mohammadali ahmadian

Studies on the Islamic city are challenging due to the vast scope of the topic and the diversity of its manifestations, capturing the attention of many researchers. The historical evolution of Islamic cities, the visible transformations they have undergone, and the geographical and environmental diversity of the Islamic world have created significant ambiguities in this field. This study examines scholarly literature on Islamic cities and modernism to answer two key questions: What defines an Islamic city? How has it evolved? The research identifies obstacles to realizing an Islamic city in today's world, particularly in the face of "cultural globalization" and "economic liberalism," emphasizing a structuralist perspective. The findings indicate that research on Islamic cities has been limited by several factors, including:The vast geographic spread of Islamic cities,The unique historical conditions of different periods,The diverse academic perspectives—historical, sociological, geographical, theological, political, and urban planning—applied to this topic.Thus, any contemporary study on Islamic cities must consider modernity, cultural globalization, and economic shifts to achieve meaningful results.

Investigating and analyzing the interpretive secrets of the story of Companions of the Cave with an emphasis on guardianship and piety Abstract Qur'anic stories have themes and secrets that God Almighty has pointed out for the lesson of human society. Surah Al-Kahf is one of the Surahs of the Qur'an in which God deals with the events surrounding the youths who are known as the Companions of the Al-Kahf, who choose to leave their city and country in order to preserve their faith in a polytheistic environment. In order to preserve and protect their heart's faith in God Almighty, they did actions that their performance was presented as a model in the Holy Quran. In this research, the interpretation and interpretation secrets of the Companions of the Cave story from the perspective of Quran scholars with special emphasis on The concepts of guardianship and taqiyyah are discussed as two important principles in the deep understanding of this story, and finally, the effects of these two concepts on the interpretation of the story of the Companions of the Cave and their stability in faith are analyzed. The method of library research is based on study, research, collection of narrations, and their analysis. The findings of the research show that the matter of guardianship, piety and steadfastness in faith exist as hidden and important components in this story in different verses. The findings show that analyzing these issues and providing accurate and comprehensive results will help to understand this story and its related concepts more deeply. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Qur'anic stories have themes and secrets that God Almighty has pointed out for the lesson of human society. Surah Al-Kahf is one of the Surahs of the Qur'an in which God deals with the events surrounding the youths who are known as the Companions of the Al-Kahf, who choose to leave their city and country in order to preserve their faith in a polytheistic environment.

In recent years, Iran has started to decline in the quality of livability with the increasing trend of urbanization and population accumulation in small areas, and the research of the last decade shows the low indicators of urban livability in the country, which clearly affects the quality of life of its residents and its health. endangers The general purpose of the present research is to investigate the significance of macro factors affecting livability in the neighborhoods of Torghabeh city. The current research method is analytical-descriptive and is considered practical in purpose. The method of data collection is documentary as well as field. The target statistical population includes the citizens of Targaba city, which is adjacent to Mashhad metropolis. The findings indicate that in all neighborhoods except the old neighborhood, economic, social, service and infrastructure, managerial and environmental factors have significant differences and based on the average rank of each dimension, it is possible to determine the most important dimension in each neighborhood. identified The results show that the macro factor in the environmental aspect of the livability of the neighborhoods of Torghabeh has a significant difference compared to other factors. Finally, the environmental factor with an average score of 4.07, the social factor with a score of 3.2, the management factor with a score of 2.7, the service and infrastructure factor with a score of 2.57 and the economic factor with a score of 47.1 respectively got 5. In order to compare macro factors in the environmental dimension of livability according to professors, Friedman’s test was used. According to the obtained significant level of more than 0.05, it shows that there is no significant difference between the macro factors of the environmental dimension in the opinion of the professors. In the future studies, the internal relationships of each group of factors can be examined with each other.

Quality of life is a broad concept whose dimensions depend on the level of development of societies. Often people have different choices while deciding upon the place to live, which makes it livable for them in neighborhoods. Indexes that define the livability might vary accordingly, but many common platforms with diverse parameters are created to measure and compare the livability of different regions but many of them depends on the locals’ approaches. The current research method is analytical-descriptive, and the objective type is practical. The method of collecting information was based on library studies and field observations up to the Torghabeh region in the Mashhad city of Iran. First, the basic concepts such as livability, urban livability at the scale of localities were investigated and the research framework was extracted. After that, based on the number of factors extracted from the theoretical framework, using the fuzzy Delphi method, the factors were digitally determined by the questionnaire technique from 16 elites and experts in the research field in 3 rounds, and finally the final indexes were explained. Results show indexes of Sense of belonging, Health, Public transportation, and Housing have the highest score and as a result, the most impact in realizing the construction and working model. In a future study we can evaluate all of indexes in case studies in acute approaches to carry out the effects of the index in macro scale drives.

Good urban governance always considers the general welfare of citizens and their social health, whose policies and programs are placed in the framework of certain indicators. The upcoming research deals with the comparative analysis of indicators and dimensions of good urban governance from the point of view of citizens, experts and managers in the current and desired situation. The research method is of a descriptive-analytical type, which examines the points of view of citizens, experts, and urban managers regarding the state of dimensions of good urban governance, as well as their similarities and differences, and the scope of their differences and similarities. The sources of data collection were library-documents and the use of questionnaire tools, 385 questionnaires were distributed to citizens and 48 questionnaires were distributed to experts and managers of the municipality and the city council. The tests used in this research with SPSS software include paired t-test and Friedman. The results obtained from the comparative analysis of the indicators show that according to the citizens, the variables of the research are consensual orientation, responsibility, and according to the managers, responsibility and all-round justice are the most important factors. Finally, the radar charts obtained from the paired analysis of the data show that there is a significant gap between the current and the desired situation from the point of view of citizens and administrators. With the explanation that according to the citizens, transparency and accountability have the largest average difference among the citizens with a number of 2.47 in the current situation and 3.99 and 4.02 in the desired situation.

Today, the underlying driver of urban issues is the problems that the administrative bodies of the cities and metropolises, such as municipalities, struggle with, and the failure in informing the public and clarifying performance, legality, consensus and collective wisdom of authorities, participation, etc., have undermined their performance. This research aims to elaborate on the status of good urban governance using the mixed method in the new city of Golbahar. To investigate the status of good governance dimensions in the new city of Golbahar, 385 questionnaires were distributed among citizens, 48 questionnaires were submitted to municipal and city council experts, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 officials of the ​​new cities. Then, adopting a mixed approach, which merges quantitative (descriptive-analytical) and qualitative methods, the status of good urban governance indicators in Golbahar was evaluated. The results derived from the analysis of good urban governance indicators suggest that their average scores, with the exception of legality, transparency and strategic vision, were below average as reported by citizens (within the relative range of 2.5 to 3.5). Moreover, the results of qualitative analysis revealed that the main flaws and inadequacies plaguing governance in the management system of the new city of Golbahar are lack of motivation and sense of belonging to the place in the citizens, non-transparency of the laws and the citizens' mistrust in the authorities.

The United Arab Emirates follows the open door policy under its modernization project. This means that de-escalation with all the legitimate and illegitimate actors of the international system, including the Zionist regime, has been the focus of its policies. The reason for the alignment of the UAE with the western front is that this country considers its political life and national interests to be dependent on the western modernity system. Therefore, its adherence to the tools of modernity has become inevitable, and one of these tools is the convergence with the representative of the western actors, namely the Hebrew Front in the Middle East. The spread of the peripheral alliance of the Zionist regime to the Arab countries of the African continent in order to legitimize and expand the strategic depth with the mediation of the United Arab Emirates is one of the issues that has seriously threatened Iran's national interests in various fields and levels.
Therefore, it is necessary to examine the reasons for the UAE's role in normalizing relations between Arab Africa and the Zionist regime, the internal and external challenges of this country and its prospects in this direction. Among the most important goals of the current research is the epistemology of the potential and actual threats of the normalization phenomenon of the Zionist regime and is spreading to Arab Africa. In this research, the database method and the Delphi method (semi-structured interview with elites) have been used. The findings indicate that the United Arab Emirates needs to become an active player in the international system with the aim of repairing internal challenges, including the crisis of lack of strategic depth, needs for influential Jewish technologies and lobbies in the international arena, and gaining the trust of the Western Front as a supporter and founder of the Israel regime is one of the cases that has led the UAE to take an active role in the convergence between the Zionist regime and the rich countries of Arab Africa with which it has significant commonalities.

Evaluation of platelet volume indices is proposed by literature in predicting and differentiating coronary diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the mean number and volume of platelets in patients with unstable angina (UA), STEMI, and NSTEMI.

In this cross-sectional study, ACS patients were compared for mean platelet volume (MPV) and mean platelet count (MPC), stratified by type of the ACS (unstable angina, STEMI, and NSTEMI). Demographics, pre-existing medical diseases, and medication history were also compared for justification.

A total of 75 patients were studied in 3 age and sex match groups UA (n=25), STEMI(n=25), and NSTEMI (n=25). The MPV in UA patients was significantly higher than in the group of patients with STEMI (P = 0.031). Moreover, the MPC in patients with UA was significantly lower than in the group of patients with STEMI (P = 0.02). The results showed no statistically significant difference between patients with unstable angina and NSTEMI and no significant difference between patients with STEMI and NSTEMI.

In all three groups of ACS patients, the MPV and MPC were in the normal range. So, considering these factors alone may not help to differentiate between these three groups of patients.

The development of rural settlements mostly depends on such someimportant factors likeeffective local management. Moreover, rural development can be achieved through creating organized groups likevillage administrations. Rural management (village administration) plays an important role in executing rural development activities and measuring the performance of rural managers paves the way of improving villagers’ livelihood.This research tried to explorethe village headmen’s performance in rural areas of centraldistrict of Mashhad. The applied study used descriptive-analytical method and a researcher-made questionnaire. Twelve villages of the central district of Mashhad were studied. Using Cochran formula and considering an error of 5%, the size of the sample was determined to be 367 households. The collecteddatawere analyzed by SPSS and GIS software and WASPAS. The results showed that the performance of the village headmen regarding unemployment reduction, employment development, and encouraging investment indicators is not good. Regarding “the effort to increase income” their performance is normal. Generally, their performance regarding economic growth variable of the villages ismoderate. Moreover, the results of WASP model showed that the village headmen of Farmad, Doostabad, and Amir Abad villages performed better than the heads of other villages. The spatial analysis of village headmen’s performance regarding the development of rural economy showed that there is a significant relationship between the performance of village headmen with indicators such as the distance to Mashhad (r= -0.902), population size (r= -0.646), growth rate (r= -0.656), cultivated area (r= 0.584), literate population (r= 0.618) and the number of employees (r= 0.620).

Natural hazards, with their various types and extent of influence, have always been a serious threat to cities and their Peripheral areas. Therefore, crisis management, is one of the most important factors in reducing the amount of damage and loss of life, in times of natural disasters have great influence. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to Analysis of Natural Hazard Reduction Strategies in Organizations Related to Crisis Management (Case Stady: Quchan Peripheral Areas). The research method of this research is analytical. Data collection was done by two methods documentary and field (interview and questionnaire). In this study, 20 experts and related specialists in 11 organizations were interviewed as a statistical population. Data analysis was performed using LISREL software and VIKOR Fuzzy model. The results of LISREL software showed that all selected indicators (social factors, infrastructural and institutional factors, educational and information factors, knowledge and awareness factors, supportive and financial factors), they have a value of t greater than 2.60 and are significant at the 99% level. These results show that the indicators selected by the researcher to measure this concept are each important and they measure an important part of this factor. The results of the fuzzy VIKOR model showed that among the organizations related to crisis management in using effective strategies to reduce natural hazards, Governor’s office with Q obtained (1) and road and urban development with Q obtained 0.056, have the highest and lowest ranks.

The purpose of this study was to survey of tourism in sustainable economic development in sustainable rural development, focusing on economic dimensions of Fouman County. Rural tourism creates a chain of economic and service activities, increasing the demand for handicrafts, traditional arts and activities that require more labor, and extrinsic flows, inject costs into the region and affect on traditional multiplier and encourages. The present research is a descriptive and analytical method in term of its purpose. The information was collected through questionnaires and fieldwork. The statistical population of the research is all household caregivers of 12 villages in Fouman City, which are tourism destinations. The total number of households was 2019 families and the population of 12 target villages was 7,256. According to research population, a proportional volume sampling method was chosen. Using the Cochran sample size formula, the sample size of 324 households was determined. To measure the variables, a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 35 questions and four components was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.73 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were collected using questionnaires using Sign and Friedman tests. Based on the results of the sign test in sub hypothesis 1, it was found that there is a significant relationship between tourism and employment growth in the studied villages. The sign test in sub hypothesis 2, it was found that there is a significant relationship between tourism and increase in income level of villagers. According to the test results of hypothesis 3, it was found that there is a significant relationship between tourism and increasing the wealth of villagers. There was a priority between the impacts of tourism on sustainable development of rural economy. These priorities were important in order of importance: 1. Income generation; 2. Employment creation; 3. Rural economy sustainability.

The narrow vision of the Qur'an scholars and commentators, and the overemphasis on the "time" factor at the cost of "place" factor as the context of historical events, have stirred controversy over the spatial characteristics of historical events in the Holy Quran. A case in point is Midian of Shu'ayb the location and geographical coordinates of which have been the subject of dispute by scholars and commentators. Accordingly, some sources and interpretations have contended that Midian of Shu'ayb was an urban area on the east coast of the Red Sea while others have introduced it as a vast area that stretches from the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula to areas in the southeast of the Sinai Peninsula. The purpose of this paper is to underline the necessity of exploiting spatial information in analyzing and interpreting the historical events of the Holy Quran through the analysis of written sources and documents as well as geographical maps, atlases and satellite imagery. The results reveal that exploiting the views of scholars in underscoring the importance of the structural link between history and geography and relying on the crucial position of research can provide a more accurate analysis and interpretation of the historical events in the Holy Quran.

Due to the fact that our country has entered a long period of drought, water supply and optimal use of it, especially in rural areas, have been a priority. The most important objectives of the present research are the feasibility of providing part of the water consumed by the villages through the catchment areas of the basin, which will be carried out through appropriate training and dissemination of culture. The researcher hopes that by promoting the culture of optimal use of atmospheric precipitation, in addition to providing part of the needs of villagers, especially villagers who are water supplied by tankers, they will reduce the pressure on groundwater resources that are expose to atmospheric hazards.

This study is practical in purpose, descriptive and analytical in essence and methodology. For gathering information, two methods of fieldwork and non- fieldwork and fixing sample volume using Cochran formula, equivalent to 251 persons. The main tool is questionnaire, with total 28 questionnaires, which has been distributed among the rurals systematically by chance, and then the information was gathered. Sample villages under study include 6 villages selected out of 57 villages of over 20 families.

not only the rurals are highly motivated to cooperate in performing this project, but also they understand the importance and operation of this project as a useful and low costs method for controlling the water shortage crisis and decreasing the support to the concentrated water supply systems to the remote places such as pipe water, dam, well, subterranean canal, water supply tank, and reviving stable level and They need local and private organizations’ help and support in resolving the problems.Solution: Among the strategies emphasized in this paper, the creation of the spirit of participation in the villages and the dissemination of culture have been the optimal exploitation of atmospheric rainfall through public education.

The concept of rural development in the lapse of time, and the concept of development in its broadest sense, have been subject to change. The attitudes towards rural areas and rural economy have also changed due to transformations in those areas and dominance of sustainable development models in recent decades. To the extent that in this model, sustainable livelihoods and economic security in rural areas have gained primary importance, because on the one hand, capacity utilization rate and actual and potential capabilities in economic activities should be raised through higher efficiency and effectiveness. On the other hand, to ensure the continuity of livelihoods, employment, and income, etc., economic activities in rural areas should be diversified.
Despite fundamental challenges facing rural economy, diversity in medicinal herbal species, climate variability, manpower and accessible energy resources are among Iran’s important potentials to increase medicinal plants cultivation and develop their relevant industries. Thus, research into production of medicinal plants has become an approach towards economic stabilization of the region in the framework of rural sustainable development model.
The World Bank predicts that the business of medicinal plants will reach $ 5 trillion by 2050, and Iran's share of the business is small. Today, 80 percent of local communities use medicinal herbs, and the World Health Organization pursues a program with the slogan of "Health for all by relying on the use of medicinal herbs". The trend towards the use of medicinal herbs in the West, compared to synthetic drugs is on the rise. Iran, with its brilliant history of medicine and its geographical and climatic potentials (11 types of climates out of 13 global ones), 300 days of sunshine per year, high plant diversity (8,500 species) provide good conditions for planting herbs and their processing. In Iran, the need to address the issue of rural development has been considered by government, and it plays a pivotal role in development policies. The present study was conducted to answer the following questions: - What are the economic advantages of medicinal herb production compared to other crops in the study area?
- Compared to common crops grown in the study area, how effective is the production of medicinal herbs in sustaining the rural economy?
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Today, diversification of activities in rural areas is the basic solution for rural development in many communities. Unequal investment opportunities in the industrial and agricultural sector, low investment in agricultural sector and lack of diversity are among the issues represented in lack of diversity in jobs, the low level of production and productivity in agriculture, low wages, instability of economic activities resulting in poverty and backwardness and instability in rural areas in economic, social and environmental aspects. To avoid rural instability in different dimensions and in the context of sustainable rural development, the diversification of economic activities is a priority. One of the approaches discussed in the context of sustainable rural development approach is "diversification of economic activities". Making a good use of the geographic infrastructure in rural areas, the heavy dependence relationship between natural resources and their impact on environmental sustainability, and the great need for manpower in agriculture in general make ground for various activities in rural areas that help to stabilize the prices of agricultural products.
Medicinal plants are plants that one or some parts of them contain biologically active substances, and have biological impacts on the body of organisms; such plants are planted, cultivated and harvested only for their medicinal properties.
Medical herbs introduced to the researcher based on a preliminary survey of administrators, producers, professors and researchers of medicinal plants included: Echium pininana, Thymus, Cumin, Yarrow, Ferula gummosa and peppermint.
The research was an applied–developmental one conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. The data were collected through documentary research and fieldworks. To determine the sample size, we used Krejcie Morgan sample size table. 336 heads of households out of a total of 2658 households were selected as samples and questionnaires were filled out by households in rural areas of the Ghochan County. Besides, at this stage the experts relevant to the project (including producers, experts and public managers of medicinal plants, and researchers) also completed the questionnaires.
For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. From descriptive statistics, frequency tables, and percentages were used. From inferential statistics, we used Kolomograph-Smirnov test to determine normal variables; single sample tests were also used to answer research hypothesis.
- Dependent variable of the study is ‘to sustain the rural economy through producing medicinal herbs’.
- Independent variables of the study are: ‘income generation, job creation, saving water, the desire to plant medicinal plants’.
According to the survey results, 80 percent of farmers believe that shopping centers dedicated to herbal products may increase their motivation ‘to a high and very high extent’. These statistics indicate that one of the concerns of the villagers, in addition to production, is marketing.
According to the results, the average income per hectare of medicinal herbs in the study area, is 205795090 Rials, and the average income per hectare of other crops is 79442360 Rials. Accordingly, medicinal herbs compared to other common crops produce 159 percent more income per hectare. Therefore, the first hypothesis which assumes "medicinal herbs compared to other crops cultivated in the study area are more profitable" is confirmed. As the results show each hectare of medical herbs, compared to other crops, created 206 percent more employment opportunities. Hence, the second hypothesis, which assumes that medical herbs create more jobs opportunities than other crops, is confirmed.
According to our surveys on average water consumption, medicinal herbs compared to other crops need 25 percent more irrigation. Considering the fact that medicinal herbs generate significantly more income (159%) and more job opportunities (206%) than other crops grown in the area, and their affordable water consumption, the third hypothesis is also confirmed. However, state support for villagers has also been effective in increasing their desire to grow medicinal herbs.
As the results of the questionnaire survey in two groups of experts and villagers show, we can conclude that despite the fact that crops such as wheat and barley compared to medicinal herbs need less number of irrigation, water use efficiency in medicinal herbs over five years, is higher than conventional crops in the area. For example, for wheat 4 times irrigation in the growing season is necessary, while for thyme 12 times is essential. However, looking ahead we can assume that each year for wheat, the cost of sowing and land preparation is essential and every year the same amount of water is also needed. But after planting the thyme, for example, in each year the number of irrigation decreases.
Therefore, the cost of production declines and eventually, there would be a higher economic efficiency of water use. In general, as the participants’ views suggest, what is important in the trade-off of water use and water saving between growing medicinal herbs and conventional crops, is the optimal use of water in production of medicinal herbs.

Overall goal of this research is the role of tourism in rural development, Marivan city. In order to achieve this objective, two methods have been used to document and track. Approach and an exploratory study - an analysis of this issue in the tourist, what role in rural development, Marivan city, plays. The study population (15 villages studied), includes three groups of experts and staff (236 people), rural (8570) and tourists (1200) have been using formula and Morgan, respectively, 146 bachelors 291 out of 368 people, villagers and tourists as the sample size has been determined. How to choose the subjects and finally systematic random sampling is.
In order to analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis, nonparametric Friedman test using SPSS software is used. The results show that the role of tourism in rural development Greatest impact on reducing rural exodus, and restoring social tourism in the local traditions andGreatest impact on the economic dimension of the rising cost of land and housing. Finally, according to achieved results and findings of the research Strategies for developing rural tourism activities is provided in the city of Marivan.

This study assessed the quality of life in the neighborhood of the Mashhad citysSarab, there are ways to improve the quality of life in city neighborhoods, offer. Purpose,offer identifying the concepts and experiencesabout thequality of urban life was Specified by using descriptiveanalytical study indicators. Seminal indexes detect to analyze level of satisfaction with these indexes. After detecting the indexes and sub-indexesand codifying questionnaires, the information of survey analysis and linkagesbetween variables proved. Theneighborhood, population of people, according tokochran method,a sample size of 140 household, and the same number of questionnaires were prepared and distributed among theMashhadcityssarab neighborhood. Consequences show that most of inhabitants satisfy with indexes. ,andquality of life in the sarab neighborhoods of the medium is relatively high . This index such as cultural have a high average and rank in other hand that index such as physical have a low average and rank. Regression coefficient (β), showed that greatest impact on quality of life in the neighborhood, is the environmental indicatorsby a factor of 0.125.

Salient development of urbanization, with development of cities in terms of population and area and appearance of megalopolises and metropolises have directed macro view and city – scale to fundamental cells or urban neighborhoods To this level in order The main objective of planning or improving of quality of life of residents be tried. In this new pattern, Micro-oriented approach Base on social engineering to replace the macro approach and be started in that solve urban problems of smallest unit, the neighborhood that in fact, units are, can control their and admitted to the partnership. In the Islamic community, there are institutions for occurrence of idea of social engineering and partnership that thousand and four hundred years of history are. Mosques are the most important presence of masses in every age, with various roles Cultural, scientific, moral, religious, social, political, economic, and... With creation context to voluntary collective actions can have effective role in community development. This study with survey multiple activities of mosque at a neighborhood in the eight general axis (the mosque's role in enriching leisure, create a cultural space, provide financial assistance, religious - cultural meetings and ceremonies, increase of participation of residents, provide counseling assistances, assessment of priority issues, problems and needs of the community, promote personal and social security through increase of internal and external monitoring) and survey of embrace of people of activities and programs of mosque, To analyze the role of the mosque as the most extensive network of social learning and its role in community development deals in city of Mashhad. To achieve the objectives questionnaires replenishment to a sample size equal to 385 from citizens and 10 experts related to the topic has been proceeded. The Methodology has been descriptive- analytical. The results of the research show that, mosques own effective programs in order community development. On the other hand, the residents embrace its activities and programs. Also Mosques to achieve its real position, in order to enhance effectiveness in the community development, requires proper planning and coordinated management, by all institutions and organizations that are somehow associated with mosque. In the final section of this research recommendations and guidelines in this connection, is presented.

A comparative study of the historical geography of places mentioned in the Quran and the Old Testament removes certain historical as well as exegetical ambiguities in this regard. The holy Quran has made references to the historical geography of Egypt including fertility, resources, the celebrities of the history of religions in Egypt, categorization of Egyptian rulers and kings, gratitude of Joseph for settling in Egypt, etc. The holy Quran has referred to the Nile of Egypt through narrating the story of dropping Moses as a child into this river, and boasting of Pharaoh about Egypt government and management of its different branches. The word “Mesr” or Egypt is mentioned five times in the Quran two of which refers to the land Joseph travelled to after departing from Kanaan. Three others refer to the original land from which Moses and his people emigrated to the holy Land with the command of God.

Mashhad، as the second metropolis of Iran with a population of 2. 5 million، now hosts 820،000 people who are unauthorized residenrts of 60 informal settlements spread over 3200 hectares. Kuye Nohdarreh is one of such settlements with a population of 27،000 people، in an area of 80 hectares، located in the 9th district of Mashhad municipality and selected as case study in this research. This article intends to investigate the impediments and problems on the way of the organizing process of Mashhad outskirts، including Kuye Nohdarreh، and propose solutions to obviate such obstacles. The research method used in this study is based on descriptive-analytical research. Therefore، two types of questionnaires were designed، one for city managers (10 organizations) and experts، and one more for residents in the locale (100 households). After completion of the questionnaires and coding the variables، the data were analyzed using the SPSS، MINITAB and GIS softwares. Research results show that organization of Kuye Nohdarreh is faced with several impediments and problems such as: lack of known and responsible executors، a sort of multi-decision making in planning and facing the problems of informal settlements، some managers’ hostile attitudes towards informal settlements، and lack of integrated urban management. The paper suggests that the application of an integrated urban management approach as an operational model will be the most basic measure to be taken in order to face the challenges on the way of organizing informal settlements like Kuye Nohdarreh.

on rural development; then studies Ballajovein rural district; Sabzevar. In agriculture and industry «this study the relation between membership in and improvement of economic status of rural settelers has been» corporation examined and also its effect on emigration has been analyzed. The methodology of this research is descriptive – analytical method and data gathering is based on documentary and field research. Statistical society is Ballajovein rural district and selection of villages is based on sampling. The SPSS software is used for stalistical analyzing and hypothesis testing. s Agriculture and Industry Tًhe results show that membership in Jovein corporation has coused income rising among rural employees in this around 54. 4 percent of them had income 400-, corporation. In this manner but among another villages only 36. 9 percent of people had, 500 $ monthly and others had lower income. This paper indicates that, 200-300 $ monthly villagers engaged in this corporation did not migrate to Urban Settlements (90. 9 percent).

Mashhad is a religious metropolis, concerning to this point, the rate of religious trends (the number of charities and the level of donations to the poor are high). The main theory of this research has been the positive role of those organizations in sprawling the marginalization around Mashhad. Two main regions in the north and north east of Mashhad have been chosen as case study areas. By using unequal cluster sampling, the questionnaries were filled. The analytical results by using SPSS software showed that there is not any significant relationsip between two main factors in this research, sprawling marginalization around Mashhad and the activities of charity organizations. The Chi square was 74% which is higher than 5%.