mohammad ali ranjbar

The present study aims to examine the role of Imam Khomeini’s book Vilāyat-i Faqīh (Guardianship of the Jurist) in the realization of the Islamic Revolution according to James Paul Gee’s discourse analysis theory. The research method employed is discourse analysis, utilizing Gee’s theory. The findings indicate that, in light of the seven components of Gee’s theory, Imam Khomeini highlights elements in his book such as misunderstandings about Islam, the regime’s lack of Islamic character, the clergy’s dependence on the regime, non-Islamic laws, superfluous and non-Islamic institutions, the establishment of an Islamic government, the existence and necessity of a valī faqīh (jurist guardian) as the leader of society, the need for the rule of law and divine Sharia, the requirement for Islamic social and political institutions, the current undesirable political situation, and the emphasis on desirable governance. In other words, he first criticizes the current political condition and then introduces the people to an ideal political model and an alternative political system. The discourse analysis of Vilāyat-i Faqīh reveals that the author’s strategy and tools to escape the Pahlavi regime and establish the desired Islamic government involved the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution. Furthermore, the victory of the Islamic Revolution opened a new horizon and path toward the realization of Islamic civilization. Considering the guidance of Ayatollah Khamenei and Imam Khomeini’s strategy, it can be argued that Vilāyat-i Faqīh had a significant impact on the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution. Additionally, in light of the above discussions, Vilāyat-i Faqīh, as a proposal for an alternative political system by Imam Khomeini, contained all the necessary components for the formation of a political government, and it put to rest the hypothesis of the absence of political thought in Khomeini’s discourse.

The concepts of ghazâ and jihad, from the perspective of Muslims, originally referred to warfare in the desert and on land, in the path of God. However, as Islamic conquests expanded, naval jihad and ghazâ emerged, which were considered even more challenging than land-based warfare. In order to encourage naval jihad, rulers relied on hadiths and religious narratives that could raise the threshold of endurance and courage among Muslims, preparing them to confront the dangers and hardships of the sea. Alongside this, in order to expand naval conquests, shipbuilding workshops were established, either immediately after the conquest of ports or as part of the conquest process, and administrative offices (diwâns) were created to oversee naval battles and manage the activities of naval warriors in the Islamic states. This research examined the concept of ghazâ and jihad in the Mediterranean Sea, attempting to clarify the significance of ghaziness and naval warfare, and the role of Muslim states along the eastern and southern coasts of the Mediterranean in promoting and organizing naval ghazâ. The findings of this research suggest that the harshness of naval combat, the need for more advanced naval weaponry, the encouragement of martyrdom at sea, and the emphasis of Islamic texts and narrations on this matter were key factors highlighted by Muslim states neighboring the Mediterranean in their efforts to encourage naval ghazâ.

In this paper, we consider the L_p(G) spaces with pointwise ordering as Riesz spaces and investigate some lattice group topologies on them. In many cases, these topologies which are called link topologies or positive filter topologies are not vector topologies in the sense that the scalar multiplication is not continuous with respect to them, but they have many useful properties.

Aerodynamic interference is one of the phenomena that occurs when two flying objects pass near each other. In this case, the change in the pressure distribution on objects passing near each other causes a change in the aerodynamic forces. In this research, the numerical investigation of the flow field between two narrow bodies at a close distance and the pressure changes along them at supersonic speeds is done. The simulation was done in two-dimensional and three-dimensional form, and the k-omega sst was used to model the flow turbulence. The two slender bodies were placed next to each other at speeds of Mach 1.5, 3, and 4.5 and at intervals of 2, 3, and 4 times the diameter of the body. they were examined in two modes with relative motion and without relative motion. The results show that as the free flow velocity increases, the shock wave deforms from bow to oblique and is reflected between the two bodies.  Also, as the flow Mach number decreases and the distance between two slender bodies increases, the reflected shock wave becomes weaker. At Mach 1.5 the shock wave reflection between two bodies is not very noticeable, while at Mach 4.5 the shock wave is well reflected between two bodies. In the state of relative motion of two slender bodies, separation occurs at the shock wave reflection points and the number of shock wave reflections decreases compared to the state without relative movement.

The establishment of commercial companies in the Qajar period (1344-1210 A. H), from the perspective of their owners, was not only considered an economic measure; Rather, in the conditions of the 19th century when Iranian businessmen were facing the commercial monopoly of European companies, it pursued broad political, social and even cultural goals. The most important of these companies was Jamshidian trading center, which had branches in Bushehr and Shiraz in the field of exchange. In addition to Jamshidian trading center, there were other trading places in Fars province active in buying and selling currency. Iran's trading company, the merchants of Bushehr's company and Mohammad Reza Kazerooni and Sons' company were among the companies active in Fars. Fars Trading Company was also established in Shiraz under the management of Abdol Rahim Shirazi. The introduction of these companies and the explanation of their internal and external challenges during their establishment and activity is a problem that this article seeks to explain relying on the descriptive-analytical approach as well as the primary sources. The findings of the research show that the failures of the colonialist banks, the opposition of the rulers, and the lack of support of the central governments from the Iranian commercial companies in Fars, caused some problems for them, and finally, it led to their bankruptcy.

The main design goal of thermal control subsystem is to keep the temperature of the satellite equipment within specified margins. Satellite experienced extreme hot and cold conditions during the mission, so it is difficult to choose the materials and surface coatings for these conditions. If design is done to deal with hot conditions, satellite power for keeping warm in cold conditions is increased and this is while supply of required power for heating the satellite in cold conditions is one of the important design concerns. Due to restrictions in space systems for power supply, the value of power for thermal control subsystem should be optimal. This paper describes the process of designing a thermal control subsystem of small satellites using a simple model. In the present study, the thermal design is done by using the optimal choice for the radiator cover. This design has been done in a way that the least amount of heater power is required. For this purpose, optimization and linear programming have been used. Simulation results show that satellite temperature in warm and cold conditions is in the range and this method significantly reduces the amount of required power heater.

With the constitutional decree in 1906 until the end of the Qajar period, which we refer to as the constitutional era, five parliaments of the National Assembly were formed in Iran and the minutes of the parliaments of this era reflected some of the conditions of Iran at that time. This research, which has been written by descriptive and analytical methods, shows that the negotiations of the first and second parliaments of the National Assembly have been influenced by the events of the constitution and the constitutional movement, and this can be seen in the details of these negotiations regarding music. The diversity of music discussions in the first and second parliaments of the National Assembly was greater than in the other five parliaments of the constitutional era; in a ranking, the number of music-related political issues is in the first place and the number of economic ones is in the second place. Many of the negotiations were not about music, but it has been used as an example and for persuading other members of the parliament in their speeches. The proposal to ban the phonograph and the issue of the phonograph and instrument in the privacy of houses was raised in the second and fourth parliaments, which represented the conflict of opinions and the Assembly's capacity for a dialogue on this subject.

In this study, an anlytical exact solution for tow-dimensional steady-state heat transfer in cylindrical sandwich panel made of graphite-epoxy and poly urethane foam is presented. these sandwich panel is cylindrical shape and simulated a ground to air rocket. the symmetry heat transfer in the longitudinal and radial directions is presented. Finding the most possible solution based on complex boundary conditions and parametric studies is one of the innovative aspects of the present study. To find the most complete solution, Matlab and Abaqus software were used. For this purpose, first the cylinder was reliably analyzed in Abaqus software and then using the formulas of Strom-Liouville theory and Fourier transform heat transfer in Matlab software and the results were compared. Finally, the temperature distribution for each composite layer with the desired fiber angle between the temperature distribution for the zero and 90 angles is presented.

Odontogenic carcinosarcoma is an extremely rare malignant mixed odontogenic tumor, in which both epithelial and mesenchymal component showing malignant cytology features. Due to paucity of reported cases, clinical appearance is unclear. Present study reports a mandibular odontogenic carcinosarcoma in a 33 years-old male with a history of painless mass in the anterior of mandible. The histopathological examination demonstrated a biphasic malignant neoplasm with both epithelial and mesenchymal component malignant features. There were follicles and strands of odontogenic epithelium, which were lined peripherally by ameloblast-like cells. Mesenchyme of tumor was highly cellular resembling dental papilla. Partial mandibular resection, consisting wide surgical excision with immediate reconstruction was accomplished.

Developments in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries led to the development of world trade and the competition of powerful countries for new markets and an increased supply of raw materials; Under these conditions, Iran was assessed by Britain and Russia in terms of its geographical and political position, and Iran's relations with these two countries increased. due to the special location of the province of Fars, which covers most of the coast of the Persian Gulf and has back trade routes, representatives of foreign companies and government consulates, including Britain and Russia, were present in this province. this article discusses the activities of British and Russian trading companies and their influence in the Persian province. Companies such as Ziegler, Gary Paul, David Sassoon, the Russian Merchant Shipping Company, the Iran-Russia Commercial Complex and the Nikola Avaginians Trading House are included in this reseach study.The findings show that, the variety of business activities of foreign companies serves the export of products such as sheep, animal oil, sheepskin and lamb, in addition to the needs of the two powers in new markets and raw materials in the England and Russia. negative effects on society, among which are the high price of meat and popular protests against it. Iranian merchants set up local companies and firms to deal with foreign companies. however, in the end, the provocations of the Imperial Bank and foreign interference did not allow Iran to enter foreign markets and develop local trading companies.

An existing solution for using tactical solid fuel rockets for space purposes is to add a blast tube to the nozzle. Equipping the nozzle with a blast tube, in addition to creating space to add the required subsystems, also makes it easier to stabilize and control the system. To get the best performance from a nozzle, various changes must be made to the nozzle structure.In the present study, the existing nozzle is first analyzed from a geometric and aerodynamic point of view using numerical solution in order to achieve performance and efficiency. Then in order to add the blast tube, two new geometries of the mentioned nozzle are designed and according to the prevailing conditions, the changes in velocity, pressure and temperature of the flow through the nozzle have been studied. The results show that the addition of blast tube causes a decrease in total pressure of less than 2%, which is acceptable considering the benefits obtained.

The Inallus are among the Turk tribes that played a special role in the government of the Mamalik of Syria and after joining the Safavi, as Shamloo Ghezelbashs, one of them became the governor of the Chadegan region and then his descendants until the Pahlavi period as the governor and the political elite, the local military had many economic and cultural activities such as the creation of mourning ceremonies in the first decade of Muharram. In this regard, the important issue that the present article addresses is "What role did the Inallus play in launching and continuing the Ghameh zani ceremony in the Chadegan?" which in this article are studied in the current and the period of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, that is compared and analyzed with the information presented in the travelogues of Safavi period tourists to investigate the history of the Ghameh zani. The findings of the research indicate that the Ghameh zani of the Chadegan in the contemporary period is very similar to the Safavi period, and the more we go back to the previous periods, the more prominent the role of the Inallus in holding the ceremony. Therefore, the continuation of the four hundred year rule of the Inallus in the Chadegan, caused the continuation of the Ghameh zani in the Chadegan and the centrality of the Inallus in holding ceremonies from the Safavi period, opening a hole to the dark background of the Ghameh zani, in the records and origins of the Ghezelbashs, before entering Iran.

At the beginning of the implementation of compulsory military service, Fars state faced some drawbacks and a lack of coordination among civil and martial units. Such as the lack of details of the participants and the lack of unity of procedure between executive organs. On the other hand,in order to centralize and perform the modern army, Reza Shah emphasized the implementation of this law. Therefore, compulsory military service faced some conflicts. This study is compiled based on a descriptive-analytic model and documentary- library resources. The main question of this article is about the challenges that Reza shah government had to encounter in order to execute a mandatory system ،and also about the solution to solve them, and finally the result of those approaches. The results show that despite the lack of coordination among the different parts of the state and formational drawbacks in performing compulsive military service, no relinquishment or disappointment was seen in governmental sectors. To stop this profligacy and prevent pluralism, and confront the center of influence of the influential, dealing with evil and insecurity. Reza Shah used all martial and administrative capacities. Compulsive military service was one of those capacities. The pertinacity of the authorities resulted in a gradual decrease in flaws and obstacles in Fars. As well as this, organizations such as state birth certificates also came into existence. Only socially speaking, some people created a challenge for the government offices as they did not accept the compulsive military service.

The overexpression of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) has been demonstrated in different types of cancers, such as ovarian carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, breast cancer, and colorectal carcinoma. Nonetheless, the expression of LAMP1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been investigated yet. 

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 65 patients with OSCC selected from the Department of Pathology of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The control group comprised 55 tissues of normal oral epithelium. The expression of LAMP1 in OSCC tissue samples was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. The association between LAMP1 and clinicopathological features of patients with OSCC was also evaluated. 

The expression of LAMP1 was significantly higher in OSCC tissues, as compared to that in normal tissues (P<0.001). The chi-square analysis indicated that the high LAMP1 expression was correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation and metastasis (P=0.014).

The obtained results pointed to the overexpression of LAMP1 in OSCC, as well as its correlation with tumor grade and metastasis; therefore, LAMP1 might have a role to play in OSCC pathogenesis and could be regarded as an independent prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The use of new materials with suitable mechanical and physical properties in aerial structures can be a good alternative to materials that are commonly used (aluminum alloys, composites, etc). The use of magnesium alloys for various applications and predicting their behavior in simulation software requires complete and accurate identification of the properties and mechanical parameters of the material. One of these identification procedures is digital image correlation method. In this research, the first magnesium plate is prepared in different directions of rolling and then using two-dimensional digital image correlation method, the complete distribution of strain field during uniaxial tensile test in different directions of rolling is extracted and finally strain in three directions of length, width, thickness and anisotropy coefficient in terms of effective strain were calculated. Furthermore, for the first time using the virtual field method, elastic and plastic constants such as modulus of elasticity, Poisson ratio, strength coefficient, strain hardening exponent and yield stress for magnesium sheet in different directions of rolling were calculated.

The role of the nozzle in stability and guidance is very basic and the type of nozzle design has a great impact on the performance of the missile. In the present study, in order to create stability and easier control of the missile and to use the space created to add subsystems, it is intended to add blast tube and thermal insulation and calculate its thickness. For this purpose, a sample nozzle of the existing solid fuel rocket has been considered to add a blast tube and has been numerically analyzed. Then, two new designs of nozzles with and without using blast tube are presented and Using the existing relations analytically, the thickness of the insulators in each case is calculated and The simulation is based on it. Finally, a transient two-dimensional heat transfer analysis was performed in cylindrical coordinates for points inside the nozzle shell (behind the liner and insulation). The results show that increasing the thickness of insulation to a certain extent reduces the temperature of the nozzle shell. In the convergent-divergent nozzle designed with blast tube, this value is 0.11 in the convergent part, 0.07 in the blast tube, 0.068 in the throat and 0.11 in the divergent part. The results also show that unlike the convergent part of the nozzle, in the throat, blast and divergent parts, after passing the effective insulation thickness, the passage of time no longer has a significant effect on the nozzle shell temperature.

In the present study, optimum design of a semi-active oleopneumatic shock absorber equipped with MR valve in order to use in the airplane main landing gear will be discussed. In the first phase of design, based on the force-displacement diagram design criterion and considering a maximum value of gas pressure, dimensions of the main cylinder, piston cylinder, orifice width, valve radius, and length are determined in the passive state of shock absorber. In the following and in the second phase of design, by the use of obtained information from the first phase, and according to performance criteria of MR valve and the principle of using the maximum working capacity of MR fluid without magnetic saturation of MR valve, the optimum design of MR valve in the constant volume and the active state of shock absorber will be done. In the design procedure, the effect of geometric parameters on shock absorber force is also examined and will be shown that orifice width is the most effective and sensitive geometric parameter in this regard. Optimum design of airplane main landing gear MR shock absorber based on performance criteria of MR valve and investigating the effect of MR valve parameters on shock absorber forces and magnetic properties of valve are the novelties of this research. Due to the importance and the application of MR shock absorber, the results and the achievements of the present study can be used in other industries, in addition to the airplane landing gear as a specific case study.

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are a group of intelligent materials which have distinct and superior properties compared to other alloys. The stress-strain behavior of these materials involves two specific nonlinear phenomena, namely the Shape Memory effect and the quasi-elastic effect. The behavior of the alloy whilst subject to these two phenomena is such that after it enters the plastic state, the material will regain its original form. The research is based on the modeling of these two behaviors of memory alloys in the ABAQUS software using UMAT code. In this study, the simulation of buckling and post-buckling of sandwich panels have been investigated. Preparing a UMAT memory alloy properties code, enables the designer to use any ABAQUS features to analyze the behavior of smart structures made with the shape memory alloy. Also, in this research, the first buckling critical force of the first five modes for different percentages of the alloy in the shell and core have been studied, and then the effects of volumetric percentage change of alloys, distance from neutral axis, fiber angle variations, and finally stability and post-buckling behavior of the memory alloy as the result of initial strain have been investigated. The investigations have shown large changes in the shape memory alloy due to the great recovery stress during the phase shift.

The problem of categorization in the study of the social history of daily life Traditional historiography studies on great men's lives and the relations between power and politics, categorization has not been directly approached methodologically with social- demographic criteria. However, the emergence of contemporary social-history and especially the prevalence of daily-life studies in this area, has shed new lights on Categorization. The mentioned subject gained a high level of importance in both demographic issues and the relation between demography and social-history subjects. The aim of this study, is to explain the methodological importance of categorization in social-history, by comparing selected categorizations in several daily-life of research The main question is how daily-life researchers have selected and organized the categories of their work, according to or under the influence of what factors; Also, is it possible to provide a single categorization method for all historical periods with different geographical and cultural coordinates? historians, relying on hermeneutic methods and also taking into account the political, social, cultural and historical conditions of each period and the variables under study, have made a proportional categorization. In this study, by comparing selected categorizations in some researches on daily life's history in the West and Iran, we have documented the method of categorization while finding out the logic and criterion behind them to make sense of these categorizations. What we have found in this study, is that the author’s research status, intention, requirements, and priorities of a category in each historical determine their approach to categorization.

In this research, the combustion chamber of the liquid propellant engine has been simulated numerically by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. After the simulation, several methods have been proposed to improve the combustion. These include using baffle inside the combustion chamber, increasing the equilibrium ratio and the nano catalyst. In each of these methods, the combustion temperature, mass fraction of fuel and oxidizer, mass fraction of combustion products and mass fraction of pollutants were calculated and compared with a simple chamber. The results showed that using these methods increases the combustion heat by 28.36%, reduces fuel mass fraction by 27.91%, increases mass fraction of complete combustion products including water and nitrogen, and reduces NOx pollutant mass fraction by 26.85 as it is known that NOx pollutant is a product of incomplete combustion and generally reducing it results in better combustion.

When the wing of the plane is placed in the air flow direction, due to surface effects, a boundary layer is created near its surfaces.  The boundary layer phenomenon affects Airfoil’s performance and has significant effects on the lift and drag coefficients, this phenomenon leads to restrictions that prevent the increase in wing performance. Therefore, in order to achieve optimal conditions, it is necessary to control the formed boundary layer by several techniques. In this paper, by the creation a groove perpendicular to the outstanding edge of the airfoil’s NACA0012, suction flow controlled and the airplane wing performance is investigated in two-dimensional and three-dimensional models and under attack angles and different flow rates. For this purpose, the necessary simulation was carried out using the fluent software, using the K-Kl-ω three-equation turbulence model. The width of the jet (created groove) is %2.5 of the length of the airfoil chord (%2.5C), the location of the groove is %10 of the length of the chord (from the leading edge of the airfoil) and the speed of suction is considered to be half the free speed. The results show that increasing the coefficient of lift can be achieved by creating the suction flow at the wing level and reduced the drag coefficient, which causes a delay the separation of the flow Subsequently, the angles of attack and the appropriate free flow speed rate can be selected to improve the flight of the Unmanned plan.

The establishment of the Safavid dynasty with its Shia religion in 906 A.H brought about excitation and anger in its powerful and Sunnite Ottoman Empire. This Ottoman Turks were eager to conquer Muslim world, so they considered this new Safavid dynasty as an impediment in realization of their favorable purpose. In addition to religious differences which existed between these two dynasties, territorial expansion policies which were adopted by those Turks caused sanguineous confrontations between these two countries. These confrontations were continued until overthrow of Safavid dynasty. These political and ideological differences wasted military and economic resources of these two countries and gave direction to their internal and external policy, as well.

This study has been done by historical method, by which historical texts and new relevant studies are investigated by reference to libraries and database necessary evidence are gathered for conducting this study. The next step is allocated to critical analysis of those documents which are organized with descriptive-analytic and used for the final version of the research.

The Turks conquered the religious centers of Iraq; so, they benefit it for resisting against their rival. These Turks abused hearty devotion of Persian pilgrims for making the pilgrimages in these religious centers of the Mesopotamia region by taking considerable amount of money from those pilgrims with different pretexts .They also treated them with a manner that hurt the dignity of Shiites and Iranians. Since Persian pilgrims must pay the expenses and the shares of Ottoman officers with golden coins, which were scarce in the territories of the Safavid dynasty; so, this event would greatly affect the local market and foreign trade and the harmful economic outcomes which were caused by these pilgrimages became more severe afterwards. On the other hand, these financial resources which were achieved by those Turks reinforced economic and military potency of the Turks and it was not a pleasant matter for the Safavid dynasty, as well. Actually they witnessed the transition of the large amount of gold from the Safavid territory to the Ottoman Empire that weakened economical potency of the Safavids, and these resources were achieved by their competitor and used for the improvement and development of their economic and military potency. However, there was not any practical measure for confronting these proceedings until the coronation of Shāh Abbās the Great, who changed these conditions. Shāh Abbās was a great and mighty king of the Safavid dynasty with a religious characteristic, though this king took different measures regarding religion and the religious policy. Shāh Abbās considered political and economic interests of the Safavids in his relations with religious minorities. Thus, because of this characteristic and despite of his great respect to the twelve imams, this great king took an appropriate measure to resolve the transitional issues of Persian pilgrimages, as well as  its economic outcomes in the religious cities of the Mesopotamia region.  This mighty king considered restrictive regulations for the Persian pilgrims in their visit to those shrines in Mesopotamia region. According to these rules, the pilgrimages that were eager to go to this region must have payed an amount to the Safavid court for issuing a permission, in addition to the expenses and prices which were received by the Ottoman Turks. As the majorities of pilgrims had financial problems and were not able to pay the court’s expense, which was an additional payment besides the huge expense and price of the pilgrimage itself, there was a considerable reduction in this kind of pilgrimage. However, this circumstance brought about dissatisfaction in the pilgrims who considered the cruel politics of the kings as the barriers of their desire and wish. On the other hand, there was no reaction from the clergies against these acts of the kings, since there was a settlement between them and government. Furthermore, Shāh Abbās motivated the peasantries to visit Imam Reza's shrine in Mashhad with his publicities and construction affairs. So, this mighty king made two essential proceedings in order to realize this purpose. The first was the construction of Imam Reza's shrine as well as the centers for the welfares and the services in a route that lead to Mashhad. On the other hand, this mighty king made some publicity affairs such as his several visits to Mashhad and consecrated an amount from his own properties to the development, improvement and rebuilding of this shrine and livelihood of its servants, as well. So, these proceedings developed the infrastructures both for the shrine and the city of Mashhad that were advantageous for reception of those Shia pilgrims and the importance of the pilgrimage visits to Mashhad were understood by the peasants with those publicities in turn. This mighty king has done several proceedings in constructions and development of this shrine and its infrastructure as well as the centers for the welfares and the services. In his several pilgrimages to Mashhad, he made the attempts to improve this shrine from its unorganized situation which was caused by Uzbek’s invasion so it was prepared for the visits of those pilgrims. According to this context, his proceedings can be studied in four different levels.  The first was the organization of the staff and servants of the shrine, the second was providing the required tools and instruments for this sacred place such as utensils and carpet, the third was providing water for the residents and the pilgrims as well as the improvement and expansion of the green spaces on the shrine’s site, and the forth was the extension and development of the inner space which was accomplished with the changes as well as the new aprons and porches. In addition to these improvements and development, he made some other developments in the infrstructure of Mashhad in order to facilitate the travel of the pilgrims in different regions and areas. One of these changes was the construction of a street that guided the pilgrims to shrine. This mighty and powerful king gave a considerable attention to the construction of the caravanserais in the route of the pilgrims to Mashhad as well as security and the centers for the services and the welfares such as the mosques, so there were more facilities for the travel of those pilgrims in Mashhad afterwards. In addition to those constructions, the publicities had a considerable role in the development of those aforementioned policies by this mighty king. This mighty king made several visits to Khorasan both in time of the wars or in his pilgrimage visits while he had done the affairs such as a long trek as well as the services in the shrine. These matters showed his sincerity to the Twelve Imams and inspired his own peasants, as well. In addition to consecration of property to this shrine that secured the expenses of the servants in this shrine, the importance for pilgrimage of this shrine increased among his peasants afterwards.   

These proceedings which were realized by this mighty king were accompanied with some favorable results afterward and he fulfilled his purposes partially in this context. In other words, these two essential proceedings made by this king for the reduction of economic loss accrued to the pilgrims in their visits  to the Atabat Al-Aliya,t such as the restrictive laws, the constructions and publicities caused a reduction in the visits of the pilgrims to the religious cities which were located in Mesopotamia before conquering Baghdad by the Safavids in 1032 A.H. Afterwards, those proceedings which were legislated by this king could not be performed anymore since Baghdad became a part of Safavid dynasty as a center of Shia

From the earliest days of the formation of human civilization, human beings have tried to keep things secret from others in various ways. Among these, riddles and conundrums are among the oldest, which include some traditions, customs and history of a society. In this article, it has been tried to explain briefly the position of this art or science in the Safavid period. In other words, it is going to answer this question: "What was the position of the science of riddle and conundrum in the Safavid era?" It seems that what continued as a riddle from the beginning to the end of the Safavid period (907-1148 AH) was an old tradition that became popular by writing of remained works of the past and was retained and accepted as a science, art and technology among the teachings and texts.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignant neoplasm that affect the structures or tissues of the mouth. Early diagnosis of these tumors is important to improve the outcome of treatment. Therefore, using pathological techniques based on molecular markers may be useful for optimal diagnosis and treatment. Glypican-3(GPC3) is involved in regulation of cell proliferation and morphogenesis and is abundant during embryogenesis and organogenesis but is limited in most of adult tissues. GPC3 overexpression has a role in carcinogenesis.

The aim of the present study was to investigate GPC3 expression in the non-neoplastic oral epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

In this cross-sectional study, 45 patients with OSCC (30 males and 15 females) with a mean age 52.3 of selected from Oral Pathology Department of Shiraz Dental School were enrolled. The control group was consisted of 15 cases of normal oral epithelium. Glypican-3 expression was assessed by using immunohistochemical methods.

Non neoplastic tissues were GPC3 negative. Frequency of GPC3 positivity in tumoral tissues was recorded as 73.3% (33 cases) which was significantly higher than non-neoplastic tissues (p< 0.001). The clinicopathologic features of GPC3 expression demonstrated no association with clinicopathologic parameters except tumor size.

GPC3 was over expressed at protein level in oral squamous cell carcinoma, but its potential use for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes required further investigation.