Scopus, Elsevier) have been used.

The findings show that the geographical distribution and the contextual characteristics of the environment have a direct impact on the understanding of the environmental meaning in urban facade and the indicators follow this issue. The internal structures of society, culture and individual dimensions are also abundant in the literature of the world, and in the quantitative dimension of research, the lack of use of basic theories and communication between components is considered one of the weaknesses of the researches. Based on this, the components and qualities of urban facade and the relationship between them and the basic theories have been collected through analytical tools and matrices, which include indicators such as maintaining the individual and social dependencies of the environment, the involvement of the five senses, and the existence of volume based on shape.

The result expresses the deep connection between the mind and the semantic dimensions in the historical facade. Due to the existence of cultural and historical heritage, historical axes have independent identities and characters that can stimulate the mind to understand their inner concrete meaning.

Since the late 50s, the construction of megamalls has become popular in cities. Megamalls in different cities respond to the material and social needs of citizens, and in addition to meeting the needs of citizens, they also affect the area around them and cause changes in the price of land, the pattern of activities, and uses. The intensity of these effects can be different in different parts of the city according to their characteristics. In recent years, in the metropolis of Tabriz, various steps have been made in different parts of the city. For this purpose, in the present research, to investigate the aforementioned issue, three megamalls in different parts of Tabriz city have been selected and their effects have been measured. Therefore, the main question of the research is "how do the megamalls of Tabriz city affect their surroundings?" To answer the main question of the research, first, by using the techniques of a linear trend, Moran and Kriging, different parts of Tabriz city were categorized in terms of land price (valuable, relatively valuable, relatively low valuable, and low valuable). Then the location of each of the megaprojects is determined on the Moran and Kriging maps. Finally, to assess the effects of each of the samples on their surrounding area we applied the residential land price variable, control-intervention techniques, and trend analysis.

This research is quantitative and has a comparative-hypothetical approach. Megamalls have a significant impact on the spatial evolution of the surrounding area. In this research, the land price variable has been used to measure the effect of these properties on the surrounding area in different spatial value areas. According to the general trend of the research, first by using the techniques of linear trend analysis, Moran and Kriging in GIS software, the change in the trend of land prices in the city of Tabriz and the classification of different parts of Tabriz in terms of spatial value (valuable, relatively valuable, relatively low value and low value) were identified. In the second part of the article, the location of each of the goods was precisely determined on the Kriging and Moran maps. Moreover, to assess the effects of each of the samples on their surrounding area regarding the variable price of residential land during the years 2004 to 2021, control intervention and trend analysis techniques were applied.

According to the analysis, the price of land in the east of Tabriz city has the highest value and, it has the lowest value in the west and northwest. Further, according to the analysis of the linear trend of land prices for the intervention and control areas of megamalls, it was proved that the construction of three megamalls had a positive effect on the increase in land prices. However, the intensity of these effects was different in the surrounding areas as Laleh Park has made its surrounding lands relatively valuable and has an effective role in the price growth compared to Star Baran and Ipak Palace. On the other hand, Setareh Baran, which is built on more valuable land than Ipak Palace, has a greater impact on the value of its surrounding land than Ipak Palace. It should be noted that the slope of land value increase in the intervention areas is higher than in the control areas.

The main goal of the research was to investigate the effect of megamalls on their surrounding area. For this purpose, first, the price of land in Tabriz city was investigated from the years 2004 to 2021. Then, according to the techniques of a linear trend, Moran, and Kriging, price classification was analyzed in the city of Tabriz. According to the analysis, the price of land in the east of Tabriz city has the highest value and, in the west and northwest, it has the lowest value. According to the analysis of the linear trend of land prices for the intervention and control areas of megamalls, it was proved that the construction of three megamalls had a positive effect on the increase in land prices, but the intensity of these effects was different on the surrounding areas so that Laleh Park on the lands It is made relatively valuable and has an effective role in the price growth of its range compared to Star Baran and Ipak Palace. On the other hand, Setareh Baran, which is built on more valuable land than Ipak Palace, has a greater impact on the value of its surrounding land than Ipak Palace. It should be noted that the slope of land value increase in the intervention areas is higher than in the control areas. As a result, it can be acknowledged that the megamalls built in the valuable parts of the city have a greater impact on their surrounding area than the megamalls built in the less valuable parts of the city.

The structure and spatial organization of cities are constantly evolving under the influence of political, economic, and social issues. In other words, the role of power and economy in the spatial transformation of cities is undeniable; globalization as a specific reading of the political economy of the space is based on the marketing policy of neoliberalism and the domination of a large part of the world by removing border and state restrictions. In addition to these political-economic changes, urban spaces also change, so that what remains of neoliberalism in the urban space is the existence of unequal relations and the division of the city into the two poles of the poor and the rich. which is even more acute in the urban spaces of the southern countries (as raw material suppliers). Now, given the fact that Iran based on the oil economy has been closely linked to the global capitalist system, the aim of this study is to investigate the spatial separation rate in Tehran metropolis. This issue has been addressed through the distribution of occupational groups in the Tehran metropolis.In rentier government, due to the huge revenues generated by purely rent-seeking activities and without productivity, efficiency and economic dynamics decreases. Therefore, as a source of economic and political power, the government, by utilizing its legislative power, restricts the functioning of market and provides rent-seeking opportunities to his supporters and it influences the fate of the social classes, which ultimately leads to the formation of a social class of oil. Therefore, abuse of oil revenues leads to an unequal growth in the purchasing power of urban society and fundamental changes in the economy. Thus, in an oil-based economy, wealth is concentrated among the groups that are in contact with the state and corruption is high.Therefore, given the characteristics of the raw material supplying countries in general and the oil producing countries (government and rent economy) and Iran in particular, there are certain economic and political conditions that lead to the socio-economic gap so the question is how did the distribution of socio-occupational groups occur during the neoliberal restructuring of space at the Tehran metropolitan? It is assumed that the distribution of upper and lower occupational-social classes at the Tehran metropolis has been polarized.In this regard, it is necessary to understand the concept of space and the process of the impact of power and rentier state on spatial organization. Since the main concern in this research is the structure of economic relations, the process of capital accumulation in the form of fixed capital and the spatial consequence of these relations at the Tehran metropolis, the political economy of space will be the research lens of this study.The political economy of space focuses on the emergence of settlements and tries to engage with the root of the problem. In the perspective of the political economy of space, the idea is that the perspective of the space is closely related to the mode of production and the social relations. In this theory, the historical development of the urban form is due to the need to create the necessary conditions for the production and reproduction of the capitalist system. The conditions required for these needs place urban policies in the interests of the capitalist class. The tendencies of political economy of space are divided into four categories: constructivism theory, praxis theory, dependency theory, world system theory and urbanization. The emphasis of this research will be the world system approach.In the process of globalization, some countries produce according to their conditions, and some countries are consumers or it can be said that some countries export raw materials and some produce. Since the selected space for globalization in cities is limited and its promotion is limited to a small corpus, Therefore, class divisions are intensifying in the southern economy, and poverty and unemployment grow with high-paying jobs. Finally, these factors lead to the formation of conflict and class divisions, which can be described as a space gap with the urban alphabet.

For this purpose, a quantitative methodology and descriptive-explanatory analysis have been used. Socio-spatial separation factors have been used to study the concept of spatial segregation; Thus, the distribution of occupational groups has been used to investigate the segregation at the in Tehran metropolis. Spatial analysis of job clusters formed at Tehran metropolis will lead to a judgment on the spatial gap of Tehran metropolis.

Calculation of different segregation factors for Tehran metropolis showed that the separation of various social groups in this metropolis cannot be ignored. While the south of Tehran metropolis is more in disposal of low-class, high-class employees are highly inclined to reside in the north of the city. Although middle and lower class employees are also located in northern Tehran but in contrast, the proportion of occupancy of high-class employees in the southern regions is significantly low.Another point is the lower number of middle social group jobs compared to the upper and lower groups. This means that most employees of Tehran metropolis belong to the upper or lower social group. The continuation of these conditions reflects an increase in the class gap in Tehran metropolis.

Due to speculative tendencies in the production of urban spaces and on the other hand, due to the concentration of capital provided to particular groups and capitalists, a large part of the rents generated by urban activities are absorbed by the capitalist classes and because of high profits in more valuable areas of the city, these groups tend to invest more in these areas and the concentration of wealth and capital in the domination of the rich capitalists of the society leads to a social and class divide. Space reflects this gap as a mirror of social relations and the social gap emerges as a spatial segregation.