m. goodarzi

Teaching methods and models differ in both emphasis and effectiveness. It was hypothesized that if the teaching model is based on life’s meaning, then a positive impact on academic buoyancy and motivation to learn can be observed. To test this hypothesis two groups of male 8th graders were selected through random cluster sampling. Both groups’ academic buoyancy and academic motivation were measured before and after the intervention, using instruments of acceptable validity and reliability, as well as internal consistency. One group was taught for one year using the method based on life’s meaning, while the other went through the whole academic year benefitting from the regular teaching method at their school. Covariance analyses of the data show that the experimental group far exceeded the control group in all aspects of academic motivation and academic buoyancy.

The lack of water resources and increase in water demand are among the effective factors in the imbalance of the water resources in each region, and it is necessary to manage the proper use of available water resources in all activities. Water in the agricultural sector is one of the main factors of production, which should be conveyed by irrigation systems to the field level and made available for the plant roots. The necessity of macro-planning in water management and consumption imposes a comprehensive study of the amount of water consumed in the agricultural sector. Hence, this study was conducted with the objective of directly measuring and field-assessing the applied water, water productivity, and water footprint associated with the primary crops cultivated in Markazi Province, all managed by local farmers.

For this purpose, 141 farms were selected in the major production areas of the main agricultural and horticultural crops of Markazi province with the coordination of the Agricultural Jihad centers. Then, the volume of water applied was measured without interfering in the irrigation scheduling of the users. To do so, first, the flow rate of the water source (canal, well, aqueduct or spring) was measured with a suitable device (flume and meter) in each of the selected farms. Then, by carefully monitoring the irrigation schedule of the farm, including the time of each irrigation, the number of irrigation throughout the year, as well as measuring the area under crop cultivation, the amount of water used by the crop was measured for each of the selected farms during the season. Also, based on the measured data, the amounts of blue, green and gray water footprints were determined for each of the examined crops. For this purpose, the blue, green and gray water footprints of different crops were calculated using the framework provided by Hoekstra and Chapagain (2008), and Hoekstra et al., (2011).

The irrigation intervals in the studied fields varied between 3 and 15 days with an average of 8 days and the average irrigation depth varied between 26.2 and 99 mm with an average of 67.8 mm in different crops. The results showed that the average volume of applied water for the studied crops in Markazi province was 10782 cubic meters per hectare. Also, the minimum and maximum amount of applied water for the evaluated crops was as follows: barley 3783 and 7232, alfalfa 10382 and 19797, beans 8280 and 17840, watermelon 5333 and 7174, walnuts 4420 and 29600, almonds 3850 and 13932, peaches 6872 and 17727, cherries 7050 and 14645, pomegranates 7156 and 20790, and grapes 5937 and 18168 cubic meters per hectare. Furthermore, the average value of irrigation water efficiency index and water footprint was as follows: barley 0.46 and 1642, alfalfa 0.92 and 700, bean 2924 and 0.24, watermelon 9.37 and 117, walnut 0.1 and 6706, almonds 0.16 and 6857, peach 2.48 and 242, cherries 0.73 and 875, pomegranates 1.33 and 636, and grapes 11.2 and 322. Based on the obtained results, the average total water footprint index was equal to 2102 cubic meters per ton. On average, the almond with a water footprint of 6857 cubic meters per ton had the highest share in allocating the water footprint in the crop production of the province. Whereas, the lowest water footprint related to the watermelon with a water footprint of 117 cubic meters per ton. he average values of the irrigation application efficiency index, irrigation water productivity, and water footprint for the examined farms were 72.5%, 1.79 kg/m3, and 2,102 m3/ton, respectively. In summary, the results indicate that the combined volume of irrigation water and beneficial rainfall in the irrigated fields within Markazi Province surpasses the actual water demand of the crops. This underscores the substantial impact of irrigation management on water utilization in the region.

On average, the total volume of irrigation water and effective rainfall in irrigated fields and gardens in Markazi Province is more than the actual water requirement of the plant. In general, the results showed that irrigation management has a great impact on the amount of water use in the region. Based on the obtained results, considering that most of the farms and gardens receive water in an intermittent manner, in principle, no special attention is paid to the need for water and even effective rainfall, and the amount of water availability has the greatest impact on water consumption. Therefore, in order to reduce water consumption and improve water efficiency, it is suggested to manage the delivery of water to farmers during the season and according to their crop water needs. Also, the results of the water footprint can be used to improve water resource policies at the province level, land use studies, cropping pattern modification, and environmental sector policies.

Water is one of the most important factors of development in human societies, water scarcity, specially fresh water which is one of the main limitation for agricultural, economic and social development in most developing countries. Providing and implementing an optimal cropping pattern, in addition to better management of water and soil resources, can lead to reducing production risk, increasing the ability to deal with crises, improving employment, better management of providing services to farmers, and providing the possibility of expanding agro-based industries. In many regions of the world, including in Iran, many studies have been done to improve the cropping pattern in different regions. Despite the existing problems in designing and implementing the appropriate cropping pattern in the plains, modifying the cropping pattern based on scientific principles and emphasizing the reduction of water consumption while reducing water consumption provides the possibility of sustainable agriculture and in terms of economic and social aspects. Implementing an optimized cropping pattern in the Farahan Plain is an undeniable necessity to preserve national resources. This study was conducted with the objective of optimizing the cropping pattern in the area, taking into account multiple criteria.

In this research, considering the importance of determining the cropping pattern based on the multiple objectives of the decision makers, it was tried to determine the optimal cropping pattern by using mathematical programming and fuzzy logic by establishing a compromise between the objectives of the cropping pattern. The model considered for this study was in the framework of the goal of the maximum ideal distance (Fuzzy Composite Distance). Also, in order to use water resources sustainably, scenarios of cropping patterns are presented based on different conditions of water resources uses. Based on the basin's water resource stability, an optimal cropping pattern was developed to address the conditions of normal water resource exploitation, as well as sustainable and unsustainable scenarios. Each scenario corresponds to a specific period. To achieve this, a multi-objective planning approach was utilized, integrating water, food, energy, and economic profit indicators. The resulting optimal cropping pattern considers stable water resource utilization during normal, drought, and wet periods, ensuring sustainable conditions.
 

The results showed that the amount of water consumed by the optimal cropping pattern compared to the existing cropping pattern under normal, drought and wet conditions is reduced by 23.2, 29.2 and 18.1%, respectively. On the other hand, compared to the existing cropping pattern, the amount of calories produced by the optimal cropping pattern under normal, drought and wet conditions increases by 51.7, 61.9 and 45.2%, the average energy efficiency increases by 40.9, 42.8 and 35.8% and the net profit productivity increases by 43.3, 30.9 and 44.2 %, respectively. Based on the obtained results, it can be seen that in the optimal cropping pattern in drought conditions, the cultivated area of crops such as potatoes, onions, tomatoes, grain corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa and watermelons should reach to the zero or be at the lowest possible level. In normal and drought conditions, the cultivated area of these crops should be minimal. On the other hand, the area under cultivation of crops such as fodder sorghum, fodder corn, saffron, cumin, camellia and medicinal plants should be increased and the cultivation of these crops should be promoted at the region. Also, regarding horticultural products, the cultivated area of walnut, apple, peach, apricot and almond orchards should be minimized and replaced with plants such as grapes, oleaster, jujube, barberry, rose, and figs.

Based on the obtained results, it was found that the use of the optimal cropping pattern derived from the indicators of water, food, energy and economic profit is completely superior and preferred over the existing cropping pattern and single purpose optimal cropping pattern. In order to achieve sustainable water resource management, it is recommended to modify the cropping pattern during drought, normal, and wet periods based on the suggested optimal cropping pattern. The existing cropping pattern currently falls short in terms of achieving the four objectives of water, food, energy, and economic profit. Therefore, it is crucial to develop main plans and strategies in the Farahan Plain that align with the implementation of the proposed optimal cropping pattern. By doing so, it will be possible to optimize the allocation of water resources and achieve improved outcomes in terms of water availability, food production, energy efficiency, and economic profitability.

In today's world, water supply and demand management plays a pivotal role in organizing and planning the drinking water supply of urban and rural residents as well as the water supply of farmers and industrialists, especially in the current situation which all countries are facing the consequences of climate change. Therefore, in this study, the water demand of the agricultural sector of the Caspian littoral provinces was predicted by Markov-Switching method and compared with the Artificial Neural Network model using seasonal data for the period 2001: 1 to 2018: 4. Comparing the efficiency of water demand models estimated by Markov-Switching and ANN methods using Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) Showed that Markov-Switching approach was more efficient than water ANN models for predicting water demand. In addition, the forecast of agricultural water demand for both seasonal and annual periods was made for the periods of 2019: 1 to 2023: 4 and 2019 to 2023, respectively.

The possibility of suppressing laminar vortex shedding after a rectangular cylinder with a pair of rotating controllers has been investigated for Re=150. Drag and lift coefficients of the rectangular cylinder have been measured at different positions of the controller system. Numerical results show that the controller system suppresses the vortex shedding completely when installing at some suitable positions. It was found that the controller system affects the vorticity intensity in the separation bubbles at these suitable positions. The controller system may completely eliminate the separation bubble or may make them remain in attached to the cylinder. Besides, the effectiveness sensitivity of the controller system to its rotation rate and Reynolds number was analyzed when installing at the edge of the cylinder boundary layer where its position is denoted by (r/a=2,q=40o). These analyses show that the controller system can still suppress the laminar vortex shedding completely when the rotation rate of the controller system and Reynolds number of the incoming flow change by less than 50%.

This present study aimed to create an Al6061-St52 dissimilar joint and investigate the effect of the transverse speed by the friction stir welding process. Welding aluminum to steel is rugged by fusion methods because of the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Therefore, to designate optimal parameters, acceptable IMC thickness, and mechanical properties determined. This research carried out different three transverse speeds of 16, 40 and 85 mm/min (with a constant pin offset of 0.2 mm). Geometry of toolchr('39')s pin radius and height is 4mm and 1.8mm, respectively. In the transverse speed parameter, the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 200 MPa was obtained at 85 mm/min. According to the Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy results, an IMC layer formed in the joint interface. The heat input rate was calculated to designate the optimal parameters. In tensile specimens, fracture mainly occurred in the joints and within the aluminum stir zone due to the combination of thick IMC layer and steel fragments, respectively. The micro-hardness measurement results showed that at (85 mm/min) the hardness values were HV 75 in the aluminum stir zone and HV 315 in the AS vicinity of the interface region. This hardness value is much higher than the base metals (Aluminum base metal is an average of HV 53 and an average steel base metal of HV 245).

In this research based on the petrographic analysis 12 microfacies belonging to outer ramp, middle ramp, shoal and inner ramp were introduced, which led to recognition of some paleoeological parameters. In the studied well, the Asmari Formation sediments have been deposited from normal to hypersaline, oligophotic to euphotic and oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions. Deep parts of the basin with low hydrodynamic energy, soft and stable substrate contain foraminifera with thin and elongate tests; the shallow parts of the middle ramp (proximal) and shoal with high hydrodynamic energy, hard and unstable substrate including thick-wall,  lenticular hyaline benthic foraminifera and porcelaneous forams with thick walls are distributed in the lagoon facies belt. The high abundance of the large benthic foraminifera, coralinacea red algae and coral fragments indicate warm and tropical to subtropical environments during the deposition of the Asmari Formation. High proportion of the epifaunal to infaunal benthic foraminifera in the studied well suggest an oxygenated marine environment. In adition in this research 4 carbonate associations including Nanofer, Rhodalgal, Foralgal and Foramo were recognized. Finally, 4 positive- and 5 negative- boundary surfaces (PB and NB, respectively) were introduced; some of which are well correlated with stage boundaries.

Grapes is one of the most important horticultural products in terms of cultivation area, economic and high nutritional values. Iran with an annual production of 2.8 million tons, is among the top countries in the production of grape product in the world. However, there are not accurate information on the volume of irrigation applied water and water productivity of this product in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of measurement of applied water at field scale and evaluation of water productivity of grape in vineyards farms at different hubs of this crop production in Iran.

The volume of irrigation water provided by gardeners in 164 vineyards were measured in the provinces of Qazvin, Fars, Khorasan-Razavi, Zanjan, West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Hamedan, Markazi, Northern Khorasan, and Semnan as hubs of this product. These hubs covered about 80 percent of the irrigated vineyard cultivated areas. In each hub, 1-4 cities with the highest area under vineyard cultivation were selected for evaluation. The measurements were carried out in different irrigation and planting methods, various soils, different salinity of irrigation water and soil and different grape varieties during the growing season of 2018-2019 without interfering with the farmer's irrigation program. The measured values were compared with the net irrigation water requirement estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using the last 10 years meteorological data and also with the national water document values. Crop yield was recorded at the end of the growing season and water productivity was calucated as the ratio of yield to total water (irrigation applied water and effective rainfall). Analysis of variance was used to investigate the possible difference between applied water and water efficiency among the hubs. Data adequacy was assessed by using the method prposed by Sarmad et al. (2001).

The results showed that the average of applied water and water productivity among the hubs were significant at 1% probability level. The applied irrigation water used in the vineyards and water productivity were 6669 m3/ha and 2.63 kg/m3, respectively. Drip irrigation was about 20% effective compared with surface irrigation in reducing the applied irrigation water in the studied vineyards. Water productivity in drip irrigation orchards was essentially the same as surface irrigation and was not statistically significant. The reason was the lack of proper use and utilization of modern irrigation methods.The average net irrigation water requirement in the study areas estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data for the last 10 years as well as the national water document were 6645 and 6456 m3/ha, respectively. The range of irrigation application efficiency in the studied vineyards was from 68 to 100 and its average was 89%. Comparison of applied water and net irrigation requirement indicated deficit irrigation due to water shortage in vineyards of most hubs. In total, 31% deficit irrigation occurred in the studied vineyards, which is a threat to soil salinity and destruction of soil structure in long-term. Grape planting method had a significant effect on reducing the applied water, increasing grape yield and consequently water productivity. Scaffolding method had a positive and significant effect on all studied indices in comparison with the crawling/reptile planting method. It caused a decrease of about 15% in applied water, an increase of 41% in yield and 37% in crop water productivity.

Due to the fact that vineyards are faced with deficit irrigation and water stress, training the farmers about the accurate and scientific methods of deficit irrigation in the vineyards can be effective to reduce the destructive side effects of water stress. Due to the widespread use of surface irrigation in the vineyards, training and application of methods to improve surface irrigation performance (evaporation reduction methods, using low pressure methods such as gated pipes, mulching, etc.), to increase irrigation efficiency and to reduce irrigation water applied is recommended. Changing traditional planting methods from crawling/reptile to scaffolding and surface irrigation (qana) to furrow, in addition to reducing evaporation, are the effective ways to increase the yield of vineyards and water productivity.

This study aimed at identifying and prioritizing the development strategies regarding handicrafts in the villages of Khuzestan province of Iran. It was mainly conducted with a developmental-applied approach in a combined method of Fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (FDEMATEL) and SWOT model through descriptive, analytical and survey techniques. The study results indicated the following as the most prioritized strategies in the development of handicrafts in villages of the province, respectively: conducting national and international handicraft exhibitions in the villages targeted as tourism and handicrafts; arranging complete insurance for handicrafts artists with licenses to work; establishing permanent handicrafts markets and bazaars in the ports of the province; introducing handicrafts of Khuzestan province through various educational media to government officials in charge of development expenditure; focusing on the development of e-commerce for handicrafts of the province; setting research priorities and coordination needed for timely reception of three percent of development credits; creating educational and promotional films and presentations in the markets for handicraft sales of the province; introducing active handicrafts cooperatives to government agencies of Khuzestan province for spending one percent of the construction budget of handicrafts purchase from these cooperatives; paying special attention to the educational dimension and facilities for the vulnerable economic centers of the province's handicrafts; and providing the experts with the specialist handicraft training by leading professors to prevent the obliteration of some indigenous branches of Khuzestan province.

In this report, ultraviolet (UV) detectors were fabricated based on zinc oxide thin films. The epitaxial growth of zinc oxide thin films was carried out on a bare glass substrate with a preferred orientation to (002) plane of wurtzite structure through radio frequency sputtering technique. The structural properties indicated a dominant peak at 2θ=34.28º, which was matched with JCPDS reference card No. 34-1451 and showed the wurtzite phase of deposited ZnO thin films. This peak showed the preferred orientation with the c-axis perpendicular to the surface. The crystallite size was estimated using the Scherrer equation as much as 44.5nm. The morphology of samples showed that pebble-shaped ZnO particles were covered on the entire substrate homogeneously. The results indicated the excellent optical properties in the visible-infrared region with high absorption in the UV spectrum. The extrapolated cut-off for the transmittance spectrum was at 373nm, which confirmed the calculated optical bandgap of this sample at 3.27eV. The optical properties showed that the deposited samples are suitable substrates for the fabrication of UV detectors. Two back-to-back Schottky contacts of Au were deposited on the ZnO substrate to fabricate UV detectors, and a metal-semiconductor-metal structure was designed. The optoelectrical properties of detectors were carried out using the measurement of current-voltage curves. The results indicated a high photosensitivity of 0.32 corresponding to the high performance of the fabricated device. Moreover, the device showed a short rise time of 0.40s and recovery time of 0.45s indicating the high speed of detection for fabricated UV detectors.

Nowadays, consumers are more conscious about their diets and pursuit for healthy foods. Healthful diets that are low in fat and rich in fiber may diminish the risk of some types of cancer, particularly colon cancer, a disease connected with many other complaints. Furthermore, such healthful diets are also associated with a reduced risk of type-2 diabetes, a condition that causes a person's blood sugar level to become too high. Continuing problems from high blood sugar may result in heart disease, knocks and diabetic retinopathy which may cause blindness and kidney failure. However, despite a recent trend toward healthy eating behaviors, many consumers still tend to consume unwholesome foods since they make their eating choices just based on food taste. Food texture becomes especially imperative as customers try to find food products containing reduced fat and calories but are not willing to accept inferior eating characteristics. Gums and mucilages are broadly used by food industry to improve food texture and to keep product quality throughout the storage period. Like gums, mucilages are plant hydrocolloids that are similarly formed mainly of galactose, methyl pentose, and pentose sugars linked by glycosidic connections to uronic acid residues. Besides of their gel creating and water holding ability or capacity, mucilages delay gastric emptying. In the present work, the possibility of incorporation of psyllium husk mucilage (PHM), basil seed mucilage (BSM), and cress seed mucilage (CSM) as fat-replacers in the formulation of semi-solid low-fat chocolate dairy desserts was evaluated. The experiments were designed according to a 3-level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM). In the formulation of semi-solid low-fat chocolate dairy desserts, three mucilages including PHM, BSM, and CSM (each at the levels of 0-0.2%) were used as the fat-replacers. The responses of interest were the flow behavior (apparent viscosity, consistency index and flow index), rheological properties (storage and loss modulus) and particle size distribution of low-fat chocolate dairy desserts. The results indicated that fat reduction caused significant increase in the flow index of semi-solid low-fat chocolate dairy desserts. All the samples exhibited shear-thinning flow behavior; however, fat reduction significantly (p<0.05) resulted in decreased apparent viscosity, G’, G” and consistency index. In the other word, reduction of fat increased the hardness of low-fat chocolate dairy desserts in terms of rheological parameters fracture stress and Young’s and storage moduli. The fracture stress and Young’s modulus are generally considered as indices of dairy product’s softness, i.e. the higher the uniaxial compression parameters, the firmer the dessert. Storage modulus increased with frequency for all samples reflecting the relaxation of more bonds with more structural rearrangements when the time scale of applied stress was longer. Moreover, storage modulus values were higher than loss modulus values for all the samples over the entire frequency range, indicating the dominant elastic character of the desert samples. Consistency index of all the desert samples were ranged as 3.50-21.82. As expected, as the fat content of desert samples were
reduced, the consistency index was significantly decreased. However, incorporation of mucilages in desert formulation fairly compensate this factor and increased consistency index and resembled it to its full fat dessert. The results of particle size distribution indicated that in the absence of fat (control low-fat dessert), frequency of larger particles increased considerably whereas, incorporating the optimum levels of gums into the formulation of the low-fat dessert shifted the particle size distribution curve to the smaller particle size region. Mucilages are generally normal products of plant metabolism which have several function properties such as mass reduction, nutrient confiscation, as well as a source of protection in contradiction of grazing and ingestion, and heavy metal illumination. This research was performed to investigate the effect of addition of some mucilages as fat replacers on rheological behavior and particle size distribution of low-fat chocolate dessert. Results of present study indicated that addition of tested mucilages could be an effective technique to improve textural properties of semi-solid low-fat chocolate dairy desserts. RSM result demonstrated that using optimum formulations of 0.17% PHM, 0.05% BSM and 0.05% CSM for semi-solid low-fat chocolate dairy desserts would result in reduced-fat products with acceptable rheological and organoleptic properties. Besides being used as a fat replacer and rheology modifier, mucilages could be added as a functional ingredient due to its well-established prebiotic and health promoting effects.

It is not hidden for anyone that we are faced with an attack and organized Real war in this age and sensitive condition that accomplished skillfuly by Many way and its aim is cultural change، unstability، overthrow and control And international seclusion of Islamic revolution.
World colonization by use of its soft power start a war and big truble in Different dimensions and in different، internal، local and global environment. The present investigation have done to answer to this main question » what Are the effects of soft war to Islamic society in holy Quran`s point of view And what are the strategies to compaign agains them?«
This search based on result، is application type، based on research method is Measuremental، descriptive and analytic and based on utillization type of Data is mixed method.
After studying theoretical point of view about soft war in aspect of holy Quran، its dimensions and factors are recognized and in order to determine The effect of factors، distribution of questionnaire stdtistical community Have done.

Syrian conflict that is called a regional conflict has created a playground for the competition of regional and trans-regional powers and the players involved in the conflict oscillate between cooperation and encounter. Russia is one of the parties to the conflict. Establishing a multipolar system, enhancing Russia’s international position and role similar to great powers, encountering terrorism and religious radicalism, and containing United States’ regional hegemony and unilateralism are the primary goals of Russia’s presence in the war-torn country. The present paper considering Russia’s presence goals in Syria will analyze the different dimensions of this presence and its implications for the national security of Islamic Republic of Iran. In doing so, after explaining the conceptual framework of the study, rational choice theory is used to theoretically analyze the issue. Descriptive – analytical methodology is used and required sources are gathered from library based approach. Research findings show that Syria’s geopolitical situation in the region ant its strategic significance in international politics, the current conflict in the country has implications for the national security of Iran just like any other country in the region and Russia’s intervention in the country has added international dimensions to it more than its already regional and local outreach. This will in turn will benefit IR Iran, because Iran has always played a major role combating terrorism in the region and will directly affect its National interest

In this paper, a revised measure-theoretical approach is applied for solving some classical optimal control problems. Indeed, the problem is converted into an optimization problem in measure space and then it is transformed into a finite dimensional nonlinear programming problem by using approximation scheme. At last, the nearly optimal control and trajectory functions are determined from the solution of the nonlinear optimization problem. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the efficiency of this method.

This article aims to study the thermal performances of four different natural draft coolingtowers under crosswind condition. The windbreakers and the oblique exit plane have been simultaneouslyincluded in the structure of the new cooling tower. A finite volume method using SIMPLE algorithm wasused to simulate the flow field around each cooling tower. The thermal performance of the new geometryhas been compared with those of others for the generally investigated wind velocity profile for 10 m/s,and also two uniform wind velocities for 3 and 7 m/s. The cooling capacity of the cooling tower utilizingwindbreakers and the oblique exit plane was predicted as 98.3% of the design value in the presence ofgenerally studied wind velocity profile of 10 m/s, while that of the cooling tower utilizing windbreakerswas predicted as 93.5%. Of course, the percentage of the thermal improvements of the different restoringstrategies are sensitive to the profile of an approaching wind. The uniform wind velocity decreases thethermal efficiency of the cooling tower more than the distributed one, while the restoring strategies usingwindbreakers provide a higher percentage of thermal improvements in the presence of uniform windvelocity.

In this investigation different series of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys with the constant ratio of were fabricated by GTAW on AISI 00 mild steel substrates. OES method was used for determining chemical composition of surface layers while OM, SEM, XRD were used for studying the microstructure and phases characteristics, hardness test (Vickers macro hardness method) was also used to determine hardness of surface layers. The metallographic examination and XRD results indicated that all specimens microstructure consisted of austenite and chromium-iron carbides, (Cr,Fe)7C, moreover by increasing of carbon and chromium content in hardface layers, the volume fraction of (Cr,Fe)7C increased while it caused to decreasing the austenite volume fraction and increasing hardness of the top surface layers. In addition wear Test result Shows that with increasing the chromium and carbon content in hypoeutectic alloys, the wear resistance increase, study of SEM of worn surface determined that wear mechanism of hypo eutectic alloys was micro ploughing, and in eutectic and hyper eutectic were microcutting and micro cracking.