mohammadjavad abbaszadeh

The wide range of studies on the role of sound in indoor spaces has led to the development of relevant regulations in many countries, the results of which are the preparation of standards in the area of ​​acoustic comfort. Although the studies of recent years show that reducing the sound in the source does not necessarily mean an increase in sound comfort, and in most cases, the discomfort caused by the sound is not only determined by the frequency content or by the equivalent level value of the sound, but the user's perception can also be effective.  The present article, with the aim of categorizing the literature on the subject, tries to unify the theoretical foundations of the topic of acoustics and housing, which in fact can be used to find suitable solutions to the problem of spatial arrangements in the interior architecture of residential spaces of the apartment type, which The type of upstream goals is around the present topic. As mentioned, the wide range of studies on the role of sound in indoor spaces has led to the development of relevant regulations in many countries, the results of which are the preparation of standards in the area of ​​acoustic comfort. Although the studies of recent years show that reducing the sound in the source does not necessarily mean an increase in sound comfort, and in most cases, the discomfort caused by the sound is not only determined by the frequency content or by the equivalent level value of the sound, but the user's perception can also be effective.. The purpose of this research, which is a review article; the classification of studies in the field of acoustic optimization in contemporary apartment housing is actually done in terms of methodology. The first category is known as spatial simulation, so that in the simulation, building elements or architectural spaces are considered by the researcher. Another group of simulation researchers, whose main focus is different from the simulation of building forms or architectural spaces, is on active noise control methods, which are actively focused on sound structures and related equipment, including microphones, etc. . However, some of the related researches that take the third approach of acoustic simulation, their main focus is on the material. Finally, after categorizing the studies carried out in this field, it can be pointed out which of the approaches to find a solution to the problem has more theoretical scope than other approaches and which of the approaches, according to the current situation in the country.

One of the main concerns of urban experts in crisis management is historical contexts, which are usually more vulnerable and fragile in crises such as earthquakes, floods, or fires due to relative physical depletion. The main idea in historical texture is to prevent irreparable and horrible events. In addition to controlling the lives of many, valuable works considered the cultural identity of any society is not destroyed. The purpose of this study is to present a model based on a participatory approach in solving problems related to crisis management in historical bazaars and then, in the next step, to examine the coefficient of the importance of risks in the historical bazaar of Tabriz and finally to prioritize sub-spaces of Tabriz bazaar. The present study has used a mixed-method, relying on qualitative and quantitative approaches to achieve the objectives. It has collected and summarized the content of the findings using both approaches. Finally, four components arising from the output of interviews with experts in the field, in the field of qualitative research method, show that crisis management of the historical market of Tabriz is unsolvable without the participation of marketers and merchants. The basic (satisfaction, awareness, social interactions, and trust) are linked, all of which can be observed in the form of the "people component" along with the two components of "government structure" and "space" and form triple participation in the historical market of Tabriz. The results of the quantitative studies section of the research indicate three earthquake hazards with a weight coefficient (0.188), intentional destruction of the structure by marketers and merchants with a weight coefficient (0.173), and finally, fire hazards with a weight coefficient (0.142), respectively. They were ranked first to third.

The issue of the ultimate goal in Islamic architecture, contrary to contemporary views, is not so vague, and to consider "divinity" as this goal would be less controversial. However, this term can take on very variable meanings, and the main issue of the present study is to refine the variable meanings and reach the correct framework from the perspective of Islam. This paper aims to study the role of nurturing architecture from new angles and make its connection with the spiritual dimension of human life clearer. In search of a new theory for reading the mosque in Islam, this paper first criticizes the aesthetic and epistemological approach to the role of the mosque from the perspective of the traditional text and as an approach that places the body or space of the mosque in the position of the spirituality and points out that it lacks the necessary authenticity from an Islamic point of view. Then, by proposing an "instrumental" approach to the role of the mosque in achieving the spirituality instead of a goal, the issue of the relationship between the concept of the mosque and the philosophical discussion of technology can be raised, which opens a new window to understanding the relationship between Islam and architecture. Therefore, while creating a new possibility to include Islamic principles in the design of the mosque, in terms of preventing religious distortions in the mosque and other religious spaces, it can also lead to a more effective approach. In this study, among the five architectural connections as a means of presence, the background connection of the most compatible situation with the Islamic requirements in the field of the mosque is advanced, the design consequences of which should be examined more carefully in the future.

The extant s tudy aimed to analyze the acous tic comfort situation in contemporary apartments based on urban spaces in Tabriz, Iran. This s tudy was conducted using a quantitative method within the field survey at two levels of the ques tionnaire (perceptual situation) and field measurements (acous tical condition). The researcher-made ques tionnaire was used to collect data in the firs t s tep. Architecture experts approved the validity of the ques tionnaire; its reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha (0.926). All experiments associated with airborne noise field measurements (background sound and sound pressure level) were done using 2260Inves tigator. Firs t, background noise was measured in two open and closed windows inside the considered residential units. In the next s tep, sound pressure level (SPL) Figures were plotted using level rate and sound s tandard in different plan spaces. Ultimately, the authors assessed noise criteria and their difference with sound levels. The results indicated the undeniable effect of traffic, among other variables of acous tic comfort, on dissatisfaction caused by noise in urban areas of Tabriz. This effect was not only definite but also so significant that there was no change in patterns emerging in noise level, even based on the SPL measurements.

Noise is unwanted noise. Excessive noise is known to be a nuisance in the living and working environment. This ambient noise must be controlled and reduced to an acceptable level because high levels of noise, in addition to being annoying and annoying, also cause countless harmful effects. The purpose is to investigate and analyze the acoustic comfort in contemporary housing apartments in terms of urban spaces in Tabriz. The research method has a quantitative nature that is done as a field survey in two levels of questionnaire tools (perceptual status assessment) as well as field surveys (acoustic status assessment). The researcher-made questionnaire has been used as a data collection tool in the first part, the validity of which was assessed by a survey of professors in the field of architecture and acoustics and its reliability has been evaluated using Cronbach's alpha (0.926). All experiments related to airborne noise absorption field (background noise absorption and sound pressure level) using the 2260 device made by B&K Denmark. Initially, background noise is measured in both open and closed window modes inside the residential units. After that, SPL acoustic pressure level diagrams were drawn and evaluated using the specific and standard sound levels in decibels in different plan spaces. In the final stage, the acoustic standard of noise level (NC) is examined. The results show that the effect of traffic among other variables in the field of acoustic comfort, on the level of dissatisfaction caused by noise in urban areas in the Tabriz, is not only undeniable but also important to the extent that even with measurements The SPL sound pressure level did not change the patterns created at the noise level.

Noise annoyance is a sensitive indicator of adverse noise effects and by itself means that noise affects people’s quality of life. In fact the acoustic environment has been neglected during the education of building engineers and architects relative to the thermal and lighting aspects addressed in education programs. This study aimed to investigate various non-acoustic factors on the annoyance caused by environmental noise in residential apartments. The surveys were conducted in Iran, city of Tabriz in October and November 2019. This research is descriptive-analytical and the type of research is correlational and causal. The statistical population of this study has formed the residents of different towers of Aseman-e Tabriz Residential Complex, which was selected as the sample size by using 373 Cochran's formula. The way of selecting sample people is randomly simple. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by the professors and the reliability of the questionnaire has been obtained using Cronbach's special alpha formula for the variables in total equal to 0.857, and the variables of the situational section 0.902. Among all variables of the study, only four variables of fear with the 12.93% of variance changes, sensitivity to noise with the 11.85%, health issues of the residents with the 12.25%, satisfaction with the quality of construction and insulation with the 12.53% are the main factors influencing.

This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the realization of the creative city in the mid-sized city of Bonab. The present study is of applied research type and the prevailing approach is descriptive-analytical and inferential research. The statistical population of the research at two levels included Bonab citizens and experts. Data were collected using two spectra of statistical and Delphi questionnaires. Data analysis and analysis were performed using multivariate regression tests and variance analysis. The results of the regression test showed that all variables were related to the realization of the creative city in the middle city of Bonab and a total of 98 variables could explain 79% of the variance changes. The results of the MANOVA test also showed that there is a difference between the neighborhoods of Bonab city in terms of the characteristics of the creative city. Finally, the results of the TOPSIS model showed that the criteria of food and tourism and entertainment, communication and IT, industry, export, trade and services, university, research and health - treatment, social, culture and art, architecture - urban planning and management in The first to eighth priorities and neighborhoods 5, 1, 3, 4 and 2 are in the first to fifth priorities. Finally, it is suggested that the creative city in Bonab be realized with a focus on food tourism and the development of communication and academic status.

The mosques as the principal representative of the physical structures of Islamic architecture have once been a clear demonstration of the crystallization of sacred space in the human-built environment, while today, unfortunately, due to intolerance and neglect, often their key and vital quality is lost in purely physi cal form. The purpose of this study is to recognize the concept of sacred space and evaluate its criteria in several contemporary mosques seeking to answer the question of how and to what extent the criteria of sa cred space concept are presented in contemporary mosques. The method of this research is descriptive-evaluation and its data collection is based on the study of library resources, observation, and content analysis. Regarding the experience of the sense of sa cred space in the mosque, the extent of sense of sa cred space in the three mosques varies. This feeling is higher in Imam Mosque (former Shah) than in the other specimen; the mosque of Tehran University is in the middle position compared to the other two sam ples and the al-Jawad mosque is in a completely dif ferent position, in terms of objectively and mentally signifying a sense of sacred space. Poorly evaluated, it is largely due to the modern, minimalist look that was taken into consideration when constructing the building. The study aimed to identify the sacred sig nificant implications of sacred space in mosques and the factors that create the sacred space of the mosque in the mind of the audience. The results con firm that there is a significant relationship between the age of the attendees and the motivation to attend the mosque, and the absence of a significant relation ship between the gender of the attendees and the motivation to attend the mosque show that the Imam Mosque has the best situation compared to the other two mosques. Among the reasons that show that Imam Mosque in Tehran is superior to other mosques in sense of sacred space, we can mention the follow ing: Using four symmetrical porch pattern on four sides of yard with same dimensions along with other physical elements (courtyard, Dome, shrine, minaret, pulpit, and altar) in this mosque indicates the exist ence of objective indications of sacred space. Care fully considered in the Shabestan geometric system, this geometry is close to the square (on either side of the dome), which induces a sense of balance to the audience. The geometry of the dome is quite close to the square and the technique of turning the square into a circle, which is part of the mosque’s architec ture, has been elaborately applied. In the meantime, all of the above is milder in the Tehran University Mosque, and in the Al-Jawad Mosque almost all of the above is not presented about the sense of sacred space.

Studying real as well as imagery spatiality of family roles and image of them for family members should be put among first steps of any architectural design program that aims to achieve in stabilizing of family pattern of a certain culture. Its importance is more obvious for those cultures which want to save family structure as their basis of existence and growth. A literature review of current socio-spatial studies of home in the first part of the article has shown a kind of ignorance or even opposition towards main family roles (i.e. fatherhood, motherhood, spouse), so such studies are mainly organized around dialectic relationship among two genders and home is considered as central point of the conflict. Feminists’ theoretical positions are clearly dominant here, although it could not be forgotten that leftist basis of social sciences has its overwhelming impact on any study of this kind. So it may be clear that for an Islamic society as Iran such a research gap of family-based study of home is highly required to maintain and improve its preferred social pattern based on family relations. The current research is arranged towards such a goal via quantitative as well as qualitative study of spatiality of father’s presence at home. Because there were no previous study of the subject, at first some usual behaviors of father role in Iranian society (positive or negative ones) were selected and put on examination via a questionnaire designed to measure spatiality of fathers’ image among the youths (the cases were taken from Tabriz for consistency). Target behaviors of the questionnaire fill an spectrum from individual presence of father at home to family actions with his contribution and finally covers his presence in wider collections at home (i.e. parties). These are arranged in four categories: one person actions, two-person interactions, family interactions and family-stranger (guest) interactions. For every category 4 to 11 presence- behavior patterns are identified that their relation with images of father are quantitatively explored. Then the main features emerged from quantitative study were put in more detailed study using four open email interview. The four of respondents selected were asked to describe about those patterns and send some pictures of the place of father in those positions at their home. ‘Family-biased’ and ‘rituality’ are two main labels of fathers’ images emerged from quantitative research. These findings are clearly in opposition with dialectic discussion of current literature of home (male-female ones). ‘Father’ in his individual presence and signs of such presence have been far less memorable than his being in family or guest spaces. This fact is far strengthened in results of qualitative enquiry where ritual as well as custodial roles of father in his spatiality in family are emphasized. His presence at main corners of collective spaces of home and important angles of family gatherings are main elements of spatiality of fathers’ image. Results of this research open some ways towards understanding of father-home relation and can provide some basics for interior design oriented to family behaviors.

Behavior studies with the twofold inclusion of architecture and culture physical body have had a specific position in the environmental theories. The main subject of this research is to study and analyze these types of studies in approaching the behavior adjustment with an emphasize on Islamic culture. For this purpose، after sufficient discussion on theoretical framework of research which considers the contemporary tendencies of design in the domain of adjustment of behavior، a model has been put forth for programming in order to include the two items of behavioral realities and behavioral ideals. In order to implement the model and also to gain the precise results، the prayers rooms of the airport have been presented as a case sample. After collecting data in survey form، the data has been analyzed in SPSS software. The research methodology of the present article is based on the qualitative method and logic reasoning. By the way، the document review and library study، forms the base of analysis، description and interpretation of the results in this article. The results from the application of the model on programming the sample case of prayers room in airports terminals showed that the behavioral realities (including the rate of occurrence of behaviors and also the view of the users towards them) can provide a real based for program bargaining that in addition to designer and employers، the general culture (here Islamic culture) also to be strong in that side and its outcome to be presented in form of obligations of design derived from the general culture and behavioral realities.

Sense of place is the most important features of space for designers in relation between human and environment, although key theories of the mid-twentieth century have shown that some social and psychological factors are more effective than physical characteristics but in this research, the focus is on the physical features of space. Many researchers have been analyzed Physical features and its influence on human life in recent years. The aim of this paper is to focus on perception of users from prayer room. In other word, the objective of this paper is to find most effective features of a space that are key factors regarding physical attributes. The main question here is what are these features? Moreover, how much is their influence on sense of place? Furthermore, the attitudes and opinions of users were surveyed with the help of questionnaire and the result was calculated with SPSS. Finally, the results summarized in a form of tables show that gender and age are not major or effective factors in sense of place in prayer room. Signs, decoration and activities of prayers are among main elements of identity in prayer rooms. Overall, the result shows that physical features of spaces do not have a great influence on sense of place.

Many scholars believe that social modernity in Iran has been started far earlier than era of Reza Shah Pahlavi with its up-down modernization project and it is argued that there has been an innate social process of modernity gradually developed since Qajar period. So it can be questioned that which one of the two cultural models of Modernity and Tradition has been dominating Qajar artifacts and if there were any clear footsteps of cultural patterns of modernity in spaces of everyday life of ordinary people of that time. Here, this question is inquired from the viewpoint of guest’s spatiality of home. Beginning from this question then domestic examples from first period of introducing of modernity to Iran (since Qajar to starting years of Pahlavi Dynasty) with emphasize on cases of city of Tabriz are studied concentrating on effects of the two cultures of Tradition and Modernity on spatial patterns of hospitality within these houses. The hypothesis of productive effect of dialectic of “self-other” on domestic spaces of modern era is put into critical debate. Three basic patterns of domestic spaces (minimal house, maximal one and collective house) are analyzed from viewpoint of spatial-cultural relations. Each of these three patterns has its special theoretical debate in western discourse of early modernity. For each pattern two example of Qajar houses of Tabriz are selected for analyzing of guest space: Amir-Nezam house and Behnam House are considered as maximalist type, Alavi House and Sehhati house as minimal examples and Rastgar house as semi-community house. So the research method is historical-interpretive based on historical texts, assessments and pictures as well as buildings.
The maximal pattern is bourgeois’ that is manifested in Victorian examples. In this pattern all spaces are arranged upon a theatrical scene in which actors are homeowners and audiences are guests. This theatrical model as Goffman argued has been extended to contemporary western house. Introduction of large variety of rooms for various presences of guests can be interpreted as a byproduct of this culture. In comparison, in its Iranian counterpart there is no considerable social distance between the host and the guest in spatial order of a conventional party. Such a view has resulted in unifying of guest receiving space and living space which is placed at the central axis of house. This axial position is a socio-cultural characteristic of guest’s spatiality which is not restricted to maximalist ones. Any separation among people during guest presence would be upon vast family divisions which has no relation to guests. Heavy interior decoration of bourgeois’ internal design is eliminated in many houses of rich men of Qajar as our study shows. Two minimalist patterns of early modernity are arguable: dirty houses of Industrial revolution and what has been called “the minimum dwelling” by modernists. The latter is a product of modernists’ social project which was based on reducing home-living in the favor of social presence. It was an essential step to deny private sphere. The guest’s spatiality here was seen as being with others in out-of-home places. So restaurant and saloons occupied the place of parlors. Searching for Iranian transformation like that model has reverse result. We have shown here that in Qajar small houses of Tabriz, there were no conceptual difference in comparison with maximalist houses while historical documents show no sign of development of out-of-home places for guests. The third pattern is the community houses that were seen as utopias of the project of modernity. From the view point of guests’ spatiality, this pattern is movement towards denying any distance between self and other so the stranger becomes host as well as guest. In utopist text of William Morris (News from Nowhere) such a position is articulated. It has been argued by many writers of western culture that it has been common pattern of medieval society that has been destroyed by bourgeois’ culture. If the utopia were to be realized then strangers should be accepted in common spaces without any exception and if the socialist utopia was going on then maximizing use of common facilities would be seen as an instrument to saving the community so any private guest should make use of common ones instead of host’s ones (the example of socialist Russia housing projects). Khanghah of Daravish in the Islamic word pursues such a pattern with the exception of absence of family i.e. these places where completely masculine spaces. So these could not be extended to dwelling patterns of traditional Iran. In Tabriz of Qajar there were no similar examples to multifamily apartments of socialists’ utopias of early 20th century as well as utopian community ones. The only close examples to utopian patterns of modern guests’ spatiality in Tabriz are rare hotels of late Qajar and a house (Rastgar) with a linear and multi-unit plan that cannot be undoubtedly a Qajar house.
It is could be said that social analysis of guests’ spatiality of modernity is heavily based on resolving of dialectic of otherness in western society of 19 century. This study shows that real patterns of modernity for guest’s spatiality at home differs greatly from its counterparts of Qajar Iran and those of Qajar could be interpreted far more persuasively with traditional patterns than those of modernity. So now it is possible to put some query on the hypothesis that tells if there was not obligatory modernization project of Rezashah then there would be an innate Iranian Modernity. Full openness toward strangers embedded at the center of utopian views of intellectuals of modernity and has been at the focal point of modern utopias has no essential meaning in domestic culture of Qajar era of Iran because acceptance of guest as a member of family was so deep in cultural-spatial patterns of those people that modern utopian perspective of fading “otherness” in spatial arrangement of hospitality of home has no new message for that people. So it is conceivable that the theory of innate cultural permutation of Islamic and traditional lifestyle of Iranians without Rezashah’s projects cannot be easily confirmed for social history of Iran.