javad mahmoudi

The right of option means that each of the parties to the contract or both of them or a third party should have the right to cancel the contract. The jurists believe: every owner of a right can revoke his right. The principle of the necessity of loyalty in contracts requires that the condition of canceling the options as a part of the contract is correct. A consensus has also been claimed in this regard. The verses, hadiths and the generality of keeping the promise also clarify this matter. Moreover, such a condition is based on the rule of action. According to Article 448 of the Civil Code of Iran, the condition of partial or total fall of the options is correct. Although the mentioned article is established in an absolute form, it has some exceptions. In the other word some options cannot be removed. Because they cause the transaction to become unknown. Therefore, it is suggested that Iran's legislator establish more complete regulations regarding the cancellation of options and its exceptions.

Detailed abstract:

Mosques have always been considered as the main centers of religious gatherings of Muslims and a part of their biological identity. Despite the many researches in this regard, the legal analysis of the challenges of mosques has not been done as it should and maybe not.

Statement of the research problem:

In terms of stating the problem, it is worth saying that mosques have been very important as an influential reference on the intellectual direction of the society as well as a powerful player in the political and social arenas in the previous many decades. In the upcoming research, we will focus on how their management challenges are; With the explanation that the internal and external administration of mosques and the type and level of government supervision over them are studied in the light of the laws and regulations and approvals of official institutions as well as some opinions and current judicial processes. According to the author, the way mosques are managed has a direct effect on social credibility and, accordingly, the level of public approval of them. In addition to that, these questions are raised that which of the governmental institutions are influential in which areas of the internal or external management of mosques? What are the practical challenges of this style of interaction and management? What have been the legal developments in this regard and how are those developments evaluated from the perspective of freedom of religion in the upstream documents?

Ongaro and Tantardini in "Religion and Public Administration" (2023) addressed the general issues regarding the interaction of religious institutions in America with the official administration of that country. Sedaghati and Faqih Habibi (2021) in "Administrative organization of the mosque and cement standards in Iran's legal system: contrast or symmetry?" have raised the possibility of using foundation people's organizations in mosques. Abun-Noor (2018), in a series of articles entitled "How should mosque administration be?", has stated the administrative standards and internal management of mosques in the light of the requirements of traditional jurisprudence. Keyvan Sadaghati (2013) in "The Place of the Mosque in the Legal System of Iran" tried to clarify the legal identity of the mosque by relying on some judicial opinions. Javan Arasteh (2014) in "Mosque and its management: issues and challenges", has expressed appropriate models for regulating relations between mosques and official institutions. It is noted that none of the aforementioned researches focused on the legal developments related to the internal and external management of mosques in Iran, and therefore, the present research has no background; Because in terms of the major achievements of the above-mentioned researches, he has critically evaluated them in terms of their composition and function by stating the authorities and related governmental and governmental institutions. 

The upcoming research is in the form of a library study through a descriptive and analytical review of the legal rules governing mosques, including international documents, laws, regulations, judicial procedures and Some legal opinions have been implemented. In addition to expressing the legal identity of mosques, this analysis can evaluate and diagnose practical issues related to their practical function and their supervision. In the upcoming research, while re-reading the executive and internal structure of mosques, the method and level of external supervision on them by government institutions will be critically evaluated. This research, using a library method and relying on domestic and foreign legal documents as well as relevant judicial procedures, tries to find clear horizons of the challenges of mosques in the light of descriptive-analytical study in this regard, along with providing practical solutions. From the total of legal developments in this regard, it appears that mosques have turned from traditional centers and generally under the management of people, authorities and communities subject to the supervision of the government. Therefore, in the process of establishing mosques and appointing the members of the board of trustees, Khadim, imam and other internal trustees, as well as in the process of monitoring their religious-social functions, the role of the government has gradually increased and between this level of management A significant relationship has been established between the government and the government on mosques and the trend of youth aversion to religion and the weakening of the social role of mosques. Therefore, a change in the type of relationship between mosques and the government and state can recreate a part of their identity and social role.

Although it is necessary to monitor mosques by government institutions to prevent some religious deviations and to deal with religious beliefs and especially superstitions and intellectual superficialities, to promote the social-cultural function of those centers and to strengthen their structures and capacities, but the excesses of those supervisions It can strengthen the governmental process and the governmentalization of mosques, and their popular identity is overshadowed by decisions. and actions of authorities and official institutions.This phenomenon, in the long run, and especially with the establishment of intellectual-propaganda monopoly in mosques and the targeted selection of its internal factors, can fuel the avoidance of mosques and diminish or destroy the social-intellectual effects of this important institution of the Islamic society. Considering the composition and powers of the relevant government institutions, the exclusive management of mosques in Iran in their construction, management and operation has become an undeniable phenomenon, which has a clear connection with the religious aversion of the youth.

Collapsible soils have good stability in dry state, but it experiences significant settlements due to wetting. Many characteristics can affect the collapse settlement. The amount of wetting pressure is one of the most important parameters affecting the collapsible soil. Water can enter the collapsible soil from various sources such as floods, rainfall, irrigation, etc. But in the tests used to investigate the behavior of the collapsible soils, the influence of these sources cannot be investigated. An apparatus capable of simulating different patterns of water infiltration in the soil was built and using three wetting pressure of 100, 200, and 300 kPa, the effect of surcharge in each pattern of water infiltration was investigated separately. The results show that for collapsible soil is used, in all three surcharges, the collapse potential of the oedometer test is different from the water infiltration tests. The biggest difference is related to the surcharge of 300 kPa that the maximum difference between the oedometer and water infiltration tests is 16%. When the water enters as top-point pattern, the highest collapse potential is created among the different patterns. The collapse potential decreases with the increase of the surcharge, but the amount of changes is different for each pattern. For example, with the increase of surcharge from 100 to 200 kPa, the greatest reduction of the collapse potential with a value of 27.2% is created in the bottom-point pattern.

There are numerous views about the concept of consciousness, and no consensus exists regarding its meaning. However, the latest neuroscientific developments have eliminated the misleading obstacles related to consciousness. Over the last few decades, neuroscientific efforts in determining the function of the brain and merging these findings with philosophical theories have brought a more comprehensive perception of the notion of consciousness. In addition to metaphysical or ontological views of consciousness, e.g. higher-order theories, reflexive theories, and representationalist theories, there are some brain-directed topics in this matter, which include but are not limited to neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), brain loop connectivity, and lateralization. This narrative review sheds light on cultural and historical aspects of consciousness in the old and middle ages and introduces some prominent philosophical discussions about mind and body. Also, it illustrates the correlation of brain function with states of consciousness with a focus on the roles of function and connectivity.

Collapsible soils are one of the problematic soils, as they exhibit good stability in dry conditions but undergo sudden and significant settle-ments upon water entry. The surrounding layers of collapsible soil can be either permeable or impermeable, but the existing devices for determining the collapse potential lack the ability to model the drain-age conditions around the collapsible soil layer. In this study, an ap-paratus capable of modeling drainage conditions was constructed. A collapsible soil was made in laboratory, and its collapse potential was determined using single and double oedometer tests as well as the constructed apparatus. The results show that drainage conditions are an influential factor on the behavior of collapsible soils. The col-lapse potential obtained from this apparatus is lower than the col-lapse potential obtained from the oedometer test. The comparison of the two conditions with drainage and without drainage in two point and wide water distributions shows that in both water distributions, the collapse potential is higher in the condition with drainage than in the condition without drainage. For example, in the point distribution, the collapse potential with drainage is 27.7% higher than the without drainage, while in the wide distribution, it is 19.5%higher.

Political leaders, diplomatic missions, judges, lawyers, members of parliament, etc. have special immunities. Government employees also have an undeniable role to play as effective human resources in decision-making, and executive affairs. The main question of the forthcoming research is whether the administrative immunity of government employees is also acceptable or not? The research hypothesis that the absolute immunity of employees is rejected due to the requirements of the rule of law, but aspects of their relative immunity based on the legitimacy of the administration, has a logical justification in the type of relationship between employees and their superiors and their relationship Seen with third parties. This immunity, while being a special privilege for employees, eliminates their absolute irresponsibility and abuse of power by violating the law and its ancillary equipment. Therefore, employees have immunity from superior authorities in terms of professional independence and irresponsibility resulting from their illegal orders, as well as the enjoyment of judicial protection against third parties. Citizens also have the right to be prosecuted by the competent authorities in case of violation of current laws by employees. Hence, this special privilege ensures the independence and dynamism of the administrative structure in parallel with the rule of law and respect for the rights of the citizens concerned.

 Erythropoietin (EPO) is reported to have a minimizing effect on the ischemic condition, but the detailed association between EPO and the ischemic upshot is still not clearly understood. We aimed to evaluate the effect of EPO on inflammatory response and ischemic brain damage after carotid artery clamp in rats.

 In this experimental, animal trial study, which was conducted at the Animal Facility and laboratory at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 50 adult male Wistar rats with (250 to 300 g) were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention and control groups were administered intraperitoneally with equal volumes of EPO (5000 U/kg) and normal saline, respectively. Both groups had common carotid arteries clamped for 20 minutes. Using the Nissl staining technique, the slides of brain ischemic areas were observed and the rate of ischemic injury in both groups was determined. The blood level of inflammatory cytokines was also measured.

 The levels of inflammatory markers including creatine phosphokinase (CPK), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1B and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α in the intervention group were significantly lower than that of control group. Mean percentage of the ischemic area in the intervention group with an amount of 4.30±2.15%, was significantly lower than that of control group (11.20±2.35%, P=0.023).

 Findings of this study showed that the injection of EPO before carotid clamping is effective in preventing cerebral ischemic injury in rats.

For years, the health benefits of coumestrol (CMT) have been investigated by researchers around the world. Anti-oxidative properties of the phytoestrogen which can be extracted from several plant tissues, have already been reported as well as the cancer chemopreventive capabilities. Recently, psychiatric and neurological effects of this natural compound have become of interest to researchers so that strong evidence would support the idea that CMT can exert significant effects on the central nervous system. Pharmacologically, this phytoestrogen would act as a selective estrogen receptor modulator with several-fold more affinity to β sub-types of the receptors (ERβ); although other mechanisms of action may be involved. The aim of this review was to gather the recent reports regarding the most important pharmacological benefits of CMT focusing on the psychiatric and neurological ones. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action underlying the pharmacological effects were tried to be clarified more. For this purpose, some keywords such as “Coumestrol”, “Pharmacological Effects”, “Neurological”, ”Psychiatric” and “Neuropsychiatric” were searched in popular scientific databases such as Google scholar, Scopus and Pubmed. Then the delegated documentations were brought together, categorized and discussed on this basis. Reviewing the gathered information showed that, apart from the effects on reproduction and the related organs which are mainly conducted through estrogen receptors, CMT has reported to improve various disorders all over the body. Particularly, regarding the neurological and psychiatric systems, the advantages in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, the Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, depression and cognitive impairments would be the most important ones. Here, other receptors that have shown interactions with CMT (beside estrogen receptors which are the main target), were also reviewed among which insulin receptors, farnesoid X receptors, pregnane X receptors, and constitutive androstane receptors can be mentioned while only the last two seem to be involved in forming the neurological and psychiatric effects.

Collapsible soil as an example of problematic soils can cause problems in structures. Collapsible soil may be stable before the presence of water, but after water enters, it experiences significant and sudden settlement. The most important issue in dealing with these soils is to predict their settlement. Up to now, various experiments have been designed in the laboratory or in-situ to determine the collapse potential, the most common of which is the oedometer test. The most important drawback of the existing experiments is the impossibility of simulating the pattern of water infiltration in the soil. In this study, an apparatus with a mold with a diameter of 14 cm and a height of 10 cm was built that has the ability to simulate water infiltration patterns and can measure the amount of collapse potential based on the source of water infiltration. This apparatus simulates water infiltration patterns into four categories based on the direction of water movement (from top to bottom or from bottom to top) and water distribution (point or expanding). The laboratory results of this apparatus on a sample of collapsible soil show that the collapse potential depends on the water infiltration pattern and it isn’t possible to use one collapse potential amount for all patterns. According to the laboratory results, the highest collapse potential is related to the pattern of water infiltration from top to bottom and expanding form, and the lowest is related to the pattern of water infiltration from bottom to top and point form.

The nationalization movement of the oil industry led by Mossadegh is one of the important milestones in the contemporary history of Iran. This movement is the most important historical station after the Constitutional Revolution, in which the Iranians rose up against colonialism and tyranny in order to overcome backwardness and be on the path of development.This article, with a descriptive-analytical method and legal approach, tries to challenge the mere appearance of Mossadegh's government to justify the overthrow of the Mossadegh government, and from the perspective of justice over law and realistic requirements for overcoming the country's political crisis. , Evaluates Mossadegh's actions not merely as an ordinary prime minister under normal circumstances, but as the leader of the national constitutional movement.Hence, it does not normatively justify the king's intervention in his removal without the prior approval or approval of the National Assembly and in special time and place. From a procedural point of view, the direct dismissal of the Prime Minister is not seen in the constitutional traditions of Iran. Implicitly, it is one of the principles of constitutionalism.Hence, citing the referendum in the context of the growing weakness of the parliament is noteworthy. And public freedoms in Mossadegh's government are among its goals.

Coumestrol is well-known as a natural estrogen receptor-beta modulator. Since the role of estrogen receptors in controlling stressful situations has already been reported and their cognitive functions in hippocampus seem to be independent of sexual tasks, the aim of this study was to investigate the improving effects of this phytoestrogen on negative consequences of exposing male mice to chronic restraint stress.

This study was divided into two separate but consecutive phases. In the first phase, the possible effects of coumestrol (30, 60, 120 µg.kg-1.day-1, i.p.) and its vehicle (sesame oil) on restraint stress-induced cognitive impairments, oxidative stress and apoptosis were evaluated. During the second phase, a selective estrogen receptor-beta antagonist was used to investigate the possible involvement of beta-type estrogen receptors in these processes. Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests were performed to evaluate memory while elevated plus maze and open field tests were used to measure the level of anxiety. Spectroscopy and western blotting methods were also employed to evaluate oxidative and apoptotic status in hippocampal tissues. Furthermore, serum level of corticosterone was measured for each group.

Behavioral tests indicated memory enhancing and anxiolytic effects of coumestrol. Biochemical evaluations also proved its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic potential. On the other hand, the mentioned behavioral and biochemical improvements were reversed in the group treated with estrogen receptor-beta antagonist.

Coumestrol may ameliorate negative consequences of exposure to chronic stress such as oxidative stress, apoptosis and cognitive impairments, via the modulation of beta-type estrogen receptors in hippocampus.

Prison punishment, its principles and effects are the subject of criminal investigations. However, this punishment can have effects on the field of employment law that have not been well received by researchers. Is the right to employment and finally his entry into government service or not? And whether the punishment for that punishment during the employment relationship of an employee is effective in maintaining that relationship or not? Thus, in addition to the possibility of affecting those who volunteer for government service, the actual punishment affects many actual employees, their legal rights and benefits, and their families. In the present study, through the study of libraries and descriptive-analytical method between criminal and public law trends, the basics of imprisonment in criminal and administrative texts are examined and then its effects on employment law, including the rights of candidates to enter The service as well as the employed staff have been reviewed. In this regard, it has been found that general employment texts do not directly address the effects of imprisonment on employment rights, and in contrast, some specific employment texts, such as the laws and regulations of the armed forces, are more explicit. Senior managers and staff, judges of criminal courts, the general public volunteering for employment, as well as employees and their families can benefit from the findings of the present study.

Depression and anxiety are the most common psychiatric disorders. These conditions widely occur in industrial societies and severely affect individuals’ lives. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of NAC on chronic noise-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice.

Fifty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, as follows: control, noise90 dB, noise110 dB, noise 90+NAC, and noise 110+NAC groups. Animals in the noise groups were exposed to 90 dB 2 h/day and 110 dB 2 h/day for 30 days. The NAC groups received NAC (325 mg/kg P.O.) 20 min after being exposed to noise. To evaluate depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, the examined mice were subjected to the Open Field Test (OFT), Sucrose Preference Test (SPT), Tail Suspension Test (TST), and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) tasks. At the end of the behavioral tests, the study animals were sacrificed. Accordingly, the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) were determined in the Hippocampus (HIP) and the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC).

The obtained results suggested that noise exposure would induce anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, being reversed by NAC administration. Moreover, chronic administration of NAC significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA levels) in the PFC and HIP of noise-exposed mice.

Our findings revealed that administrating NAC would reduce the adverse effects of noise on the brain and would exert anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects.

Lawyers believe that the notion and function of "Delegated legislation "depend on some situations and necessity require parliament which has the function of legislature originally delegate its powers to a person or body temporarily . this delegation has different forms but when originated from requirements and political and economic situations a country or international makeup . this article reviews some aspects of delegated legislationInfluenced by the situation of political sociology in Iran during the constitutional era. (1358-1285).and analysis the reasons of the situation that lead to delegated legislation trough an descriptive study . the final outcome of this article shows that geopolitical conditions (geographic location and oil) and its interior consequences are the main reasons of delegated legislation to some persons as artour Milispouh from united nations of america,dr. the prime minester mohammad Mosadegh-al saltaneh,ahmad Ghavam o assaltaneh,the prime minister mohammad ali Foroghi and Samsam ol saltaneh bakhtyari cabinate.

Introduction:

There are numerous studies on the efficacy of intralipid emulsion (ILE) in various xenobiotictoxicities. This study aimed to evaluate the potential role of ILE as an antidote in tramadol-induced seizure.

A single-blind clinical trial was undertaken to establish the efficacy and safety of ILE in patients withacute tramadol intoxication, who referred to Booali Hospital in Qazvin. Patients were randomly assigned to 2groups. The Control group received standard care while the intervention group received intralipid emulsion(ILE) 20% in addition to the standard care. The occurrence of in-hospital seizure was compared between thegroups.

80 patients who abused tramadol and met the study criteria were randomly assigned to eitherthe intervention (40 cases) or the control (40 cases) group. Seizure occurred in 44 (56%) patients before admis-sion to the emergency department. There were not any statistical differences between the groups regarding sexdistribution (p=0.513) and mean age (p=0.19), presenting vital signs (p < 0.05), laboratory findings (p < 0.05),and mean abused dose of tramadol (p = 0.472) as well as occurrence of prehospital seizure (p = 0.7). In-hospitalseizure occurred in 15 (18.75%) cases (all in the control group; p < 0.001). The mean duration of admission was2.01±1.13 days in the control group and 2.15±1.04 days in the intervention group (p = 0.6). The number neededto treat for ILE to prevent tramadol-induced seizure was 2.7 (37.5% absolute risk reduction).

Thefindings of this study supported ILE administration, as an adjunct to standard antidote protocols, in tramadolintoxication to prevent tramadol-induced seizures.

According to previous studies, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) plays a role in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammation. Given that no study has been performed in the field of dentistry in this regard, the present research aimed to identify the effect of HSP70 on moderate to severe generalized chronic periodontitis with the increase of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways.

This pilot study was performed on 50 subjects with moderate to severe chronic generalized periodontitis and 50 subjects with healthy periodontitis who were candidates for crown lengthening (CL) surgery. The subjects were selected based on the inclusion criteria from the patients who referred to the Gingival Surgery Department in a Private Dental Center, Tabriz, Iran. Tissue samples were obtained from the patients during pocket depth reduction surgery (for the experimental group) and CL surgery (for the control group). Macrophage inflammatory cells were extracted from tissue samples and the cells were stimulated by HSP70 as a timer; subsequently, the level of TLR4 in macrophage cells was examined. Results of the study were reported using descriptive statistical methods, such as mean, standard deviation, and frequency percentage. Repeated measures analysis was used to compare the expression of TLR4 in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB) and MAPK pathways at different hours. Moreover, ANOVA analysis of covariance was used to compare this rate between these two pathways at different times. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 17) and a p < /em>-value of

Based on the results, there was a significant relationship between TLR4 and HSP70 (p < /em><0.001). Furthermore, in the tissue with chronic periodontitis, there was a significant relationship between the affected tissue and TLR4 (p < /em><0.0001). It was also found that TLR4, MAPK, and NF-KB levels increased in the presence of HSP70.

According to the findings, it can be said that TLR4 expression levels increased in the presence of HSP70 in periodontitis and can increase even more by excitation of MAPK and NF-KB pathways.

Overexposure to heat conditions can affect the functioning of the cardiovascular system and may promote cardiovascular disorders. Heat shock induced myocardial injury via increasing endoplasmic reticulum response-mediated apoptosis. This study investigated the impact of pretreatment with Rosa canina (RC), a natural antioxidant, on myocardial damage induced by heat stress exposure and underlying mechanisms in cardiomyocytes in rats.

Sixty adult male Wistar rats were allocated into five groups, including Control: received normal saline (NS), Heat Stress (HS), and HS+RC groups. Animals in the HS groups were subjected to heat stress (43 ºC) for 15 minutes once a day for two weeks. Animals in the HS+RC groups received three doses of RC (250, 500, and 1000 mg/mL) one hour before being subjected to heat shock. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane kinases, including PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), immunoreactivity of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha (eIF2α) as well as caspase 8 were detected by Western blot. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed. Moreover, histopathological changes and apoptosis were also assayed in the heart tissue by using histopathological and TUNEL assays.

Heat exposure increased the level of ROS and induced oxidative damage in the heart tissue. The results demonstrated that RC administration decreased the overproduction of ROS induced by heat stress in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, heat stress upregulated the expression of p-PERK, p-eIF2α, and CHOP protein while pretreatment with RC decreased expression of ER stress-related markers in cardiomyocytes. Besides, RC diminished heat stress-induced cellular damage and apoptosis associated with inhibition of caspase 8 activation, a pro-apoptotic protein in cardiomyocytes.

These findings indicate that RC exerts a protective effect on heart tissue, at least in part, through inactivation of PERK/eIF2α/CHOP pathway or inhibition of ER stress and oxidative stresstriggered apoptosis in cardiomyocytes induced by heat stress

Diabetes is a common metabolic disease that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. It seems that the reduction of oxidative stress or increasing antioxidant levels improves diabetic cardiomyopathy. Antioxidant effects of immunomodulatory drug (IMODTM) and also beneficial influences of exercise on diabetic complications have been shown. The present study examined the effects of IMODTM and exercise on cardiac oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetes. For this purpose, 64 rats were divided into 8 groups: control (C), exercise (E), IMODTM (20 mg/kg) (I), exercise plus IMODTM (E + I), diabetes (D), diabetic rats treated with exercise (D + E), diabetic rats treated with IMODTM (D + I), and diabetic rats treated with exercise plus IMODTM (D + E + I). Treatments with exercise and/or IMODTM were performed for 8 weeks. Type 1 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. After the treatment period, all rats were anesthetized, and blood and heart samples were gathered for measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress marker, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a cardiac injury marker, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as antioxidant enzymes. The present study, for the first time, showed that IMODTM alone or in combination with exercise had positive effects on alleviating hyperglycemia, MDA, and LDH along with elevation of antioxidant enzymes activities in type 1 diabetic rats.

Among the several factors reducing plants yield, weed interference has great important. To investigate the effect of fertilizer types and weeds management on yield, yield components and nitrate leaching in soybean an experiment was conducted as split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications in Chalus city in summer of 2013 and 2014. Fertilizers types including chemical fertilizer, manure and nano-chelates spraying as the main plot and weed control in three levels including emergence to flowering, critical period of weed interference and no weeding were considered as sub-plots. The results showed that yield with weeding during the critical period as well as weeding until flowering was achieved in a statistical group and were significantly more than non-control treatment. The highest weeds dry weight was obtained in gweed infested treatment and increasing in weed control time caused their weight loss. Among the fertilizer treatments, the highest dry weed weight was observed by chemical fertilizer application. Maximum nitrate concentration at a soil depth of 80-100 cm were obtained by using chemical fertilizer. Weeds dry weight increased and the nitrate concentration decreased when the weeds control duration was reduced. In general, the results showed that weed control during the critical period increased the grain yield by increasing the yield components.

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is one of the leading causes of severe neurological deficits worldwide. The pathophysiology of SCI includes a primary injury followed by a cascade of secondary biochemical and cellular changes. Current pharmacological options are limited for significant recovery from SCI. The β-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone (CEF) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have shown to induce neuroprotection in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of CEF, NAC, and their combination on the functional recovery and histological damage in experimental SCI.

Rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7): Saline, CEF, NAC, and CEF + NAC. Then, SCI was performed on rats under general anesthesia using the Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC) impactor. Locomotor recovery following SCI was monitored using the locomotor rating scale of Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB). At the end of the study, all rats were sacrificed, and spinal cord cross-sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological evaluation.

The CEF and NAC administration, either alone or in combination (CEF + NAC), significantly improved locomotor recovery following SCI in rats when compared to the saline group. The histological analysis showed that the severity of histopathological lesion in the spinal cord of rats was significantly lower in the CEF, NAC, and CEF + NAC groups than in the saline group.

Treatment with CEF and NAC, either separately or in combination, promotes locomotor recovery following SCI, which is associated with the effective reduction of the histopathological lesion.

Male sex is more prone to cerebrovascular disorders, yet the exact role of androgens in cerebral ischemia remains unclear. Here we reviewed current understanding of testosterone (TES) neuroprotective activity against ischemic stroke and mechanisms underlying these effects in aging. TES may exert a neuroprotective effect in aging through pathways including inhibition of oxidant molecules production, enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant capacity of the brain and modulation of apoptotic cell death. Given this, a better understanding of the neuroprotective roles of TES may propose an effective therapeutic strategy to improve the quality of life and decrease androgen-related cerebrovascular problems in the aging men.

The use of standard rodent model, allows for the understanding of neuronal injury physiopathology and helping development of therapeutic strategies. Because of eliminating technical problems, we designed a modified impactor device with ability to induce different degrees according to kilodyne from very mild to very severe of spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) models in rat. For standardization and determining of optimal performance of the device to induce varying injuries, 47 adult male Wistar rats were used, and 8 different forces were applied in spinal cord and brain tissues. The hematoxylin and eosin and 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) results demonstrated that by increasing the level of forces, histological changes in the spinal cord and brain were significantly enhanced. Different injuries had significant effect on the Basso-Beattie-Brenham and elevated body swing test outcomes, and there were significant differences between groups in comparison with control group. Our results showed that the modified device could be valid to produce precise SCI and TBI models, goal to replicate SCI and TBI in humans as much as possible. However, it might be considered that aspects of SCI and TBI models are complicate and more examination is necessary.

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of sleep deprivation (SD) on the anti-apoptotic pathways in Parkinsonian rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were assigned to four groups (10 animals each): sham surgery (Sham), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned (OH), 6-OHDA-lesioned plus grid control (OH+GC), 6-OHDA-lesioned plus SD (OH+SD). Parkinson’s disease (PD) model was induced by the unilateral intra-striatal infusion of 6-OHDA (10 µg/rat). SD (4 hr/day, for 14 days) was induced using a multiple platforms water tank. On the last day of interventions, animals were subjected to open field test for horizontal motor performance assessment. Also, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Bcl-2 and Bax were assessed in the striatum of study groups. SD obscured the motor deficits of PD animals observed in open field test. BDNF level and Bcl2/Bax ratio significantly increased in the OH group, and SD reduced their levels in the PD animals. SD suppressed the anti-apoptotic compensatory responses in the striatum; therefore, it may accelerate continual neuronal cell death in PD