kourosh rahmani

 The production and consumption of pharmaceutical compounds, including antibiotics, and their entry into the environment have raised concerns for experts. It is important to find appropriate methods for treatment of these pollutants from aquatic environments. In this study, nano-persulfate process using green synthesis of zero iron nanoparticles was used in decomposition of the antibiotic Metronidazole (MNZ). In this study, first, zero iron nanoparticles were synthesized using oak leaves. Then, the characteristics of these nanoparticles were determined using electronic images such as SEM, and TEM. In the  experimental part of the study, the effect of operating conditions such as nZVI dosage, persulfate concentration and pH of the PS/nZVI process on degradation of MNZ in aqueous solution Was examined. The results of this study showed that the PS/nZVI process had an acidic nature for removal of MNZ. The optimal conditions for this process were: the dosage of nZVI was 1.8 g/l, the concentration of persulfate was 1.5 mg/l, and pH was 3 for the degradation of 50 mg/l MNZ at contact time of 90 min. The maximum MNZ removal efficiency using PS / NZVI process was about 98.4 % in these conditions. It can be concluded that the synthesis of green zero iron nanoparticles is an economical and environmentally friendly method that can be used to remove MNZ from aqueous solutions.

Iran is among the top ten disaster-prone countries in the world because of its size, geographical location, and climatic diversity. Practically, the healthcare sector is an active part in disaster management and an integral part of the national health plan. This study aimed to determine the preparedness of the personnel to cope with natural disasters in Valiasr Hospital of Mamasani, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Valiasr Hospital, which has 100 beds.  Data were collected using a 210-item researcher-made checklist. For each target, six domains of equipment, human resources, structure, physical space, protocol, and performance charts were considered. Face and content validities were used to confirm the validity and reliability of the questionnaire.
The results of this study showed that the support unit scored the highest (69.45 %), followed by the command and management (66.16%) and education units (66%), respectively. Security units (51%), transportation (41.47%), and evacuation (40%) received the lowest score, respectively.
The findings showed that the hospital under the study was in moderate level in preparedness for disaster. Improving the preparedness of hospitals for disasters will be possible with proper management of available resources and the use of update technologies.

Nowadays, in the world’s optimal management of science and technology, the use of geographical information system (GIS) is a necessity. In this study, GIS was used to analyze and detect microbial contamination in the water supply system of Masiri city. A cross-sectional study utilizing spatial analysis techniques was conducted to find out the water quality problems of water supply system.  In this descriptive-analytical study, 400 water samples from all groundwater resources of Masiri city were conducted during two periods of dry and wet season. Residual chlorine, MPN and E.coli of the samples were determinate. Results were compared with national standards and analyzed using SPSS and ArcView software. Concentration distribution map in GIS and the factors affecting Residual chlorine, MPN and E.coli changes were investigated.  According to the results obtained in ArcView, it is necessary to improve the microbial quality of Masiri water distribution network in some places, which can be improved by proper management of chlorination and defects. It is concluded that a combination of water quality parameters and GIS methods is very useful asGIS provides efficient capacity to visualize the spatial data.

Water samples of 0, 50, and 100 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) spiked with fecal coliforms (107 CFU/ml) were exposed to natural sunshine in 1l quartz glass tubes fitted with rectors’ compound parabolic concentrators CPCS at two forms CPC1 (whit nanoparticle zinc oxide) and CPC2(without nanoparticle zinc oxide). The samples were characterized using the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). On clear days, the complete inactivation times (more than 7-log unit reduction in bacterial population) in the systems with CPC1, and CPC2 were 15, and 30 min, respectively. The maximum temperatures obtained in the water samples were 80  for CPC1, and 82  for CPC2. The use of CPC1 with hydroxyl radicals (OH•) production significantly improved the efficiency of the old CPCS technique, since these systems (CPC1-2) shortened the exposure times to solar radiation and also minimized the negative effects of turbidity and also regrowth was zero in the disinfected samples. Due to two simultaneous effects of high temperatures and UV, regrowth in most ways of solar disinfection was not seen in these examples. Overall, this technology has been proved to be a good enhancement method to inactivate microorganisms under real conditions and represents a good alternative technique to drinking water treatment.

Population growth and increased human activities in urban communities lead to large volumes of waste. This waste volume causes problems for human health and environmental pollution. Recently, a living environment assessment has been developed to improve the situation. The purpose of this study is to compare the environmental impacts of four urban waste disposal scenarios in Rasht city.

In this research, the amount of waste and the data required for logging were first determined and then the four life cycle assessment stages were performed in relation to each of the defined scenarios. Finally, the results were analyzed using the IWM1 model it placed.

The results of this study indicate that by disposing of some of the waste in the organic fertilizer plant by composting and landfilling, part of it in the district of sanitary and energy extraction and increasing the recovery rate, we can see a significant reduction in the emission of pollutants was environmental. The ecological index was the best scenario is -2.10E+6 And for the most devastating scenario +2.39E+07 was obtained.

According to the environmental assessment and comparison of the results of the life cycle logbook, the first scenario (collection; compost; recycling; landfill) with an ecological index plays an important role in reducing pollution and energy consumption and the title has been chosen as the top management option and has been made available to experts and decision-makers.

Removal of the fluoride ion of drinking water requires an effective technique. In study zeolite clinoptilolite by Al+3 ions and nanoscale iron (nZVI) modify was used to remove fluoride from water. Contact was done by a fixed bed absorbent column. In this column, experiments were carried out using aqueous solutions and drinking water with mass. The dynamics of the adsorption process were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results showed that highest uptake capacities 1.14 and 2.4mg/g for the modified zeolitic Al and nanoscale iron (nZVI) respectively, were obtained with a 5g mass column, an inlet 10mg/L fluoride solution, and a flow rate of 3mL/min, but the sorption capacities decreased when drinking water used. Experimental data were fitted to both models Langmuir and Freundlich, and the methods indicated that these materials are suitable for the removal of fluoride from water in fix bed systems. In general, it can be concluded that modified zeolite clinoptilolite with fixed bed an effective and economical method to remove fluoride from groundwater.

The transmission of infection from the equipment and the environment to patients is widely carried out through contact. The aim of this study was to determine the health status of medical equipment and pseudo-homogeneous environmental levels in hospitals in Ardebil, in observational and microbiological hospitals in year 1396. in this descriptive cross-sectional study, 17 levels of hospitalization in Imam Khomeini Hospital (RA) were evaluated in a two month observational stage (by completing the checklist) and microbial. Data analysis was done by using SPSS software and by comparing it with British standards. This study showed that the rate of contamination in different parts of the hospital was microbial 75.75% and 29.15%, respectively. According to statistical analyzes in the microbial method, the most infected ventilators were among the most polluted medical equipment and among the peripheral levels of the most infectious patient ward. At the observation station, among the medical equipment levels, the cliché was the most contaminated case, and among the pseudo-environmental environmental levels, the most infected fridge was determined. The most contaminated part in terms of cardiothoracic microbial monitoring was determined in terms of male in-patient observation. Therefore, it is suggested that by systematically planning and applying appropriate and preventive methods, implementing disinfection programs, developing guidelines for cleaning and disinfection, training and continuous monitoring of the standard methods of contamination will be minimized.

Environmental pollution from waste is one of the main problems of municipal waste management. Since evaluation of the recycling and recovery process is one of the most important stages in municipal waste management, this study aimed to determine the optimal strategies for recycling and recycling Ardabil municipal waste by SWOT analysis and QSPM matrix in 2017. In this descriptive-analytic study, basic information was obtained through library studies and review of texts, observations, field visits, specialized interviews, and completion of a questionnaire from 80 experts in this field. Finally, was used analytical method SWOT and QSPM Matrix. The final score of the internal factors 2.03 and the external factors were 3.05. According to the IE matrix, the current status of the process was located in the WO status. In the QSPM matrix, among strategies based on the charm score, the option of supporting recycling capabilities (composting, extracting energy, producing quality products), and recovery waste for the construction of related factories and the creation of a job market for unemployed youth proportional to The conditions of the status with a score of 11.57 were introduced as the first priority. Considering the current status of Ardabil municipal waste recycling and recycling process, which is in accordance with the IE matrix in the region of change, it is necessary to take advantage of opportunities in order to compensate for the weaknesses of the process.

Waste processing is one of the most important elements responsible for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of Tabriz urban solid waste and, finally, assess the environmental impacts of proposed scenarios for the management of MSW in Tabriz in 2017. In this descriptive study, the required data were collected from field observations, collecting library data, physical analysis with 4 sampling steps in 4 seasons in accordance with ASTM
standard method. 4 scenarios (energy generation and composting, energy generation, composting, current status) were proposed and environmental impact assessment of proposed scenarios with Iranian leopold matrix. An average of 1438 tons per day of MSW is collected from the city of Tabriz and the average per capita waste production for this city is 0.804 kg per person per day.. The average thermal energy generated from the total waste of Tabriz city is 7965 Kj/Kg. The results of the evaluation using the Leopold matrix showed that Scenario 1 (energy generation and composting) with a score of 171 was considered as the best scenario and scenario 4 (current status) with 212 points was the worst management scenario. In the present situation, planning and adopting appropriate measures to reduce negative environmental impacts, composing and energy generation can be appropriate for the management of
MSW in Tabriz.

Groundwater is exposed to environmental pollution. The leachate produced by wastes in transfer station or municipal solid waste landfill is one of the sources of pollution. In this view, present study was carried out to evaluate the groundwater quality around of municipal solid waste transfer station in Ardabil at 2017.
In this cross sectional study, 6 wells (one control well in the upstream and 5 wells in the downstream) around the ardabil municipal solid waste transfer station were selected according to the existing criteria, and the quality parameters of the samples (Turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, BOD5, COD, Nitrate, Heavy Metals, Coliform and Fecal Coliform and ...) were analyzed according to the standard methods. Also, particle-size analysis of soil was carried out in sampling area and data analysis was performed using Excel software and compared with existing standards, guidelines and standards.
In all samples, except for lead (0.07-1 mg/l), Coliform (0-28 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform(0-4 MPN/100ml), other parameters were lower than recommended limit by the criteria and available standards. Also, the amount of sulfate (593.6 mg/l) in well 4 and total Hardness (530 mg/l) in well 3 were higher than the standards recommended for drinking and agricultural purposes.
The results of the study showed that the Municipal Solid Waste Transfer Station in Ardabil had no significant effect on the groundwater quality in the surrounding area.

Background and In recent years, the presence of antibiotics in aquatic environment has received increasing attention. These compounds remain in the environment, because of incomplete elimination in conventional wastewater treatment processes. Advanced oxidation processes are used to remove many pollutants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of sono-fenton degradation in removal of sulfacetamide in presence of zerovalent iron nanoparticles.
An experimental-laboratory scale study was carried out in which NZVI was synthesized through reducing iron sulfate by sodium borohydride. The effects of some variables such as pH (3-9), NZVI concentration (1-8g/L), H2O2 concentration (0.05-2 M) and contact time (5-90 min) were investigated on the process efficiency. Concentration of residual antibiotic was analyzed by HPLC-UV equipped with a C18 column.
The maximum removal efficiency was observed at pH=3, 60 min contact time, 5 g/L NZVI concentration and H2O2 concentration of 1 M. In these optimal conditions, the removal efficiency was 91% and COD removal degree was 27%.
The experiments showed that the sonocatalytic process using NZVI nanoparticles along with adding H2O2 as an oxidant is an efficient method to remove sulfacetamide and other biological resistant compounds.

Pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics, are newborn contaminants Due to its cumulative nature, adverse effects and drug resistance; it has created a major concern for environmental control. An example of these antibiotics is metronidazole (MNZ). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of removal of MNZ from aqueous solution using the nano/persulfate process (nZVI/PS).
This experimental study was conducted on a laboratory scale and in a batched system. The effects of factors such as pH of solution (3-11), reaction time (5-150 min), dose of nanoparticle (0.025-2 g/L), the concentration of persulfate (0.1-3.33 mmol), and the initial concentration of metronidazole (1-120 mg/L) were studied on the removal efficiency. Metronidazole was measured by HPLC device.
The results of this study showed that at the optimal pH 3, the highest removal efficiency of metronidazole was obtained. With a 30 minute contact time and 25 mg/L initial concentration of metronidazole, the removal efficiency was 90.3%. The optimal and economical dose of nZVI was also obtained at 0.5 g/L and persulfate was 1.85 mM.
The results of this study showed the acceptable performance of nano/persulfate process in the removal of metronidazole. And an increase of 62.4%, confirms the good effect of zero valent-iron nanoparticles on persulfate activation.

Nowadays, antibiotic residue presence in environment is a world concern, so there discharge control necessity is unavoidable. The objective of this research was the study of Tetracycline removal from aqueous solution by Nano Zero Valent Iron/UV/H2O2 process.
This research was a lab-scale experimental study that conducted in laboratory temperature. Synthetics wastewater with concentration of 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/l prepared from stock solution (500 mg/l). The effect of operational parameters such as pH, nano zero valent iron concentration, Tetracycline antibiotic concentration , UV Radiation , H2O2 concentration and contact time determined by one at a time method. Tetracycline antibiotic concentrations determined by UV-HPLC equipment and COD variation analyzed during the study.
The results showed that tetracycline antibiotics removal efficiency in optimum conditions and initial concentrations of 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/l were 85, 94, 100, and 78 percent, respectively. So COD removals were 35.4, 55.58, 60.3, and 33.85.
Nano Zero Valent Iron/UV/H2O2 process is a efficient process to the removal of tetracycline antibiotic from the wastewater. So efficiency of this method can be evaluated in removal of other resistant antibiotics to biological treatment.

 The object of the study was to identify chlorine demand factorsin water and chlorine in Kanbebein City water and eliminating of them. 

 Concentration of free and combined residual chlorine with the methods presented in the book "Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater Examination" were measured. Other parameters such as: Temperature, TOC, TDS, pH, EC, nitrate, ammonia, total hardness, alkalinity, iron and manganese were also examined before and after of chlorination. 

 The Highest chlorine decay constant in the short time were in water well was 0.895 mgL -1 h -1 and the least amount of it was 0.0097 mgL -1 h -1 and the Highest chlorine decay constant in the long time were in water well was-0.092Lmg -1 h -1 and the least amount of it was-0.0017 Lmg -1 h -1 that correlated with nitrite, ammonia and iron concentration. 

 The factors that affected short-time chlorine decay constant (k 2 ) were nitrite, ammonia and iron and The factors that affected on long-time chlorine decay constant (k 2 ) were Nitrite, ammonia and iron. The material removal techniques for them were the use of natural resins, zeolite, ion exchange, membrane and aeration methods, oxidation and sedimentation, and filtration.