javad razmi

Heterodera schachtii, the sugar beet cyst nematode (BCN), is a limiting factor in most of the beet-growing regions of Iran. Considering this disease's importance and spread, generating resistant cultivars is one of the most important methods to reduce its damage. Achieving accurate and fast resistance assessment methods facilitates the development of resistant cultivars. This research aims to compare the response of twenty domestic and foreign sugar beet genotypes to BCN under greenhouse conditions and with the presence of the MN3 molecular marker, which is linked to the BCN resistance gene. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference among genotypes for resistance to BCN in greenhouse conditions. Using the MN3 molecular marker and greenhouse survey, no susceptible plants were observed in genotype No. F- 21238. Hybrids No. 34781 and 34791 demonstrated the highest resistance (80 and 78% of plants were resistant) under greenhouse conditions and good resistance (80 and 89% of plants were resistant) to this pathogen evaluating the MN3 marker. The results showed that to save time and more accuracy in selecting resistant genotypes, it is better to evaluate genotypes with MN3 molecular marker, and then the chosen genotypes are assessed to determine the level of resistance to this pathogen in greenhouse conditions.

One of the vital orientations in line with development policies is innovative foresight. The term foresight and foresight refers to a wide range of approaches that avoid repetitive outcomes and improve decision-making and attempt to map the best possible future over a long-term time horizon, thus striving to achieve comprehensive planning. And achieving local, micro and regional sustainable development and reducing regional imbalances, recognizing the criteria and key capabilities of these sectors and changing the approach from forecasting to future research is an undeniable necessity. And based on this, the goal and question of this research is to identify key factors that are effective in formulating future scenarios and to identify development factors on the future situation.

The current research is descriptive and analytical and applied in nature.which was realized by emphasizing participation with the presence of all stakeholders. The scope of research is at the local level. And the target area includes ecological, physical, social and cultural, economic, political and managerial. The type of expected output is the way to identify the key factors affecting the future situation with an emphasis on the modeling method of the factor analysis type and the target groups including all the residents of the settlements and governmental and non-governmental organizations.which followed the Delphi method. So that the required data has been collected using field operations at the level of 104 villages through holding discussion group meetings through the formation of cooperative cores using local experts, representatives of different groups using the Delphi method. And finally, identification of key factors was used to develop future scenarios and identification of development drivers.

Future visions are one of the key measures. And it can be used strategically for policy making. In addition to that, it can help everyone to understand the concept of their development through future change. However, until the last two decades, it followed the traditional top-down approach. And it did not provide a long-term and growing economic base. But today, local initiatives and bottom-up development (endogenous development) have led to changes in spatial development. Therefore, this matter was taken into consideration in order to make this research as close to reality as possible. And it is even differentiating this research from other research findings.which mainly emphasize the role of governments (traditional top-down planning approach). But this research has adopted the endogenous approach (planning and policy-making from the bottom up). And the planners and policy makers are obliged to use the participation of local residents and the results of research findings for the future study of Khadafarin city in formulating spatial development plans.In this way, to have a significant impact on the future events and processes of Khadafarin city and draw long-term results.

This research was established with the aim of investigating and identifying key factors using the intellectual basis of factor analysis. And the method used in it has unique complexity and innovation. And it is among the first scientific experience of studies related to future research at the local level. Therefore, it should be acknowledged that various factors can affect the arrangement of phenomena and structure and consequently the spatial organization of a region. It seems that the identification of different and integrated methods can be of great help in this process. Therefore, considering the identification of three key factors: 1- Environmental sustainability (with 8 programs and Pishran projects) 2- Protection of natural resources (with 3 programs and Pishran projects) 3- Land management and agricultural production (with 3 programs and Pishran project); Through mutual/structural effects analysis, these factors were selected as the key factors of the study area, and the subvariables of each of these factors (extracted from factor analysis type modeling) were determined as driving programs and projects.

Wheat seeds harbor different microbial populations, which can be associated with each other in neutral, positive, or negative interactions. The present study investigated the interaction of fluorescent Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas translucens (Xt) as an important wheat seed-borne pathogen. In addition to P. fluorescens (A7) and P. chloroaphis (A4), which were previously isolated from the rhizosphere of potato as potent biocontrol agents, six more non-pathogenic Pseudomonas strains that were isolated from wheat seeds, were studied. According to the general biochemical tests and partial 16S rRNA sequences alignment, the isolated strains were closely related to the species of P. gessardii, P. orientalis, P. poae, P. koreensis, and P. cedrina. The Pseudomonas strains exhibit different antagonistic activities, such as phosphate solubilization, cellulase, protease, and lipase production. Also, they have an apparent inhibition effect under in vivo conditions against X. translucens. Seed treatment by these strains led to suppressing bacterial leaf streak disease incidence in an early growth stage. However, disease progress enhanced with the seedling growth, resulting in the treated plants' complete death. Only in treated seeds by P. fluorescens (A7), P. chloroaphis(A4), and P. orientalis (Ais119) decrease of AUDPC up to 83%, 74%, and 63% was achieved, respectively, compared with the untreated controls. Our results showed that some fluorescent Pseudomonas strains could cause delay at the beginning of the disease appearance due to competition or producing antimicrobial metabolites during that time. In contrast, some may be considered a threat, enhancing disease development through synergistic effects.

Food waste is one of the biggest challenges in today’s modern world and leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming issues. Converting organic waste into vermicompost and compost tea by efficient biotechnology methods could prevent natural resources depletion and decrease carbon footprint. These soil conditioners promote soil fertility, crop yields, soil resources conservation, and community health.

Based on this study, organic waste of the industrial kitchen of the science and research branch university, was converted to vermicompost. The compost tea was produced by a mixture of seaweed, vermicompost, molasses, and humic acid. Greenhouse studies to compare the effect of experimental treatments including irrigation level with compost tea 25, 50, and 100% and chemical fertilizer containing calcium nitrate, potassium sulfate, and 10-52-10 fertilizer on vegetative and biochemical traits of tomato (Karun variety) in six replications were performed.

The results showed that irrigation with 100% compost tea and chemical fertilizer, were not significantly different from each other and had the highest effect compared to other treatments. Irrigation with 100% compost tea had the greatest effect on leaf number (66 pieces), plant height (29.8 mm), root length (660 mm), and root fresh weight (29.84 mg). The highest number of flower clusters (8.94 clusters), root diameter (8.94 mm), peroxidase enzyme (3.5 µmol mg-1 protein min-1), chlorophyll a (14.44 mg g-1 FM), and total chlorophyll content (191.91 mg g-1 FM) obtained from 25% compost tea.

There was no difference between irrigation with 25 and 100% compost tea, and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, they had similar effects on most of the studied traits. So, irrigation with compost tea can decrease chemical fertilizers in tomato fields and leads to soil conservation.

During the summer months until the fall of 2017, 50 diseased samples of ligustrum plants suspected to bacterial disease were collected from all around Tehran and Karaj parks and green spaces. The diseased samples were transferred to the laboratory for further investigation. The dominant single colonies with distinguished morphology were selected and fulfilled their pathogenicity on geranium and detached stems and leaves of the host plant. Seven pathogenic bacterial isolates were further analyzed by morphological, physiological and biochemical traits. Using PCR, the 16S rRNA gene of the selected isolates was amplified DNAs were first extracted by alkaline lysis method and their 16S rRNA genes were amplified with primer pair P6/P1. The PCR products were sequenced by Macrogen Co. (Seoul, Korea) and the edited sequences were compared with deposited sequences in Genbank nucleotide database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). According to the results, heterogeneous species include strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, strains of Pseudomonas plecoglossida, strains of Bacillus sp., strains of Paenibacillus sp., strain of Ochrobactrum sp., strains of Achromobacter sp., and strains of Staphylococcus epidermidls were identified. The presence of a wide range of not-so-well-known bacteria, but the pathogen confirms their importance, at least as secondary pathogens. This is the first report of isolating certain novel bacterial agents on ligustrum in Iran.

Soft rot is one of the most important bacterial diseases of potato in Iran and the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of these agents in the main potato- growing regions in Iran. Samples were collected from tubers that were suspected of soft rot disease during harvest. Phenotypic characteristics were assessed by conventional methods. Genetic diversity was determined using genomic fingerprinting techniques. Cluster analysis and population structure analysis were performed by the SplitsTree 4.11.3, Arlequin 3.11 and the STRUCTURE 2.3.4 software.   The study showed a high level of diversity among isolates so that some of them showed phenotypic characteristics that differed from the isolates described in previous studies. Studied isolates were placed into two major groups of Pectobacterium wasabiae and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. Genomic fingerprinting profiles revealed that the isolates are genetically heterogeneous and classified into three genetic populations. 50.0% of the phenotypic group 1 isolate and 77.3% of the phenotypic group 2 isolates belonged to genetic population 1 and 3, respectively. No correlation was observed between genomic fingerprints, geographic areas, and potato cultivars,  but the genetic distances and the maximum and minimum gene flow were correlated with geographic distance.   According to the results of this study, seed trade may introduce soft rot disease to new territories in the neighboring provinces.

The lack of a comprehensive evaluation of the enjoyment of and relative level of rural society infrastructures of the contry based on scientific methods and relying on precise information and statistics is the most important barrier on and problem of rural plans. Science some information and statistics needed for the rural society is not subject to censuses in the demography and housing general censuses made by the Iranian center for statistics all over the contry , the indices of this research are provided based on the plan for the census of rural housing specifications made for the 1st time by the Iranian center for statistics and hosing foundation of the Islamic republic of Iran for 28 provinces of the country in summer 2003 .
208 compound indices are identified in the 1st phase of the research , then , with the objective of crediting indices by CV method, the most proper indices are classified under two behavioral and non-behavioral understanding senses, then ,using numerical Taxonomy method and Morris method and through a final combination of these two methods , the rural society of the contry has been classified under three levels: a-Combination of infrastructural , welfare, and development indices infrastructural indices, and c-welfare and development indices, in order to find out opportunities and foreign threads, then, in order to find out domestic factors, including weak and power points, the amount of the distribution of services was verified through denim method. Then, information was combined in swat method and twelve strategies were chosen. Finally, strategies were evaluated and priorities were determined based on strategy of Qualitative programming matrix (SQPM). Seven strategies were given priority one and crash program in view of thought, education, technology, and production.