mohammad darvish

One of the most important reasons for the raising of flood damage in recent years has been ‎inefficient urban development, which unfortunately has sometimes been done with the advice of ‎professional consultants and in the form of urban planning system. The present study analyzes a ‎large amount of information in the fields of geotechnics, environmental management and ‎environmental geotechnics and with the aim of reducing flood damage in the form of landslides, ‎subsidence, pollution and soil degradation in the field. The country's natural resources appear to ‎have attempted to formulate arguments, draw conclusions, and provide solutions from an ‎environmental geotechnical perspective. Studies have shown that, from an environmental ‎geotechnical point of view, the neglected position of studying the geotechnical properties of soils ‎in site selection and EIA of urban development has led to an intensification of flood damage. ‎Accordingly, carrying out any development within the framework of standard environmental and ‎military laws in accordance with the conditions of the region and climate will be the main ‎solution in flood control and management by observing the norms related to environmental ‎geotechnics. Few studies show that EIA can be an effective step in reducing environmental ‎degradation by investigating the interaction effects of soil mechanical properties and ‎development activities. Consequently, the entry of experts in the field of environmental ‎geotechnics; by a view to environmental protection and management, is recommended to review ‎or define new criteria and indicators in the regulations of the Environmental Protection ‎Organization.‎

Social sustainability and social capital are phenomena that arise in the relationships between human beings. The basis of these social relationships is the physical environment. The presence of a person in a place and meanings that is a place especially in the mind gives rise to place attachment. The present research seeks to answer the question of how the openness of college community can be and how it will affect the degree of social capital formation among users of these spaces. In this regard, the role of the attachment variable to the place as a side variable (mediator) that affects the relation of social and social capital and is influenced by the amount of sociality of the space has been studied. The method of doing this quantitative research and information-gathering tool is questionnaire. In addition, students at Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamedan were selected as the statistical population. For analyzing the collected data, a Structural Equation Modeling Model (SEM) questionnaire was used. The results of the analyzes indicate a direct and powerful direct effect of the societal variable on social capital that acts as a factor in social sustainability. It has also been proven that socialization has a direct and strong impact on place attachment. Finally, the results of the last survey showed that place attachment directly and strongly affects social capital.

BTEX refers to a volatile compound with single aromatic ring in petroleum including benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes. Due to its flammability, toxicity and carcinogenicity properties, BTEX has many adverse effects on human health. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified with an ultrasonic homogenizer (UH) to remove BTEX from aqueous solutions.

MWCNT was modified in different concentrations, times and intensities. Then, the best condition was selected. After modification based on the design of experiments (DOE), 16 experiments were arranged at 4 levels with 4 factors. Samples required for simulation were built according to the standard methods and then analyzed by gas chromatography mass.

The results revealed that the optimum conditions for modified carbon nanotubes were obtained at concentration of 30% sodium hypochlorite, time of 5 seconds, and intensity of 50 dB. The optimum conditions for initial BTEX concentration, MWCNT dose, contact time, and pH were 100 mg/L, 2000 mg/L, 20 min and 7 respectively.

The results indicated that carbon nanotubes modified with homogenizer are a simple and effective technique to remove BTEX from the environment.

Fao-Unep for control of desertification in world, suggested Provisional methodology for assessment and mapping of desertification and recommended to countries with this problem for edit and investigation. Thus, this method studied in Kashan basin that located North West of central Iran basin. In this research, five desertification processes studied: Degradation of plant cover, water erosion, wind erosion, soil salinity creation and reduce of sub ground water level. This processes investigated in two aspects: Status and inherent risk desertification. In status aspect of plant cover calculated plant cover, range quality and quantity. In inherent risk aspect calculated temperature and moisture regime and lands capacity. Maps of aspects divided four degrees: slight, medium, sever and very sever. The result show that the most area of basin is belongs to very sever class of desertification.

Abstract Fao-Unep for control of desertification in world, suggested Provisional methodology for assessment and mapping of desertification and recommended to countries with this problem for edit and investigation. Thus, this method studied in Kashan basin that located North West of central Iran basin. In this research, five desertification processes studied: Degradation of plant cover, water erosion, wind erosion, soil salinity creation and reduce of sub ground water level. This processes investigated in two aspects: Status and inherent risk desertification. In status aspect of plant cover calculated plant cover, range quality and quantity. In inherent risk aspect calculated temperature and moisture regime and lands capacity. Maps of aspects divided four degrees: slight, medium, sever and very sever. The result show that the most area of basin is belongs to very sever class of desertification.

Aim and Due to the high incidence of breast cancer and the importance of spiritual wellbeing (SWB) of patients with this type of cancer, this study was performed to predict the role of psychological, medical and demographic factors, on SWB in patients with breast cancer Methods and Materials: This Cross sectional study was a descriptive-analytic one conducted in 341 breast cancer patients with simple sampling methodology. Data collection instrument included a questionnaire contains 3 parts (demographic and medical information, SWB questionnaire and DASS-42 questionnaire). The data was analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics (One way Analysis of Variance, Student t-Test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and Multiple linear regressions), with applying SPSSv20 software. Based on study findings, there was a statistically significant relationship between SWB and stress, anxiety and depression among breast cancer patients. The results of regression analysis indicated that the stress, anxiety and depression explained totally 39.5% of the variance of patient's SWB (R2= 39.5). Depression in the first was the best predictions of the breast cancer patient's SWB with R2= 26.2. According to the results obtained, SWB of patients with breast cancer is predicable according to the stress, anxiety and depression. Breast cancer patients with higher grades of SWB, had lower stress, anxiety and depression so SWB is a protective factor against stress, anxiety and depression

In recent years, the depletion of groundwater resources has been increased by the population explosionand the development of agriculture and industry. In this study, the geo-statistical methods were used to study the spatial and temporal variations in groundwater level in Kaboudrahang-Famenin plain. For this purpose, available data of region including information about piezometers and monitoring wells were collected and then, database was composed. Next, the control of data accuracy was carried out. For comparison of geo-statistical methods, the variograms were plotted respectively and the different interpolation methods such as kriging (simple model), cokriging and Inverse Distance Weight with powers 1 to 5 (IDW) and radial basis functions (Thin Plate Radial Function, Inverse Multi Quadratic and Multi Quadratic) for groundwater zoning were used. The best interpolation method was selected by using two criteria, Root Mean Square (RMSE) and General Standard Deviation (GSD), and finally the zoning map of groundwater level was drawn in Arc-GIS software. The results of spatial statistical analysis indicated that the best variogram models for groundwater level data in the first period (1989), in the middle period (1993&1999) and the last period (2006) were spherical, circular and pentaspherical models, respectively.Evaluation of various interpolation methods with using "cross validation criteria" showed that in the investigation period, cokriging had the lowest estimation error compared with other interpolation methods. Thus, Cokriging was the most suitable interpolation method. The results of interpolated digital maps during the study period showed that the maximum fall of water table in 17 years was recorded to be 55 meters for central east region of plain. This shows the dramatic reduction in groundwater reserves of the region, which would not lead to industrial and agricultural sustainable development.

A temporary model to assess desertification and providing the map of land susceptibility to the reducing processes of land efficiency was proffered by FAO and UNEP. The results of regional implementation of the FAO and UNEP method in Gharachay watershed are presented in this article. In this method, five major processes of land degradation were evaluated with two aspects including "current status" and "inherent risk". For any of these aspects, the maps of low, moderate, severe, and very severe desertification were separated and the area of each class was calculated. Then, the maps of main processes affecting desertification were integrated together and two maps including "current status and inherent risk" were provided. Afterward, the maps of livestock pressure and human population were prepared. In order to obtain the total risk of desertification, the four mentioned maps were integrated and finally the risk of desertification classes were calculated. In view of the current desertification status in the studied region, the following results were obtained: The highest vegetation decline (76%) was observed in the east, south, and center of the region. The highest percentage of water and wind erosion (45.2%, 57.9%) was obtained in the south and east respectively; the highest soil salinization (34.7%) was observed in the east. In addition, the highest loss of groundwater resources was observed in the center and east of the region. The highest livestock pressure (58.3%) was recorded in the center of region; however, population pressure had little impact on environmental degradation. The area of each category, including low, moderate, severe, and very severe, was calculated to be 39.4, 27.9, 25.1, and 7.3 percent, respectively. Overall, according to the obtained results, the natural and human factors, particularly livestock pressure, were effective to create these conditions.

The appearance and development of different sects along with the divine religions which are based on Sacred Law have always been a challenging issue. These sects have certain understanding and ideological principles which are different from those of religions. Wahhabism in Sunni world and Bahaism in Shiite world are examples of these sects. Wahhabism holds that Muslims have distanced from the Islam introduced by the Holy Prophet and the Holy Quran. Therefore, they regard that returning to simple Islam of the Holy Prophet's period and following his companions is top of their agenda. This sect was set up by global arrogance during the worst historical conditions in which the Muslism nation was heavily attacked by colonialists from all fronts and was in urgent need of unity more than any time. Wahhabism has various ideological principles most of which contradict with the true principles of Islam. Based on a theoretical approach and analysis of Wahhabi works, the present paper expounds the view of Wahhabism about intercession and criticizes and evaluates this view.

Kusalan range is a northwest-southeast mountain near Sarvabad, west of Kurdistan. The habitat includes a complex set of ecological functions and unique mountainous values such as Quercus forests, dense ranges, as well as various springs inside and around the region. So far, there was no study on the bioenvironmental habitat potential. This persuaded us to conduct a research on the habitat and ecosocial potentials according to IUCN categories using data bases like other literatures, 10 m2 panchromatic SPOT5 2005 data, expert opinions and field studies. Analysis of ecosocial and ecological bioenvironmental sources was implemented through a geographic information system (R2V, Arc/Info, Idrisi and Arc View). After qualitative and quantitative evaluation of various sources, land units were observed from overlaying maps of land form, soil categories, vegetation type, wildlife habitats, land use and conventional territory. Illustrated map show that about 70 percent of the area has a great conservational potential thus, the zonation process on the basis of IUCN definitions executed. The studied area was a habitat for 224 species of flora and 195 species of fauna classified as 5 categories: 29% core zone, 41% buffer zone, 14%expanded recreation zone, 3% intensive recreation zone and 14% cultural historical zone of Hawraman city and Pir-Shaliar annual ceremony and 13.2% reclamation zone including scientific, training values, virgin features and unique landscapes. Thus, Kusalan habitat worth to be introduced a national park (II) as a member of quadruplet national protected area in Iran. According to the results, GIS and RS approaches (hybrid interpretation of high resolution SPOT5 images) certainly can support determining and preparing bioenvironmental map sources in impracticable areas for conservational studies on IUCN criteria basis.