mohammadreza alizadeh

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to older people with diabetes, especially women. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the perceived risk of COVID-19 and quality of life, stress, anxiety and depression among older diabetic women.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 diabetic women aged 60 and above living in Sari City, Iran, in 2023. Multistage random sampling was used to choose the samples. Data were collected using a demographic information form; COVID-19 perceived risk questionnaire; depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) and diabetes quality of life (DQOL) questionnaire

The mean age of the participants was 67.04 years, with a moderate mean quality of life score of 54.05±7.76. Anxiety showed the highest mean levels (11.46±2.86). Higher self-efficacy and perceived effectiveness were associated with improved mental health outcomes and quality of life (P˂0.05).

The findings highlight the complex interplay between psychological perceptions of disease risk and mental health outcomes in vulnerable populations. The inverse relationship between defensive responses and well-being suggests that maladaptive coping strategies may exacerbate psychological distress. These results align with previous studies showing that risk perception significantly influences health outcomes in chronic disease management. The results demonstrate how psychological factors related to the perception of COVID-19 risk can impact mental health outcomes and quality of life in older women with diabetes. Considering the possible emergence of new and re-emerging diseases, health systems must prioritize the mental health of frail older adults.

The current researcher presents the strategic model of the green brand to achieve the success of competitive components in the food industry, which is done by a combined (qualitative-quantitative) method.

In this research, in the qualitative phase, using open codes, axes and selection were used, and experts in the food industry, including managers and equipment of Kaleh Company, were selected as samples. Data collection tool in the quantitative part, Excel and SMS software are used.

The findings of the research include 10 dimensions (available resources, innovations, strategies, capabilities, requirements, research and development, facilities and equipment, value creation, entrepreneurship and cost leadership), 6 components (human and support resources, social capital and behavior organizational culture and .performance and opportunities) and 88 indicators were identified.

Companies that follow green marketing (especially Kaleh Food Industry Company), try to use company processes and marketing methods to balance environmental, economic and social dimensions to ensure long-term development, to attract customers and Use participation in society. The fit of the model was calculated through the GOF model as the geometric mean of R2 and the mean of sharing, which has a value of 0.830, it showed that the model was favorable and as a result, the overall model was confirmed.
Also, the comparison of the research results with the research conducted in this field shows that the results of the research are consistent with the conducted research

Puddling process is a part of land preparation in rice cultivation. In other words, puddling is an important method of soil management, which is done to disturb the structure of the surface layer of the soil and prepare the field for rice transplanting. Usually, in this process, the soil is flooded and tillage is done on it. The soil texture and the soil moisture conditions before flooding are factors that affect the process of the puddling. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of initial soil moisture and soil texture on some properties of paddy soils puddling process in Guilan province.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design in three replications. Three textures (silt, silty clay, and clay) of paddy soils were prepared under four initial soil moisture treatments (85, 90, 95, and 100% degrees of saturation). After preparing the soil samples, they were puddled using a laboratory panel. During and after the puddling process, the amount of net water consumed, the depth of water collected on the soil 2 and 6 days after puddling, the soil swelling at the end of the operation, the depth of soil settlement after 2, 4 and 6 days and the final depth of the soil were measured. Statistical analysis of the effect of the experimental treatments on the measured properties and their mean comparison was done with LSD test using SPSS 23 software. Calculations and graphs were done using EXCEL software.

The results showed that the independent effects of initial soil moisture and soil texture on all of the measured properties except the depth of soil after 6 days were statistically significant at 1%. With increasing initial soil moisture, the amount of net water consumption and the final depth of soil decreased and other measured parameters increased. On the other hand, the effect of soil texture on net water consumption, water collected on the soil 2 and 6 days after puddling, soil amass at the end of the operation, depth of soil after 2 and 4 days, and the final depth of the soil were statistically significant at 1%. The interaction effect of initial soil moisture and soil texture on soil amass at the end of the operation and final soil depth was statistically significant at 1%, and for the depth of water accumulated on the soil 2 days after puddling and the depth of soil after 2 days was statistically significant at 5%. By increasing the initial soil moisture content from 85 to 100% of saturation degree, the amount of water used for the puddling process decreased by 61%.

According to the results, the features of the puddling process are affected by the initial moisture and soil texture. Therefore, the results of this research can be used in the agricultural management of paddy fields in Guilan province. With increasing soil clay content, the measured parameters include the amount of net water consumed, the depth of water collected on the soil 2 and 6 days after puddling, the soil swelling at the end of the operation, the depth of soil settlement after 2, 4 and 6 days and the final depth of the soil were increased. The range of net water consumed in the puddling process for experimental treatments varied between 31 and 114 mm, and the lowest was obtained in silty soil texture with 20% clay and initial moisture treatment of 100% degree of saturation. Estimating water consumption in the puddling process and its correlation with initial soil moisture and clay percentage can inform the management of the agricultural calendar and water allocation program in the Sefidroud irrigation network for paddy fields. This information can help optimize water usage, especially in light of rainfall events at the start of the irrigation season, with the goal of reducing overall water consumption.

This study evaluated the current practices of opioid and non-opioid analgesic administration for postoperative pain management in gynecological surgeries, aiming to optimize pain relief while minimizing side effects.

A cross-sectional, prospective Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE) study was conducted at Al-Zahra Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Medical records of 100 patients undergoing gynecological surgery were reviewed over five months. Data on prescribed analgesics, pain scores, and adherence to APS2016 and ERAS2016 guidelines were collected and analyzed statistically.

Meperidine (pethidine) and diclofenac were the most frequently prescribed analgesics. The average patient pain score was 2.48 units. A combination of meperidine, diclofenac, and acetaminophen was identified as the most effective regimen for pain control. Prescribed regimens demonstrated 41.4±27.3% theoretical and 60.60 ± 28.77% practical compliance with APS2016 and ERAS2016 guidelines. While achieving the primary objective of pain relief with minimal side effects, compliance with established guidelines could be further improved through educational interventions.

Optimizing analgesic regimens for postoperative pain management requires careful consideration of individual patient needs, including the benefits of opioid analgesics in achieving greater pain reduction. Adherence to evidence-based guidelines and ongoing educational programs for healthcare professionals are crucial for ensuring optimal pain relief with minimal side effects.

Developing novel diagnostic and screening tools for exploring intracranial injuries following mi-nor head trauma is a necessity. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum glial fibrillary acidicprotein (GFAP) in detecting intracranial injuries following minor head trauma.

An extensive searchwas performed in Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to the end of April 2022. Hu-man observational studies were chosen, regardless of sex and ethnicity of their participants. Pediatrics studies,report of diagnostic value of GFAP combined with other biomarkers (without reporting the GFAP alone), arti-cles including patients with all trauma severity, defining minor head trauma without intracranial lesions as theoutcome of the study, not reporting sensitivity/specificity or any other values essential for computation of truepositive, true negative, false positive and false-negative, being performed in the prehospital setting, assessingthe prognostic value of GFAP, duplicated reports, preclinical studies, retracted articles, and review papers wereexcluded. The result was provided as pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic score and diagnostic odds ratio,and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI).

Eventually, 11 related articles were introduced into the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis impliesthat the area under the SROC curve for serum GFAP level in minor traumatic brain injuries (TBI) was 0.75 (95%CI: 0.71 to 0.78). Sensitivity and specificity of this biomarker in below 100 pg/ml cut-off were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.78to 0.89) and 0.39 (95% CI: 0.24 to 0.53), respectively. The diagnostic score and diagnostic odds ratio of GFAP indetection of minor TBI were 1.13 (95% CI: 0.53 to 1.74) and 3.11 (95% CI: 1.69 to 5.72), respectively. The level ofevidence for the presented results were moderate.

The present study’s findings demonstrate thatserum GFAP can detect intracranial lesions in mild TBI patients. The optimum cut-off of GFAP in detection ofTBI was below 100 pg/ml. As a result, implementing serum GFAP may be beneficial in mild TBI diagnosis forpreventing unnecessary computed tomography (CT) scans and their related side effects.

With the advancement of technology, families' lifestyle has changed, and computer games have found a special place among families. Since the 1960s, with the advent of computer games, lifestyle change has been a hidden and visible goal established in many computer games.Some foreign computer games are produced to change lifestyles, change religious values and beliefs, and transform children's attitudes and viewpoints. And since children and adolescents are the future makers of society and computer games' influence on them is evident, it is essential to pay attention to this matter.With proper planning and goal setting, it is possible to promote life skills and Iranian and Islamic lifestyle principles in computer games, provided that the officials and those in charge also have the necessary support for domestic game makers.This study aims to analyze the representation of economic components of the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle in domestic computer games by examining the relevant components in five different computer games.This paper's research method is a qualitative method based on semiotics of economic components of the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle in domestic computer games.The results of this research, which are presented in numerous tables, show that the local computer game industry's high capability to introduce and promote the principles, values, and principles of the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle has not been used appropriately.

Daily increase of environmental degradation, which has occurred as a result of high growth of population and the explicit exploitation of natural resources in recent years, has raised global attention to environmental protection. Therefore, green consumption has not only been considered as a vital issue, but also as a long-term process that reflects changes in social values. Therefore, this research aims to identify dimensions and components of competitive advantage of the green marketing strategy in the Kaleh food industries. A mixed analysis has been used in the methodology of this research. In qualitative stage, content analysis and open and axial coding are used to identify components and indices. In continuous the relations among concept, dimensions as well as components has been identified by using a selective coding method. In a quantitative stage, using an analytical descriptive method, analytical and pathway analysis and confirmatory analysis of the identified components are discussed. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability have been used to evaluate the reliability of the research variables. In order to confirm the validity of measurement models, the convergent validity has been used. The statistical society in the qualitative stage consist of 10 experts (people with executive or managing experience and also with enough knowledge and awareness in food industry) and the statistical society of quantitative stage consist of 150 managers and senior managers of Kaleh food industries.

 The process of cognitive control and resultant selective attention construct the shared root of a continuum of neurocognitive functions. Efficient inhibition of task-irrelevant information and unwanted attributes has been evaluated through various paradigms. Stroop tasks in different forms could provide a platform for detecting the state of this type of inhibition and selective attention. Computational modeling of electroencephalography (EEG) signals associated with attentional control could complement the investigations of this discipline.

 We used a machine learning-based classification to examine whether earlier or later epochs are more representative. So, through the present preliminary investigation, Gaussian SVM models were trained on the early (150 - 300 ms) and late (350 - 500 ms) intervals.

 Ninety-six trials of a three-condition Color-Word Stroop task were performed while recording EEG. All subjects (9 participants) were right-handed (20 - 25 years), and half were male. Three-condition signal epochs were redefined as two conditions: (1) differentiated incongruent epochs (DIe), which are incongruent epochs that their equivalent congruent epochs are subtracted from and (2) neutral epochs, in which intervals of 150 - 300 ms and 350 - 500 ms post-stimulus were extracted. Preprocessed data were then analyzed, and the whole EEG epoch was considered the variable to be compared between conditions. An acceptably fitted support vector machine (SVM) algorithm classified the data.

 For each individual, the comparison was made regarding DIe and neutral epochs for two intervals (150 - 300 and 350 - 500 ms). The SVM classification method provided acceptable accuracies at 59 - 65% for the 150 - 300 ms interval and 65 - 70% for the 350 - 500 ms interval within individuals. Regarding frequency domain assessments, the Delta frequency band for these two intervals showed no significant difference between the two conditions.

 The SVM models performed better for the late event-related epoch (350 - 500 ms) classification. Hence, selective attention-related features were more significant in this temporal interval.

The Fans are the beating heart of the system and play an important role in the production process in industry. The objective of this paper is the numerical study of flow through an axial fan and examining the effects of fan design parameters on the performance of the fan. Fan design is done with SolidWorks software and the SST-k-ω and k-ε turbulence models are applied in the simulation which are done using CFX software. In the study of pressure distribution and current separation, occurs at the back of the blade attack edge, and as we get closer to the tip of the blade, the vortices resulting from the separation of the flow become decreasing. The effect of changing the length of the blades and their angle has also been studied. The results show that at different rotational speeds, the optimal blade is different and with increasing fan speed, the maximum fan efficiency percentage occurs at a smaller attack angle. By increasing the blade length by 20% the fan output increases 47.5% and the fan power consumption increases by 53%.

The today s most concerning problem in the world is the morbidity and mortality following covid19 infection. The aim of this study is to investigate different factors and their impacts on mortality rate of covid19 patients. In this review article, recent studies from February 2019 to April 2021 were assessed using English and Persian resources. The keywords were Covid19, mortality rate, underlying diseases, and demographic factors which were investigated through PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Iran Medex, Ovid, Scopus, Scientific information database and Magi ran. At first 298 articles were collected. Then titles and abstracts were assessed. Due to inclusive, exclusive criteria, and aims of research, 51 articles were selected and entered to the study. Underlying diseases like hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity could lead to the increase of covid19 complications and mortality by weakening the immune system, producing inflammation, inducing metabolic disorders, coagulopathy, and impairing respiratory system function. Demographic factors like age, sex, race and occupation could affect mortality rate of covid19 patients due to physiologic differences, rate of contacts, and protection measures. The impact of life-style on covid19 complications and mortality and preventing measures needed for modifications could be of high-interest in the future studies.

One of the main goals of drying agricultural crop is reduction of the moisture content and obtain optimum moisture in order to get maximum storage time and reduction of crop losses in the processing stage. Regarding to new science application and different methods of drying, use of new methods such as drying with infrared ray is necessary to be studied. In this study in order to determine effect of air temperature at three levels of 40, 50 and 60 ° C and ultimate paddy moisture at levels of %7-8, % 9-10 and %11-12 (based on dry weight) on drying time and paddy husk percent of Tarom Hashemi was used rotary cylindrical drier of infrared in three replications. Besides, effect in three levels of temperature and moisture and two type crop of paddy and brown rice on some mechanical properties of the dried paddy were determined by instron apparatus in five replications. The results indicated that the studied factors temperature and moisture had a significant effect on drying time. However, temperature and moisture factors hadn’t significant effect on the husk present. Measurement of Mechanical properties of rice paddy after drying indicated that among three factors: type crop (paddy and brown rice), moisture and temperature; two factors of type crop and moisture were more effective on mechanical properties. The obtained results of the research showed that optimum temperature of drying and optimum ultimate moisture (based on dry weight) are 57/68 ° C degree and %7/5 and under such conditions optimum time of drying was 84/76 minutes so that husk percent, break time and force were %21/54, 4/24 sec and 33/92 N respectively, besides size of displacement up to break point was 0/34 mm.

To study the effects of tillage system, planting method and of nitrogen fertilizer rate on the agronomic characteristics and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Dalgan oilseed rape cultivar, as the second crop after rice, a split factorial experiment in complete randomized block design with three replications was carried out in two cropping seasons (2016-2018) at paddy fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, Iran. In this experiment, three tillage systems (conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and no-tillage) were considered as main plots and two planting methods (direct and transplanting) and four rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1) as factorial arrangement in sub plots. The results showed that conventional and minimum tillages in the transplanting method had the maximum seed yield (with the averages of 3458 and 3360 kg.ha-1, respectively). Transplanting method with 300 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen level had higher number of auxiliary branches per plant, number of siliques per plant, seed yield, and oil yield. Minimum tillage system with 200 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen with an average seed yield of 4144 kg.ha-1 had the highest seed yield. Based on the results of this experiment, minimum tillage system with 200 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen in both planting methods, direct seeding and transplanting, would be more suitable for oilseed rape production in Guilan region.

Long time processing, high energy consumption and non-uniformity in layers moisture are common problems in paddy drying using conventional batch type dryer, leading to increase the chance of kernel breaking during milling process. In this research, drying time, grains moisture content change and energy consumption of a newly rotary dryer were compared with that of a conventional batch type dryer for paddy (Hashemi variety) drying. Besides, quality parameters as hulling milling ratio, head rice yield and white rice breaking percent were studied in paddy dried using both dryers. All Experiments were done triplicate and data analyzed using T- student method in 5% probability. Results showed that newly rotary dryer caused uniformity in drying processes and cleaning of dried paddy; but, in conventional batch type dryer, because of environmental warm air around it, drying time and energy consumption were about 9 and 8.9 percent, respectively, less than what were calculated in newly rotary dryer. Specific energy consumption for paddy moisture evaporation was 13.5 MJ/kgH2O and it was about 11 percent less than that in rotary dryer. The difference of paddy moisture contents and temperatures in top and lower part of layers of batch type dryer were 2 percent and 6 °C respectively.  Milling ratio increased 3.8 percent when rotary dryer was used. Rotary dryer did not have significant effect on paddy hulling. The main effect of using rotary dryer occurred on head rice yield and it was increased about 7.5 percent, comparing with batch dryer. Using rotary dryer caused 7.8 percent decrease in broken kernels, comparing with conventional batch type dryer.

To evaluate the effects of tillage and planting systems on soil physical properties, grain yied and its components, and milling recovery of rice (cv. Hashemi), an experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute of Iran in 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons-using split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors were; tillage methods (main plots) at three levels (rotary tractor, power tiller conventional puddler and power tiller rotary puddler), planting methods (sub plots) in three levels (manual transplanting, mechanized transplanting and direct seeding). Results of combined analysis of variance showed that fall-cone penetration depth and bulk density were significantly affected by tillage methods. Maximum penetration depth of fall-cone (10.86 cm) and minimum bulk density (0.86 g.cm-3) were observed in tillage rotary tractor.Plant height (144.01 cm) and number of tillers per m-2 (344 tillers.m-2) in direct seeding were significantly higher than mechanized and manual transplanting methods. Maximum harvest index (49.29%) and pushing resistance (5.73 N) in mechanized transplanting was significantly diffirent in comparison to manual transplanting and direct seeding. Maximum number of panicles.m-2 obtained in direct seeding (288 panicles.m-2) followed by mechanized transplanting (284 panicles.m-2) which were significantly diffirent from panicle number per unit area in manual transplanting (261 panicles.m-2). Effect of tillage methods, planting methods and their interaction on head rice, broken rice and milling recovery were not significant. It can be concluded that power tiller puddler, mechanized transplanting and direct seeding may improve grain yield components with maintaining the the soil physical properties.

Introduction Cities are always the centers of innovation, innovation and creativity. Richard Flouride believes that cities are in the midst of creativity, which have always been the wheels of movement, focus, and guidance of human creative energy. The quality of life in the city is directly affected by the kind of look at urban issues. Urban creativity as a strategic approach can affect the quality of living in the city Methodology The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of membership on the network of UNESCO cities and its impact on sustainable urban development in Iran. Case study was carried out in Rasht. The present study was carried out using a researcher-made questionnaire with a sample size of 384 people in the city of Udan, Rasht, in 1397. A simple random sampling was done. In this research, the instrument used includes a researcher-made creative city questionnaire with three components (economic, social, cultural) and sustainable urban development with three components (economic, social, cultural, and environmental). SPSS is used to analyze the data. Results and discussion The research findings showed that the creative city has been effective in sustainable development of Rasht. As the social and economic components of the creative city change, the sustainable development of Rasht's urban development varies as much. Also, the findings showed that the economic component of the creative city is more important among the components of the creative city regarding the impact on sustainable urban development in Rasht city.

In mechanized harvesting, it is very important to develop an appropriate rice reaper for decreasing costs and crop losses. In this study, the field performance of two rice reapers (self-propelled and knapsack power reapers) were compared with manual harvesting. The experiment was conducted in split-plot design with the rice varieties as the main factor in two levels (Hashemi and Khazar) and the harvesting method as sub-factor in three levels (three harvesting methods) based on randomized complete block design in three replications. The results revealed that the effective field capacity of a self-propelled reaper (0.237 ha.h-1) and knapsack power reaper (0.048 ha.h-1) was significantly higher than that of the manual harvesting (0.0083 ha.h-1). The time required for harvesting one hectare using the self-propelled reaper, knapsack power reaper and manual method were 4.22, 20.74 and 119.71 h, respectively. The labor requirements in harvesting for manual method were 159.7 man-h.ha-1 and those of the self-propelled and knapsack power reapers were determined 52.22 and 68.74 man-h.ha-1, respectively. The harvesting losses when self-propelled reaper and knapsack power reaper are used and manual method is practiced,  registered as 2.42% and 2.58 and 2.18 %, respectively. The net saving cost using self-propelled and knapsack power reapers were 7940728 and 4444297 Rial.ha-1 as compared to that of manual harvesting. The break-even point for knapsack power and self-propelled reapers were determined 2.00 and 11.42 ha.year-1, respectively.

Knowing the quantity of generated solid waste play a very significant role in solid waste management programs in a region. Due to lack of measured data as well as unavoidable errors in measurements, assessment of volume of generated solid waste is always challenging. Also, field measurement and continues monitoring of the volume of solid waste is usually costly, difficult and time-consuming. Accurate prediction of solid waste generation can be regarded as a key factor in future solid waste management system planning. Conventional forecasting methods in solid waste generation forecasting frequently use the demographic and socioeconomic factors in a per capita basis. In most cases, insufficient funds, the limited measuring equipment, lack of appropriate management systems and due to the lack of recorded data for the volume of generated solid waste cause many problems in integrated solid waste systems management (Dyson and Chang, 2005). In this study, three computational intelligence techniques including M5P model trees, support vector machines (SVM) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network are utilized to predict solid waste generation in Hormozgan Province, Iran. After a sensitivity analysis, four more influential factors including elevation, population, urban development index (measures the level of development in cities based on infrastructure, the municipality established year, the metropolitan area, population, city product and income, health and education) and the frequency of garbage collection were considered in developing models. The performance of proposed models in solid waste generation forecasting are assessed via different error evaluation indices and finally the results are compared.

With the development of modern drying paddy in addition to speed up the drying process, and in particular the amount of waste can be reduced to the minimum possible energy consumption. In this study was investigate the effect of input air temperature, input air flow rate and variety also their interaction on energy consumption and drying rate in the fluidized bed dryer. The parameters of input air temperature at 4 levels of 45, 50, 55 and 60 °C, the air flow rate at 3 levels of 0/12, 0/14 and 0/16 m3/s and variety of paddy at 3 levels Tarom, Fajr and Shirudi was considered and tests was done in three replication in form of a 3×3×4 the 3-factor factorial design. The results indicated that In all three varieties tested, by increasing the intake air temperature as well as reduced energy consumption, drying rate also increased significantly. At 45 and 50 ° C, increasing air flow grain drying had no significant effect on the rate But at 55 and 60 ° C by increasing the flow rate of drying significantly increased. The results showed that by increasing air flow, increased energy consumption.

Drinking water supply to Larestan region in Fars, Iran, is fulfilled from Salman-Farsi Dam, which is not reliable all the times due to drought and presence of other stakeholders. On the other hand, there are many well fields available to Fars Water and Wastewater Company with varying discharge capacity and total dissolved solids concentration. Optimum mix of the trensfered water from well-fields’ pumping and the transferred one from the dam by the pipeline is the main question of the decision makers for maximizing the reliability of the drinking water while fulfilling the water quality constraints. Therefore, conjunctive use of dam’s release and pumping is selected as managerial approach to be optimized under water quality constraints with the target of maximum drinking water supply to demands. The conjunctive use of the water released from dam and withdrawn from the wells is a candid strategy selected by the decision makers among many other strategies for water supply in the region. The conjunctive water use model is formulated in GAMS environment and solved by nonlinear optimization solver MINOS. The conjunctive water use strategy is planned and optimized for three stages of short-term, mid-term and long-term Operation, and operation rules for dam’s release and pumping rates are presented. Current midterm water supply reliability from dam is 63% while with conjunctive use it becomes 90%. In emergency cases (malfunctioning of water transfer system) the reliability without conjunctive water use is 49% while conjunctive water use increases it to 77%.

Economic value of the rice product is determined by the quality of rice after paddy conversion operation to white rice. Conversion Coefficient and crack percent are two important indices for determining the quality of rice after conversion operation that type of dryer used is effective on level of these indices. In this study effect of air temperature was studied in four levels (40, 45, 50 and 55°C); final moisture in three levels (8-10, 10-12, and 12-14%) and rice variety in three levels (Tarom-domsiah, Hashemy, Shirudy) on crack percent and conversion coefficient during the drying in a fluidized bed dryer. Experiments were conducted in the factorial design with three replications and three factors 3×3×4. Results showed that conversion coefficient of Tarom-domsiah, Hashemi and Shiroodi varieties reduced with increasing of moisture at all four temperature levels. In order to dry rice, temperatures 40°C and 50°C for Tarom-domsiah variety and temperature 55°C for Shiroodi variety lead to the best conversion coefficient. Crack percent of Hashemi variety increases with rising of drying temperature but crack percent of Shiroodi variety is reduced. Minimal crack percent of Tarom-domsiah, Hashemi and Shiroodi varieties is gained at temperatures (45°C and 50°C), 45°C and 55°C respectively. Hence, it is recommended to use temperatures mentioned for drying of these varieties in order to obtain minimal crack content.

In this research, the effect of air temperature and and air flow rate was investigated on the broken grains percent, milling recovery and paddy drying time of three rice varieties dried in fluidized bed dryer. The experiment was carried out as factorial in completely randomized design with three replications and the experimental factors were including air temperature at four levels (45, 50, 55 and 60 °C), air flow rate at three levels (0.12, 0.14 and 0.16 m3.s-1) and three rice varieties (Tarom, Fajr and Shirudi). Results indicated that increasing temperature from 55 to 60°C increased the broken grains percent of Shirudi, Fajr and Tarom from 19.10 to 35.97%, 43.30 to 51.36% and 19.82 to 29.06%, respectively. The lowest broken percent (17.17%) was obtained from the air rate 0.12 m3.s-1 and the temperature 45°C and the highest broken percent (40.54%) was registered from the rate 0.16 m3.s-1 and the temperature 60°C. The milling recovery of Shirudi variety at the air rate 0.12 to 0.16 m3.s-1 decreased from 72.37% to 71.74%, but in Fajr and Tarom varieties was not observed significant variation in the milling recovery. Increasing the air temperature from 45 to 60°C at the rate 0.16 m3.s-1 reduced drying time from 13.45 to 5.37 h, respectively, however increasing the air rate from 0.12 to 0.16 m3.s-1 at the air temperature 60°C reduced drying time only from 6.37 to 5.37 h.

Grain discoloration caused by fungi agents, in crop season that the mature grain stage coincides with rain, it causes many damages. In this research effect of paddy discoloration of three varieties (Hashemi, Gohar and Khazar) and disease index in two levels (high and low disease index levels) on grain apparent quality, milling properties and grain bending strength was investigated in a factorial experiment based in randomized complete design with four replications. The milling recovery, degree of whitening, bending strength, length and thickness of the grains (brown rice) in high disease index was significantly lower than those of in low disease index. Also, the broken grains percentage of the three varieties of Hashemi, Gohar and Khazar in high disease index was increased by 5.33, 1.53 and 2.52% as compared to low disease index. Therefore, grain discoloration disease reduces the bending strength and grain size resulting in lower milling recovery, head rice yield and degree of whitening of rice.

In this research, operational process and energy consumption of paddy milling factories in three categories: conventional system (Engelberg Machine for hulling and whitening), semi modern system (Rubber roll dehusker and Engelberg whitener), modern system (Rubber roll husker and abrasive whitener) were investigated in Mazandaran province of Iran. Besides, milling efficiency, Degree of hulling, breakage percent of brown rice and white rice, degree of whitening, and quality factors gelatinization index, percentage of elongation and amylose of cooked rice were studied. Analysis of results indicated that no significant difference exist in degree of milling among conventional, semi modern and modern systems. The changes in the milling efficiency ranged between 62.45 to 63.58 percents. The milling systems had significant difference in hulling operation. Using rubber roll de husker decreased grain breakage and adding gravity separator to dehulling process increased dehulling to 96 percent. Engelberg de husker and whitener had significant effect on brown rice breakage and whitening than Rubber roll dehusker respectively. Results showed yhat, modern rice milling system had less harmful effects on rice than other systems. Rice milling systems did not have significant effect on amylose and gelatinization index of white rice. The parameters and gelatinization index varied in treatments from 21 to 22 percent and 3.97 to 3.99 respectively. Using of conventional milling system has more effect on cooked rice elongation percent than other systems. Results showed that, drying and milling of paddy consume 683.8 and 158.4 MJ thermal and electrical energy per ton respectively.

In order to evaluate the morphological characteristics and lodging related traits and carbohydrate content of culm and carbohydrate remobilization in traditional and improved rice cultivars, a field experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications at Rice Research Institute of Iran )Rasht( in 2012 and 2013. Rice genotypes included three native rice cultivars (Hashemi, Sang­jo and Alikazemi) and six improved (Kadous, Gohar, Khazar, Sepidrood, Deylam and Dorfak) and three promising lines (831, 841 and 416). On the basis of this results, the greatest amount of breaking resistance were observed in third and fourth internods of Khazar. Furthermore, significant positive correlation were observed between average diameter of internode, fresh weight/length of internode and unsoluble carbohydrate content of culm in anthesis and maturity stages with breaking resistance of third and forth internods. Also, significant positive correlation was observed between number of parenchyma cells and unsoluble carbohydrate content of culm in anthesis and maturity stages. On the other hand, there was significant negative correlation between carbohydrate remobilization and breaking resistance of third and forth internods. Principal component analysis classified plant characteristics to two groups. The first factor was named as lodgigng resistance factor and included 71.01 percent of total variation. The second factor with 19.74 percent of total variation was named as morphological lodging sensitivity factor. According to the results of this experiment, it seems that average diameter, thikness and weight/length of internode, have major roles in rice plant resistance to lodging.

Geological phenomena and sights are among the most attractive tourist areas, which can be considered in geotourism as the vision of future economy. Geotourism is the sustainable form of nature-based tourism, which mainly focuses on experience and perception of nature and learning about it, is defined based on comprehensive and sustainable development, and is managed such that its resulting negative outcomes are few and its benefits are maximal for local societies, providing their welfare causes. Iran has a beautiful nature with climatic variety and regions full of unique geological phenomenon and the investigation of these attractions is necessary for gaining more knowledge about them. Mazandaran Province which owns beautiful landscapes, unique geomorphological phenomena, animal diversity, and vegetation is Iran's one of the most important tourism sources. Maintaining and preserving these valuable sources, especially unprecedented geological phenomena which are the result of millions of years of change and evolution of the earth in this region, require fundamental measures and planning at international and regional levels in order for this global legacy to be preserved based on principles of sustainable development and commitments of present generation to the generations to come. To this end, it is necessary to identify motivations of geotourists for visiting a natural attraction in order to present a planning for the protection of natural resources and tourism development. In this research, the selection motivation of geotourits for visiting Badab-e Soor region in Mazandaran Province is investigated. The research method was descriptive-analytical. In order to proximate the ranking to reality and obtain better results, a combination of correlation coefficient and AHP Delphi method which is called synthesis Delphi AHP correlation (SDAC) was used. Results showed that the most frequent motivation of tourists visiting Badab-e Soort geotourism region was its natural attractions.