mohammad iranmanesh

Communities, based on their specific cultures and climates, have developed different architectural styles. However, there can be found similarities and differences among the characteristics of some instances of architecture; caused by common human creative thinking and diverse contexts, presenting features of architectural elements. Opening elements in architecture are important, as they control relationships between different spaces, such as the inside and the outside. Naturally, designing them is influenced by some source concepts, that originated in cultures of communities, which appears in the formation of the architectural openings and somehow the whole identity of that architecture. From this point of view, openings have an outer layer, which includes the morphological aspects, and an inner layer carrying meanings and ideas. “Orosi” is a type of opening in traditional Persian architecture and “Shoji” is a type of opening in traditional Japanese architecture. Each is a distinctive element of its region’s architecture. Notwithstanding the evident difference in their appearance, they both are openings that create flexible interaction between the interior space and the exterior. To understand the characteristics of these two openings, especially in their inner layers, this paper investigates their significant similarities and differences through a comparative study of three dimensions: morphological, technical, and inner. Main Similarities are found in fields of spatial influence, adjusting in/out relation, fuzziness and flexibility in enclosure, and cultural/environmental characters. The main differences found are geometric complexity vs. simplicity, dominant function turning to climate or boundary, non-minimalism vs minimalism, and preferring color or shadow designing.

Cinema has been constantly interacting with architecture since the early days of its formation. One of the fields of this interrelation is the exploration of concepts that exist in the theories of cinema and can betraced in the realm of architecture. The “distancing effect” concept, also known as estrangement oralienation effects, and V-effect (Verfremdungseffekt in German) which has influenced many theorists of cinema and filmmakers is one of them. This concept can be defined through an example. While watching a drama, individuals experience sensory and emotional tensions,identify themselves with the actors, and perceive everything as reality. However, this process is disturbed by the “distancing effect”. They become aware that they are watching a performance, and therefore they are separated from the belief that the events are real, viewing the work with a distant and analytical perspective, away from emotional conflicts. In this way, imaginations and illusions dissipate, and the audience remains fully alert with a seeking and active mind,ready to think. The “Distancing effect” has been developed in many art forms to break simple immersion and identification,provokig self-awareness, social awareness, and reflection. The focus of the present article is to explore “distancing effect” concept in architecture, with the aim of interpreting its manifestations in architectural works. The research method is qualitative, based on theoretical discussions in library resources, where “distancing effect” concept has been explained. Cinema has been employed as an intermediary domain for a better explanation of “distancing effect” approaches, allowing architectural instances  be identifiedmore easily. The contents of  sequences from selected cinematographic works have been analyzed. By adapting them to the world of architecture, examples of this concept have been illustrated in architectural works. In this article, five categories of insideness and outsideness, main narrative and sub-narrative, objectivity and spatiality, parallel narrative, and anachronism are summarized, which can lead to the “distancing effect” in both architecture and cinema. In conclusion, it became clear that the “distancing effect” concept is not solely dedicated to literature or dramatic arts, but it can also be revealed in the field of architecture. various works of cinema and architecture from a wide geographical range are presented as instances of the “distancing effect”. As demonstrated, different famous filmmakers such as Antonioni, Tarkovsky, Kiarostami, Wajda, Wenders, von Trier, Mankiewicz, Bertolucci, and others used the “distancing effect” in their works. Notebly, Brecht theorized his concept in the twentieth century, yet many of the buildings discussed in this research belong to an earlier historical period. This indicates that many architects have (un)consciously used this concept in their works as they want to invite individuals to think, explore, be active, interpret, and be aware of what they are observing. Ultimately, it can be articulated  that the work of architecture plays a more significant role, it is not merely a space to provoke our sensations, but also a universe for deep contemplation and thought.

Despite numerous studies conducted on Iranian gardens, the analytical investigation of the role of gardens in the shaping of pavilions has not received significant attention. In this study, utilizing fractal geometry, we can observe and analyze architectural qualities with mathematical precision and greater detail. This approach aids in re-examining the visual perceptions of the pavilion structure and identifying the missing geometrical value of the garden. This article delves into the relationship between a pavilion and a garden through fractal geometry. The findings are discussed and explored to uncover the architectural complexities of pavilions, which are influenced by the garden and its natural surroundings. A historical garden named Fathabad in the city of Kerman was selected as the case of our study. Fractal dimension analysis is employed to analyze the two pavilions’ facades. The box-counting method was applied to measure the fractal dimensions of the facades at three scales. The results would reveal the relationship between each of the two pavilion facades and the garden. The findings indicate that while different facades share similar architectural elements, they exhibit diverse fractal dimensions. These dimensions reveal the position of each facade relative to the garden’s geometry, and the variable fractal dimension within each level signifies distinct relationships between the levels and the garden axes. Additionally, facades parallel to the main garden pond or those without a direct view exhibit a lower fractal dimension. Although facade openness can serve as a measure of its connection to nature, fractal analysis demonstrates that facades with multiple openings have varied relationships with the garden. Furthermore, the analysis of decorative elements reveals that in parts of the facade with fewer openings, ornamentation may be influenced by the garden’s natural features. In summary, fractal geometry elucidates how the garden and its elements impact different parts of the facades of the two pavilions.

Problem statement:

 Ambiguous drawings play a significant role in design education, and it has been extensively studied in previous literature. The present research seeks to explore the effects of design tasks on using ambiguous drawings.

The purpose of research is to enhance idea generation in students, especially novice students (second-year students) through the assistance of design tasks.

In this experimental study, second-year architecture students engaged in three design sessions, each with distinct tasks and instructions involving ambiguous drawings. In the first session, ambiguous drawings were used as a source of inspiration, in the second as a design solution, and in the third, those drawings were incorporated to serve as a part of the design solution. Design ideas from the students were assessed by three judges, and scores related to novelty and quality were subjected to statistical analysis using the analysis of variance. The study’s findings were then compared and analyzed in the context of existing research.

The results of the study demonstrated that the use of ambiguous drawings in design tasks led to an improvement in the quality of design ideas among students. This positive impact was particularly notable in relation to enhancing the functional aspects of design ideas and convergent thinking. It also extended the results of previous research, especially in terms of the effectiveness of ambiguous drawings on the ideation of novice students. Additionally, the influence of the design tasks, along with other factors, on the ideation of students when using ambiguous images was deeply explored and discussed.

In this article, we see the connection between architecture and behavioral sciences in the field of mental health. This connection is important in that aspects of the physical environment conform to the behaviors of space users. Improving mental health in learning environments is the most positive thing that can be done in this regard. Paying attention to the effect of color in school classrooms as a space in which students spend many hours and evaluating the effect of color on students' mental health as the future makers of the country who should have a very high level of mental health. Is. The Child Strengths and Weakness Questionnaire (SDQ) was used. This questionnaire was developed by Goodman and is used for ages 3-16. It has five subscales of emotional symptoms, behavioral problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, communication problems with peers, and sociable behaviors (child strengths). It is necessary to say that this research is an interventional type and the approach of this research is "applied" and can be used for Iranian schools in the future.

Since the level of significance for boys is less than the significance level of 0.05, so with 95% confidence we can say that the mean signs of hyperactivity in male students before and after staining are different. But the level of significance for girls is greater than the level of significance of 0.05, so with 95% confidence we can say that the average symptoms of hyperactivity of female students before and after coloring are not different. Symptoms of hyperactivity in male students were effective but did not affect the symptoms of hyperactivity in female students.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is considered to be one of the most commonly used method of surgery in breast cancer. Oncologic and surgical complications are the major concerns associated with the NSM as a treatment or prophylactic approach for patients. The effective local control is the main goal in breast cancer treatment although aesthetic outcome and nipple-areola complex sensation are also important. This retrospective, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was performed on 35 hospitalized patients who underwent the NSM with axillary incision at the Department of Breast and Reconstructive Surgery at Sine Hospital, Tehran, Iran from April 2015 to April 2016. The patients were followed up in the first and second weeks and the first and third months following the surgery. 20 women who underwent the NSM were studied. The mean results in the flap sensation and in the nipple-areola complex sensation were 5.2 ± 2.4 and 5 ± 2.29, respectively. Major necrosis was reported in one patient in each follow-up session. Although acceptable necrosis rate and significant sensation recovery after this method of mastectomy makes it more accentuated, certain complications and necessary revision surgeries after the NSM may diminish the favorable results, including sensation.

 Addressing the meanings and concepts, that make a person emotionally interested in the architectural space, has a strong connection with the place. Concepts originated from the foretime create a deeper emotional connection between human and the place. The emergence of some nostalgic feelings in the architectural space can greatly overcome the disorders caused by the lack of psychological connection with the place. So that, it may be a certain quality regarding the perceptual design. Because the user's mood and feelings are refreshed due to the emergence of remembering some qualitative and enjoyable components in the place. Considering these concepts, during the designing process, makes a pleasant familiarity with the place and raise the collective psyche to keep the thread of connection to the ancient time roots in new forms. In another word, it implies experiencing the contemporary new places with a kind of pleasant nostalgia due to remembrance of the happy memories and evoking some reactionary meanings. The most important outcome of this emotional recollection within the place is experiencing an intimate, tangible and influential atmosphere from the socio-cultural context. In fact, it is a status of continuity, familiarity, attachment, and emotional meaning originated from an architectural space, that the foretime concepts are easily observable in it. Accordingly, the meanings must be elevated from the level of visual meanings to the level of reactive meanings. Then, the user should be motivated to react positively (following a connection to the past) in the place. Therefore, the layers of the meanings must be arranged in a way that emotional meanings combine with the environment. Accordingly, this study focused on library and documentary studies on the association of emotional concepts in related fields such as literature, psychology and environmental psychology, and analyzed the interpretation of the understanding of the mentioned concept. It should be mentioned, according to the main purpose of the research, that is recalling some implicit concepts in place, interviews and semi-structured questionnaires were used in fieldwork.

 There is a hidden hierarchy connecting the physical, psychological, and behavioral environments. This hierarchy arises from the complete satisfaction of human needs, and the evolution of this hierarchy further guarantees the mental health of the individuals and society. This conceptchr('39')s importance lies in the fact that spaces with suitable and optimal conditions for the physical, mental, and emotional growth of children improve the physical and mental growth of the students. Primary schools are among the most important places where children are influenced and prepared to enter society and more complicated environments. This study is an interventional study. Studentschr('39') mental health is measured before coloring using the standard SDQ questionnaire (which is designed for assessing the studentschr('39') strengths and weaknesses; the parents form consists of 25 questions, and it has high validity and reliability). Goodman devised this questionnaire for respondents between the ages of 3 and 16 years. It comprises five subscales, namely emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, and prosaically behavior.

 The classrooms are classified into the following five color classes in an entirely similar fashion: blue, yellow, green, pink, and white. At the end of the academic year, i.e., about six months later, the mental health of the first and second-grade students in Mehr and Marefat primary schools (boys and girls schools) in Kerman was measured using the same SDQ questionnaire. The comparison of the posttest and pretest responses provided the following results.

The colors were ranked about their impacts on the studentschr('39') mental health using the TOPSIS technique. Based on the resulting Ci values, the following conclusions are drawn: colors blue, green, pink, yellow, and white have the highest impact in the order mentioned on the mental health of the students in Mehr and Marefat primary schools in Kerman. In other words, blue has the highest impact while white has the lowest impact on studentschr('39') mental health. The colors were then ranked concerning their impact on the female studentschr('39') mental health using TOPSIS technique. The following conclusions are also reached based on the resulting Ci values: colors green, blue, pink, yellow, and white have the highest impact on the mental health of the students in the Marefat primary school (girls) in Kerman in the order mentioned. In other words, green has the highest impact while white has the lowest impact on girlschr('39') mental health. Finally, the colors were ranked concerning their impact on the mental health of the male. Students using TOPSIS technique and the following conclusions are drawn based on the resulting Ci values: colors blue, green, pink, white, and yellow have the highest impact on the mental health of the students in the Mehr primary school (boys) in Kerman in the order mentioned. In other words, blue has the highest impact while yellow has the lowest impact on the boyschr('39') mental health.

 Studentschr('39') mental health was examined for dimensions (emotional symptoms, behavioral problems, hyperactivity symptoms, peer problems, and desirable social behaviors), and different results were obtained.

 Let G = (V,E) be a finite and simple graph with λ1, λ2,...,λn as its eigenvalues.The Estrada index of G is EE(G) =∑ni=1e^{λi} . A spiro compound is a chemical compound that presents a twisted structure of two or more rings, in which 2 or 3 rings are linked together by one common atom. In this paper, we show that the symmetric and stable spiro compounds among all spiro compounds have the minimum Estrada index.

The ability to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), has been long studied from genetics, epidemiologic and evolutionary point of view. This ability is associated with the ability of tasting other bitter substances which mostly are toxic. Natural selection is involved in the maintenance of the allelic frequency of PTC. Variation in the frequency of tasters and non-tasters could reflect the food preferences and dietary habits. Moreover, it can be a marker for diet-related diseases. The frequency of PTC taste sensitivity has been studied in many populations. However, no study in this regard has been reported in Iran. The aim of this research was to determine the frequency of PTC tasters and not-tasters in a population from Iran and also the association of sex and smoking with the ability to taste PTC. In this research, 175 individuals from Shiraz University or their families were examined regarding the ability to taste PTC. The frequency of T, and t alleles was 0.58 and 0.42, respectively. There was 82.3% taster versus 17.7% non-taster in this population. There was significant difference (p=0.007, OR=4.044) between male and female regarding the ability of tasting PTC. Moreover, there was more non-taster among smokers compared to non-smokers (p= 0.002, OR=0.278). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the frequency of PTC tasters in Iran. We have shown that, similar to studies from other populations, the frequency of PTC tasters is higher compared to non-tasters in our population. Moreover, there are more tasters among women and non-smokers compared to men and smokers, respectively. Considering that in Iran, women have an important role in providing food recepies, being more taster would help them probably to choose healtier ingredients for food recepies. In addition, investigating the connenctions between taste perception and smoking may help us to find a reliable indicator for smoking susceptibility. However, larger sample size and genetic tests are necessary to draw a more comperihensive conclusion.

Interdisciplinary subjects have always had a remarkable contribution in developing urban design concepts and theories. Among these contexts, cinema as a medium which broadcasts features of our cities and urban environments can have a significant role, but this instructional field is neglected among Iranian scholars. Thus, to fulfill this gap, it is essential to clarify the interrelations of cities and cinema in Iran. Iranian cinema, particularly after the revolution, received so many international awards in festivals. These prominent works have various urban sequences that can be a valuable source for urban designers and city policymakers. Consequently, the civic movies from these impressive works are selected and studied by the use of qualitative methods and content analysis. These analyses have been conducted in two distinctive sections. First, the repetition of cities, Urbanscape, and city aspects which were implied by Kevin Lynch had been inspected. Second, the role of cities and urbanscapes analyzed by the adoption of Carmona's dimensions. This paper indicates that Tehran has had the most presence in the movies, while few films have been captured in some coastal cities and some pictured in places with a special traditional architecture such as Bandar Lengeh. Within the city aspects, paths and districts have the most repetition while landmarks and nodes have the least depiction. It is conceded that the portrayed physical attributes of cities can be categorized into three parts which cover old and traditional environments, new and modern environments and outskirt suburban areas. Furthermore, from the social-perceptual point of view, Tehran because of its urban and civic issues is generally related with disorders and negative meanings, while other cities because of their nostalgic and traditional urban style are more respected within the society. According to the researches, urban facades and visual aspects in Tehran are usually not acceptable, while coastal environments and traditional designs sound more appropriate. As mentioned, the captured environments of Iranian cities are narrowed to some particular areas, which expresses the insufficient number of picturesque settings in urban environments. Therefore, this study can also perform as a tool for evaluating the enrichment of Iranian urban spaces.

Design could be defined as an iterative process of manipulating graphical representations to generate creative ideas. As such, a graphical representation plays the role of visual stimulus for creativity in architectural education. Nonetheless, as an accepted convention in architectural education, students are expected to not directly utilize such graphics as their design concept. Therefore, graphical representations can stimulate design creativity in either of the two roles: their ambiguity or their structural similarity to the given design problem.
This paper examines the effectiveness of graphical representations in each of these two roles. To this end, undergraduate students were asked to design a building in response to shown graphical representations with direct similarity, structural similarity or ambiguousness. Three different lecturers then assessed the resulting designs in terms of their originality and feasibility. The analysis of variances for these assessments demonstrated that structural similarity has no meaningful impact on stimulating originality. Conversely, ambiguousness could be useful in generating new ideas. None of the visual stimuli influenced feasibility of design solutions, however.

The right to the city is a concept which is raised in response to an objective perspective on city and state alliance and capital in urban life. It is a view that exist in the management of Iran’s cities, and city and its resources are used as a means of profit making accordingly. Citizens engage in civil interaction in order to restore their the right to the city by criticizing the current situation. In Ekbatan Town in the capital of Iran, some measures have been recently taken that we can consider a civil interaction in urban field. In this research, benefitting from participatory observation method by becoming involved in the interactions, an attempt was made to account for it with regard to characteristics necessary for civil interaction.

There is a strong interest to sustainability in contemporary architectural literature. So, a deep rethinking and review seem to be necessary for the sake of purification and improvement of sustainability discourse. In academic scale, there is a duplicated necessity. As education is a momentous field with important influences on professional world of architecture, any misunderstanding about sustainability in architectural education infects architectural activities and built environment. On the contrary, an accurate sense of understanding about sustainability in architecture can help the community toward sustainable development. Unlike traditional Persian architecture, in recent architecture of Iran a type of fake sustainability is usually seen instead of truly authentic accuracy of it. In other words, traditional Persian architecture contain essential and substantial concepts of sustainability tacitly and implicitly, because sustainable architecture essentially has been the natural result of "sustainable wisdom", " sustainable organic life", "ecological sensitivity" and will occur only when a true native tendency toward the soul of sustainability exists in common sense and lifestyle of the community. Some terms like "indigenous knowledge", "local knowledge", "tacit knowing", should not be forgotten, ought to grasp some epistemic bases of sustainable architecture. while contemporary architecture of Iran only contains an extremely quantitative and humble use of sustainability term. This real problem is invested in this paper, tending to some educational strategies toward a justified sustainability in architectural education. So, initially the significant difference of two terms is discussed: "education of sustainable architecture" and "sustainable education of architecture; proving validity and accuracy of the second. In "sustainable education of architecture", some key properties and dimensions within educational strategies and tactics lead the student implicitly to the basic senses of understanding sustainability, sustainable responsibility, and consequently sustainable architecture. Then the true meaning of "sustainable architecture" will be purified from fake suppositions about it. Sustainable architecture is not a "style", not an "option", not a disguise, nor any accidental phenomenon, but is an essential entity living in the soul of ontologic, epistemic and pragmatic characteristics of an architecture. Then, some propositions in a hierarchic set contains three concepts, six strategic attitudes and six educational advice will be presented to make easy earning a true sustainable education of architecture. The concepts are: inclusivity, completeness and unity. These concepts should be the dominant leading regulator of mental space in academic environment, to avoid some syndrome like partialism, sentimentalism, immaturity and dispersion which are frequently negative intervening factor of architectural education. Some of strategies are nativism, inclusivism, contextualism and attention to affordances and basic patterns, balance between architectural intensions and extensions, accordance of logical and intuitional orientations, existed experiences about environment. Educational advice are also based to this concepts and strategies, so as educators can help students to earn themselves true soul of sustainability in mind and action, trending to an authentic sustainable architecture. Furthermore A pluralistic approach is necessary to contain cultural diverse, not to suppose sustainability as a blind formulated mechanism. Accurate attention to significant characteristics of culture, lifestyle, values and climates should be regarded in architectural education.

Development Banks have been changed by national and international economic development and connected to the foreign and domestic finance markets and finally they could be much more independent in policymaking and allocation of resources. Nowadays, there are more than 550 development banks in the world wide which about 520 banks are worked in 185 countries and it is widely known that they had much success in economic development strategies. These banks are supported by the government in some cases such as bank long term loans with low interest rates, assurance of foreign borrowing, and tax exemptions and etc.In this contribution, by the review of banking developments in 1/5 century in the world and the half-century experiments of our country, explains that the major operation of this bank depends on its possible identified position in development programs, national policies, its relative independence in management, in spite of necessity of widely communication and some governmental protections. Also, the relative independence of development bank management is only possible by connecting to non-governmental financial resources such as capital market and enjoying a good corporate governance system. Good corporate governance system means a coherent complex of some stimulative and controlling methods and approaches which caused to achieve major goals of this organization (development bank) and keep its right and interests of stockholders.