mohammad gerdakaneh

Peach is among the most important fruit trees cultivated in Iran since ancient times. Thus, evaluating adaptability and identifying optimal peach varieties is crucial for its cultivation expansion. The ability of a peach cultivar (a specific cultivated variety of peach) to adapt to a new environment depends on several factors, including climate, soil as well as disease and pest resistance. Understanding these factors is crucial for the successful introduction of peach cultivars to new areas. Researchers and growers are constantly working to develop new cultivars, evaluate existing cultivars and refine agricultural practices. By considering cultivar adaptability and implementing appropriate strategies, growers can expand peach cultivation into new regions, increasing fruit production and diversifying the agricultural landscape.
 The present study was conducted with 15 peach varieties to evaluate their adaptability for a period of three years starting from 2016 at Urban Orchard Research Station in Kermanshah Province. The trees were planted Within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications Spaced 4*4 m apart in March 2014 Four trees were planted in each experimental unit, and a total of 12 trees were evaluated for each variety. To evaluate the pomological and yield characteristics of the cultivars, various fruit traits were measured over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. These traits included fruit and stone weight, fruit and stone dimensions, stone-to-flesh adhesion, skin and flesh color, percent soluble solids, pH, fruit acidity, tree yield, yield efficiency, ripening time, and ripening duration. At the onset of fruit color change, the total number of fruits on each tree was recorded. Upon ripening, all fruits of each cultivar were harvested and weighed. A 30-fruit sample was then selected to determine weight, flesh content, stone weight, and fruit quality parameters, including soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity. To assess quality traits, juice was first prepared from five ripe fruits. Soluble solids were measured using a handheld refractometer model [refractometer model]. pH was measured using a pH meter model [pH meter model]. Titratable acidity was determined by titration with 0.1 N NaOH solution in the presence of phenolphthalein indicator until a color change to purple was observed. The amount of NaOH consumed indicated the malic acid content per 100 g of fruit, which is the predominant acid in peach and nectarine fruits. The collected data were analyzed using the MSTATC software, and mean comparisons were performed using Duncan's multiple range test.
The results revealed significant differences between the varieties under study in terms of various fruit characteristics, including the number of fruits per tree, fruit weight, fruit and stone dimensions, fruit yield per tree and hectare, and fruit quality characteristics such as soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity. The average yield over three years indicated that the fruit yield per hectare varied among the varieties from about 5.5 tons per hectare to about 38 tons per hectare. The 'Suncrest' variety enjoyed the highest yield with over 35 tons per hectare. Other varieties such as 'Federica', 'Babygold 6', and 'Babygold 7' were also superior with over 25 tons of fruit per hectare. Based on their good yield, fruit weight, and fruit quality, the varieties 'Suncrest', 'Federica', 'DixiRed', 'Domiziana', 'J.H. Hale', 'Amipsimidia', 'Alberta', 'Spring Crest', and 'Anjiry' were found to be suitable for fresh consumption. For industrial purposes, the varieties 'Babygold 7', 'Babygold 6', and 'Sudanl' were found to be appropriate due to their fruit quality and very high yield. As the results indicate, the yield rate increased as the peach trees aged. Moreover, the yield was recorded to be very high in some cultivars at the age of five, yet lower in some cultivars due to genetic differences or in response to the observed environmental conditions.
 This study provides valuable insights into the selection of suitable peach varieties for cultivation in Iran, considering both fresh market and industrial process applications. The findings can guide farmers and policymakers in optimizing peach production and enhancing the competitiveness of the Iranian fruit industry.

Two species of Amygdalus scoparia L. and A. lycioides Spach. from the Rosaceae family can be found in suitable environmental conditions due to their high resistance to drought and heat and resistance to calcareous soils and attacking nematodes and diseases. The propagation of fruit tree rootstocks through vegetative means can be enhanced through the optimization of micropropagation techniques. This research was done in plant tissue culture laboratory of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Kermanshah in 2018. In this research, the improved micropropagation protocol of these plants, explants of disinfected nodes in MS medium in combination with BA (6-Benzyladenine) hormones, at 6 levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg L-1) in four levels of Indole Butyric Acid (0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg L-1). The experiment was carried out with four replications in a completely randomized factorial design. The results indicated that the highest percentage of explant regeneration in the A. lyciodes genotype was achieved with a combination of 0.5 mg L-1 BA and 0.25 mg L-1 IBA, while in the A. scoparia genotype, the highest regeneration percentage was observed with a combination of 2 mg L-1 BA and 0 mg L-1 IBA. The A. lyciodes genotype exhibited the highest number of shoots when treated with 0.5 mg L-1 BA and 0.25 mg L-1 IBA, while the A. scoparia genotype showed the maximum shoot number at a BA concentration of 2 mg L-1 and IBA concentration of 0 mg L-1.

To study the lands covered by the border rivers of Kermanshah province to provide the pattern of fruit tree cultivation from 2017 to 2019 based on field studies of the target areas and the review of meteorological information, soil science, the history of fruit tree cultivation in the study areas, the pattern of tree cultivation of fruit was determined in these areas. Climatic zoning and providing a regional cultivation model is one of the duties of those in charge of production to reduce the damage to producers due to climatic factors and to control the amount of production, which helps regulate the market. Presenting a regional cultivation model in line with production policy and preventing production surplus, which by completing the production chain can overcome the problems of the past few decades in the country's fruit industry. The purpose of this project is to study and analyze the climatic, soil, and social conditions of land covered by border rivers in different parts of Kermanshah provinces that have different climates and microclimates. Also, field studies are the history of cultivation of horticultural products, and finally, the suitable species of each region and the bases appropriate to the soil conditions of those regions are suggested.

Avondol (Smyrnium cordifolium) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants and its use has a long history in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growth regulators on the regeneration of various organs of the avondol in in vitro conditions. This study was conducted in tissue culture laboratory of Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Kermanshah as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Factors of explant (leaf and stem) plant growth regulators of 2,4-D (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/l) and BA (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1, mg/l) were examined. Six weeks after planting, callus color, callus formation rate, percentage of callus regeneration, callus diameter and callus fresh weight were recorded. The results showed that the highest callus formation rate in 2 mg/l 2,4-D alone, the highest percentage of callus formation of explants in 1 and 2 mg/l 2,4-D alone was obtained in stem explants. The highest callus diameter in the treatment of 2 mg/l 2,4-D alone and the highest weight in 1 and 2 mg/l 2,4-D alone and 2 mg/l 2,4-D with 0.25 mg/l BAwas obtained.In order to direct regeneration, same calli were cultured on growth regulators BA (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) and IBA (0, 0.25, 0.5 mg/l) in MS medium with 3 replications. Six weeks after replanting the calli grew and did not regenerate. The results of the second experiment showed that the highest callus formation rate and callus diameter were obtained in combination of 0.5 mg/l BA alone. The highest percentage of callus formation was observed in two hormonal compounds: 0.5 mg/l BA alone and 1 mg/l BA with 0.25 mg/l IBA. The highest callus weight was obtained in 1 mg/l BA alone.

Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) is one of the most important fruit plants for both fresh consumption and food processing. The aim of this study was plant regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis in three strawberry cultivars of Kurdistan, Paros and Camarosa. For this purpose, leaf blade of cultivars were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with Thidiazuron (TDZ) at 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/L alone or in combinations with the different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) of auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). All data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using factorial experimental based on completely randomized design with four replication and means were compared with Duncan’s tests at p< 0.05. The highest induction frequency of embryogenesis and number of somatic embryos per explants was obtained on MS medium containing 3 mg/L TDZ supplemented with 0.25 mg/L 2,4-D. In this medium, the maximum number of globular embryos per explants obtained for the cultivars of Camarosa (25.75), Paros (22.00) and Kurdistan (14.75). The globular embryos of the leaf explants developing into cotyledonary embryos were cultured on MS medium supplemented with sucrose at a concentration of 1.5, 3, 6, 9, and 12%. Among the tested concentrations, 6% sucrose was found superior for uniform embryo developmental stages.

Present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical scarification (Sulphuric acid 97% for 0, 3, 6 and 9 h at 25°C), removal of endocarp and cold stratification (0, 21 and 31 days at 10°C) treatments on percentage and rate of seed germination of olive cultivars (Koroneiki, Zard and Shenghe). A factorial experiment was used based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that the chemical scarification treatments and removal endocarp followed by an adequate stratification period can increase seed germination significantly. The best results obtained by removal endocarp treatments. The highest germination percentage of cv. Koroneiki obtained after Cold stratification treatments for 21 days (up to 93%). The best result for cv. Shenghe and cv. Zard observed following Cold stratification treatments for 31 days (85.55% and 84.44 respectively). The highest germination percentage of cv. Koroneiki obtained after 97% sulfuric acid solution treatments for 6 h (49.67%). Treating seeds of this cultivar by 97% sulfuric acid for longer period resulted in damage to embryo and no seedlings emerged after these treatments. The best result for cv. Shenghe observed following 97% sulfuric acid treatment for 9 h (42.34%) cv. Zard observed following 97% sulfuric acid treatment for 6 h (40.23%). The least germination rate and percentage was observed in control treatments. Growth of olive seedlings also increased by scarification, removal endocarp Cold stratification treatments significantly. Results suggested that removal endocarp and chemical mechanical scarification treatments can improve germination percentage and seedling growth of olive cultivars.

GF667 is a hybrid of Prunus Amygdalus × Prunus persica and is the most commonly used rootstock for peach, nectarines and almonds. Due to low efficiency of propagation trough cutting, tissue culture is a good and fast method for propagation of GF667. In the liquid medium, contact between the plant tissue and the medium is better, propagation is accelerated, and cost of production is reduced. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize micropropagation methods for GF677 rootstock by using liquid culture system.

In this study, sterile nodal explants were cultured on different media include Murashige and SKoog (MS), Woody plant medium (WPM) and Gamborg (B5) supplemented with various concentrations of BA (benzyl adenine) at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L and IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L. Elongated shoots of GF677 were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l IBA and 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/l BA for rooting. Factorial analysis of variance was carried out and differences between means were scored with LSD tests.

Effect of different culture media (MS, B5 and WPM) and growth regulators (BA and IBA) on number of shoots per proliferated explant of GF-677 showed that the maximum number of shoots (2.44 shoots) was obtained in WPM medium at a concentration of 1 mg / l BA and the highest shoot length was obtained with 1 mg / l BA and 0.25 mg / l IBA in medium B5. As concentration of BA increased to 1 mg/l, the number of shoot also increased. It sounds that there is a positive correlation between concentration of BA and number of shoot to a certain concentration of BA, so that number of shoot reaches its peak at concentration of 1 mg/l BA. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/l BA decrease in number of shoots can be seen. It shows that when concentration of BA was in excessive amount, it resulted in decrease of shoot number. One of the possible reason can be reductive effect of higher concentrations of BA. Apparently a certain amount of BA is required to obtain the best effect. Higher concentrations of BA brought about formation of high amount of callus which is not appropriate in tissue culture. On MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/l BA, a maximum rooting efficiency was obtained. Rooted plants were transferred in terrestrial environments combination of perlite, sand and soil in the ratio of 1: 2: 1 respectively. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to potting mix with 90% survival and grow naturally after strengthening and transferred to soil.

The shoot multiplication of GF677 was influenced by the media (MS, B5 and WPM) and growth regulators. The WPM medium at a concentration of 1 mg/l BA gave the best results (2.44 shoots) for the proliferation of cultures from explant among the tested media.

This study was done to evaluate the effects of humic acid on qualitative and quantitative properties of saffron in two types of humic acid, solid type and liquid type (saffron). The factorial experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Billevar, Kermanshah province during growing season of 2015-2016. The factors were investigated included four different levels of saffron (0, 1, 2 and 3 lit/ha) and four levels of solid humic acid (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg/ha). The results showed that the effect of humic acid in comparison of control treatment was increased flower number per hectare, yield of wet flower, yield of wet and dry stigma, weight and diameter of corm and leaf length, 42.72%, 44/46, 130.3, 78.61, 65.76, 49.93 and 102.5% respectively, by using 20 kg/ha of solid humic acid and 3 liters/ha of saffron. Picrocrocin percentage of stigma was increased from 8.71% to 13.61% by using 10 kg/ha of solid humic acid and 2 lit/ha saffron. The treatment using of 10 kg/ha of solid humic acid and 3 lit/ha saffron have most effective on increasing of Safranal comparison of control treatment that this treatment increased Safranal percentage from 7.19 to 11.59 %. Using of 20 kg/ha of solid humic acid and 2 lit/ha saffron increased Crocin percentage from 7.208 to 14.26 in comparison of control treatment. Also the result showed that effects of humic acid on elements of leaves saffron was significant. In fusion treatment30 kg/ha of solid humic acid and 3 lit/ha saffron Fe, Zn, P, Cu and Mn was increased 39.67, 52.44, 110.28, 112.27 and 144.88%, respectively.

GF677 is a widely used rootstock for peach, nectarine and almond. It is vigourous and adapts well to limestone soils and drought. Due to low efficiency of propagation trough cutting, tissue culture is a good and fast method for propagation of disease-free plants of GF677. In vitro multiplication efficiency in GF677 is widely dependent on the type of culture medium and growth regulators. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the conditions required to optimize micropropagation methods for GF677 rootstock from nodal explants.

This experiment was conducted during 2015 at the laboratory of plant tissue culture at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Kermanshah, using a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Sterile nodal explants were cultured onto different media of MS, WPM and B5 supplemented with benzyl adenine (BA) at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L. Elongated shoots of GF677 were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l IBA and 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/l BA for rooting. Factorial analysis of variance was carried out and differences between means were scored with LSD tests.

The effect of different culture media (MS, B5 and WPM) and plant growth regulators (BA and IBA) on a number of shoots per proliferated explant of GF677 proved that the highest rate of adventitious shoot initiation, percentage of egeneration, shoot length and diameter, number and length of nodal, leaf number and multiplication was obtained in MS medium containing 1 mg/l BA + 0.5 mg/l IBA. Cytokinin stimulates the initiation and activity of axillary meristems, which result in shoot formation. This study showed that the number of shoots increased as concentration of BA increased to a certain amount. As concentration of BA increased to 1 mg/l, the number of shoots increased, too. It seems that there is a positive correlation between concentration of BA and the number of shoots to a certain concentration of BA. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/l BA the number of shoots increased. One of the possible reasons can be the reductive effect of higher concentrations of BA. Apparently, a certain amount of BA is required to obtain the best effect. Higher concentrations of BA cause formation of high amount of callus, which is not appropriate in tissue culture. The results of this experiment confirmed the positive influence of the growth regulator on the number of roots per shootlet. Among the various plant growth regulators used, the highest rate of rooting (33%) and the number of roots per shootlet (1.62) were obtained on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l IBA and 0.5 mg/l BA. The concentration of auxin during rooting period strongly influenced the quality of root system during the rooting period. Rooted plants were transferred to a combination of terrestrial environments, including perlite, sand and soil in the ratio of 1: 2: 1, respectively. Among rooted plantlets that were acclimatized and transferred to the potting mix successfully, 90% survived and grew naturally after strengthening and transferring to the soil.

The shoot multiplications are influenced by the media and growth regulators. The MS medium gave the best results for the proliferation of cultures from explant among the tested media (MS, B5 and WPM). Growth regulators compounds have significant effects on different traits and these changes depend on type and concentration of hormone. Both cytokinin and auxins are important in micropropagation for GF677 rootstock.

Background and Objectives Grape is one of the fruit trees that need to well management to produce economical production. Farmers often do not properly prune vine grape. Grape cultivars show different response to pruning severity. Perlette cultivar cultivation is increased recently. The main objective of this research was to determine the severity and number of buds per shoot on yield and productivity coefficient of perlette grape cultivar. Materials and methods A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted with three charges levels 42, 60 and 72 and three buds number per shoot include (6-2 buds), (5-2) and (4- 2) during 2012 in Garaban agro industrial complex. Some different traits on flower and fruit quantity and quality were measured. Results Results of mean comparison showed that Charge, number of buds per shoot and their interaction effects were significant on number of cluster, cluster weight, yield and productivity coefficient. The interaction effect between charge and the number of buds on the yield per plant showed that the highest yield (about 12 kg) was obtained by charge 60 and long pruning with 6 buds and the lowest yield (about 5.6 kg) was in charge 42 with 4 buds on the branches. The highest cluster weight of about 250 grams was obtained in charge 60 with 4 buds on the branches and the lowest cluster weight (182 g) found in charged 72 and 4 buds on the branches. The interaction effect of charge and the number of buds per shoot was significant on productivity coefficient at 1%. The highest productivity coefficient (0.9833) was found in the charge 42 and 5 buds per shoots and the lowest was in charge 60 with 4 buds per shoots. Generally 60 charge was recommended for this cultivar as mixed pruning with two replacing buds and a shoot with 6 bearing buds. Discussion Increasing the number of clusters possibly depend on increasing the charge level, which is one of the yield increasing factors. Berries weight loss and berries abscission lead to cluster weight reduction and yield was affected. Thus, the high charge of 72 buds per plant caused yield loss due to small clusters. This phenomenon is possibly due to lack of adequate nutrition by the vine for cluster growth. Yield reduction in 42 charges was due to a reduction in the cluster production number. Yield was increased with a decrease in pruning intensity, which represents an increase in the number of buds on the fruiting branches. The long pruning with 6 buds per cane and 60 charges was superior to the others. This pruning severity was determined based on fruit yield and quality. Proper pruning lead to balance on vegetative and reproductive growth and quantitative and qualitative yield will be increase.

In order to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators on sex determination and yield, an experiment was conducted by spraying different hormonal combinations on medicinal pumpkin. Experimental treatments were included different concentrations of NAA (25, 75, 100, 125 mg/l), paclobutrazol (50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/l) and combination of growth regulators (NAA 25 mg/l + PBZ 50 mg/l), (NAA 75 mg/l + PBZ 100 mg/l), (NAA 100 mg/l + PBZ 200 mg/l), (NAA 125 mg/l + PBZ 300 mg/l), and control (no application of growth regulators). Growth regulators were applied on the plants by spraying at the –two-leaf and four-leaf stages. Results showed that spraying paclobutrazol and NAA caused increase in number of female flowers, fruits per plant, seeds per fruits, 1000 seed weight and seed yield per hectare, but the number of male flowers and ratio of male to female flowers were decreased compared to their values in control plants. The highest fresh and dried seed yield of pumpkin seed was obtained with 50 mg/l paclobutrazol.

In order to select drought resistant or tolerant local olive genotypes an experiment were conducted in field conditions. Seven olive genotypes (D1, Dd1, GW, Ps1, Bn3, Bn6 and Ds17) used as plant materials. A split plot experiment in time was used based on a completely randomized block design with three replications and three irrigation regimes for field experiment. Irrigation treatments period for field experiment were 6, 9 and 12 days interval and 6 days period was as control. Some vegetative characteristics such as plant height, trunk diameter, leaf number, leaf, shoot, and root fresh and dry weight were recorded. Result in field experiments show that Ds17 genotype had the highest trunk diameter and Dd1 genotype had the lowest trunk diameter. Bn3 genotype had the highest number of leaf and D1 had the lowest but D1, Dd1 and GW were in a statistic class. Genotypes show significant differences in leaf fresh and dry weight so that Bn3 genotype had the highest leaf fresh and dry weight and D1 had the lowest. Genotypes show significant differences in shoot and root fresh and dry weight so that Ds17 genotype had the lowest shoot fresh and dry weight and GW had the lowest root fresh and dry weight. The results indicated that olive genotypes had different resistance to drought and vegetative growth status of Bn3 and Ds17 genotypes were better in drought stress conditions.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the drought tolerant ever green fruit trees. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms by which olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement of olive yield and oil quality. Olive is one of the fruit trees which become important in the Iranian fruit industry at the near future. Mulch is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. Increasing crop water-use efficiency (WUE) through water conservation in the soil is an important component of dry land farming. Mulching is among the water management practices for increasing WUE. Mulch is referred to as any material that is spread onto the surface of the soil for protection against solar radiation or evaporation. Different materials, such as wheat straw, rice straw, plastic film, grass, wood, and sand, are used as mulches.
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of irrigation interval and mulch on Pomological characteristics and yield of 11-years old Sevillana olive cultivar. A factorial experiment was carried out in Dallaho Olive Research Station at Sarepole located in Kermanshah province. Field experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors (irrigation interval and mulch) were conducted in 2015. Each experiment unit consists of 4 trees and 108 trees were used. Irrigation treatments period for experiment were 3, 6 and 10 days interval and mulch treatments for experiment were polyethylene, organic materials and non-mulch (control). Geographical characters was longitude of 45˚, 51΄ E and latitude of 34˚, 30΄ N and the height of sea level 581m. The measured tree characteristics were: Fruit Weight, Pulp Fresh Weight, Pulp Dry Weight, Dry matter, Pulp/Pit ratio, Pit Length, Pit Diameter, Fruit Yield (kg/ tree) and Fruit Yield (kg/ hectare). Reproductive traits were determined by the methods of I.O.O.C.(2002). Collected data were analyzed using SAS program.
Obtained results showed that mulch and interval irrigation treatments had significant differences in Pomological traits so that mulch and 3 days interval irrigation treatments increased fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare but fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent and Fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare reduced by drought stress. Mulch application increased fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent and fruit yield. Mulch application improved Pomological characteristics such as fruit weight, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, Fruit yield kg/ tree and kg/ hectare of olive Sevillana cultivar under drought stress and helped to save irrigation water in olive orchards. In the arid and semi arid as well as sub-tropical regions, water shortage is a normal phenomenon and seriously limits the agricultural potential. Therefore, under irrigation or rain-fed conditions, it is important for the available water to be used in the most efficient way. The proper irrigation interval can play a major role in increasing the water use efficiency and the productivity by applying the required amount of water when it is needed. On the other hand, the poor irrigation interval can lead to the development of crop water deficit and result in lower yield due to water and nutrient deficiency. Early in the season when plants are small, it is beneficial to encourage the roots to explore as much of the soil profile as possible. This maximizes nutrient uptake and stress tolerance later in the season. The effect of mulch on yield and its components have been reported in various studies. The effect of mulch on plant yield through changes in soil conditions that can change the soil temperature and soil moisture that influence on the growth and yield. The effect of mulch can be done through weed control, make favorable conditions of temperature and soil moisture, reduce leaching of nutrients and soil fertility, increase the efficiency of water use, increase availability of absorption of nutrients, increased root growth and control of diseases and pests.
According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that mulch and interval irrigation had a significant effect on reproductive characteristics. Using mulch improved Pomological characteristics of olive including fruit weight and yield per tree and hactar, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent Under drought stress and helped to save irrigation water in olive orchards.

Apiaceae plants are one of the most important plant families due to high medicinal and economic importance. Existence seed dormancy in this family is one of major obstacles for cultivation and domestication of them. This research was performed to determine the best treatment for breaking seed dormancy and improve germination four key medicinal species seeds of apiaceae family including Ferula assafoetida, Ferula gummosa, Kelussia odoratissma and Carum carvi L. For each specie has been studied 14 treatment including control, prechilling for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90 days, gibberellic acid 200, 400, 600, 800 ppm, integrated treatment gibberellic acid 400 ppm with cold 30 and 70 days in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed that four species found significant differences compared to the control by increasing time of cold, density of gibberellic acid, germination percent, germination rate, radicle length, plumule length and seed vigor. Integrated treatment cold 70 days with gibberellic acid 400 ppm were the best treatment for breaking seeds dormancy of Ferula assafoetida (88%), Ferula gummosa (95%), Kelussia odoratissa (87%),also cold treatment 90 days, the best treatment for breaking seeds dormancy Carum carvi L. (87%). According to the results, gibberellic acid treatment could be replaced part of cold needs for breaking seed dormancy, however, it is possible, four species seeds have physiological dormancy type.

The seeds of two species (Citrulus colocynthis) and (Silybum mrianum) gathered from natural habitat located in the Koohdasht city (Lorestan province) and transferred to Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in the summer of 2014. For each species separate experiments in a completely randomized design with 14 treatments and 4 replications was done. Treatments included moist-chilling time (control, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70 and 90 days at 4 °C), gibberellic acid concentration (200, 400, 600 and 800 PPM) and integrated treatment of gibberellic acid 400 ppm with moist-chilling for 30 days and 70 days. The results showed that for both species increasing of moist-chilling duration and concentration of gibberellic acid significantly increased germination percentage, germination rate and seed vigor index. The best breaking seed dormancy treatment was moist-chilling of 90 days for seeds of (Citruluus colocynthis) and gibberellic acid 800 ppm for (Silybum mrianum). The result showed that seeds of two species had the combination of physiological (related to seed inside inhibitors) and physical dormancy (related to hard coat).

One of the main strategies to rebuild natural habitats of medicinal species is cultivation and domestication of plants .but seed dormancy in medicinal plants is one of major obstacles for their cultivation and domestication that should provide field for their cultivation and domestication with breaking seed dormancy. Chilling treatments and Gibberellic acid among suitable treatments for breaking seeds dormancy presented as the most effective treatments of seed dormancy. This research done to evaluate the effect of different treatments of chilling and Gibberellic acid on seed dormancy of medicinal plants Allium altissimum and Rubia tinctorum.

Seed of medicinal species Allium altissimum and Rubia tinctorum were obtained from their natural habitats in Koohdasht city in the summer of 1393. For each species, separate experiments done in a completely randomized design with 14 treatments and 4 repeat so that their seed dormancy. Before the start of the experiment, was used of Hypochlorite due to surface sterilization seeds for 3 minute. Used treatments included chilling treatment in temperature 4 ℃(Control, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90 days), Gibberellic acid treatment in density 200, 400, 600, 800 PPM, integrated Gibberellic acid treatment (400 PPM) with chilling (for 30 days) and integrated Gibberellic acid treatment (400 PPM) with chilling (for 70 days ). Seed samples after applying treatments transferred to Germinator (25 ℃). Counting of germinated seeds 24 hours after of the start of the experiment done and recorded daily by the end of the experiment. Standard germination considered growing root to the 2 mm. at the end of experiment was calculated percent, rate and index vigor seeds.

Results of data variance showed that the effect of different treatments of seed dormancy have likely 1 percent  significant difference on germination percent, germination rate and index vigor of Allium altissimum  and Rubia tinctorum  in surface. Seeds of Allium altissimum and Rubia tinctorum  were without germination in control treatment, also different treatments of Gibberellic acid and chilling  didn’t have  any significant effect on  their seed dormancy for 10 and 20 days. In each two species Allium  altissimum and Rubia tinctorum  gained the highest germination percent respectively 89 and 64 percent, the most germination rate  respectively 11 and 9.5 seed at day and the most index vigor respectively 88 and 154 in chilling treatment for 90 days. It seems  cold condition and wet increase somehow  growth of Hormone in seed of studied species and with making Hormone balance in seed is created the start of germination process . Also it is possible, seed placement at low temperature and then bringing them into normal temperature created temperature shock for coat and splitting seed coat and increasing germination. In this research different destinies treatment of Gibberellic acid on germination of Allium altissimum and Rubia tintorum whether was without effect or had low effect. So in chilling integrated treatmentswith Gibberellic acid, Gibberellic Hormone couldn’t be successor of required chilling for seed dormancy of Allium altissimum and Rubia tinctorum. So another factor likely is effective except Hormone balance between Gibberellic acid and ABA in seed dormancy of these plants.

In order to investigate effect of organic manure and super absorbent on physiological and biochemical traits of potato (Solanum tubersum، cv Marfona)، a split plot experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm، Agriculture College، University of Razi in 2010. Main factor included two levels of super absorbent A200 (0 and 70 Kg/ha،) and split plot included nine levels (0، chemical fertilizer (according to soil test)، granule chicken manure (1000 kg/ ha)، common chicken manure (12 ton/ha)، soil mix (1000 kg/ha)، cow manure (20 ton/ha)، vermicompost (20 ton/ha)، compost (20 ton/ha) and tea compost (soaking tubers and spraying at four times). Investigating physiological traits such as leaf chlorophyll index، chlorophyll florescence and stomata conductance showed that only leaf chlorophyll index was affected by superabsorbent (P < 0. 01) and organic manure (P < 0. 05)، while stomata conductance wad significant under it’s interaction effect at (P < 0. 05). Quality and biochemical traits show that phosphorous amount of tuber was significant in superabsorbent treatment in compare to control. Crude oil percentage، protein، fiber، starch، sugar، nitrogen، phosphorous and potassium content were not affected by organic manure. The highest amount of oil and fiber were obtained under compost and cow manure respectively. Sugar and nitrogen content were high under cow manure treatment. The highest amount of potassium and phosphorous content were belonging to chicken and Khakparvar manure respectively.