nasim alipour

Educational supervision in nursing is one of the basic aspects of professional development and quality assurance of nursing education. This article aims to conduct a Narrative review and comprehensively evaluate the existing literature on the effectiveness of educational supervision on the performance of nursing students to guide future research and practice.

This study was conducted by a Narrative review method on the research on the effectiveness of educational supervision on the performance of nursing students. Search for Persian articles with the keywords supervision, education, student, nurse, clinical supervision in the Farsi Magiran database and Google Scholar search engine was conducted in the period from 1940 to 2023, and search for English articles with the keywords, Nurse*, Supervision, Education, Clinical Mentoring, Medical Field Study, Clinical Practicum in the reliable English databases of PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library was conducted in the period from 1940 to 2023. In the end, 7 articles (4 Persian and 3 English) were selected and analyzed in line with the objectives of this study.

The findings of this research showed that the design of clinical training courses based on the model of clinical supervision and guidance can lead to the improvement of interpersonal, professional, and communication skills as well as in clinical skills such as the diagnosis and application of the drugs used, teaching the patient and Companions, observing safety points in isolation, observing the correct principles of dressing and sampling, taking veins, team participation, prevention of infection and application of the nursing process, should be taught to the patient and relatives. Of course, the insulting behavior of clinical supervisors is one of the negative experiences of nursing students, and students must receive support from clinical supervisors.

The study showed that educational oversight is effective on the performance of nursing students, but it is suggested that more quasi-trial studies can be conducted in the field of educational monitoring and performance of nursing students.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a popular food flavor enhancer, and a glutamate subset that inducesdifferent toxicities such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and nephrotoxicity. This study wasconducted to assess the effects of MSG on the α7 and α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nACHR) protein subunitsexpression of adult rat testis and the safety role of vitamin C. For this experimental research, 24 rats were haphazardly grouped into four equal groups(n=6) and orally gavaged for 30 days as follows: control group (distilled water gavage), MSG group (3 g/kg/b.w/day), vitamin C group (150 mg/kg/b.w/day), and MSG+vitamin C group (3 g/kg/b.w/day+150 mg/kg/b.w/day,respectively) that rats of all groups on the 30th day were anesthetized, and the left testes were used for of α4 andα7 nACHR protein subunit evaluation by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Statistical computations were performedusing Graph Pad Prism software. The present study revealed a significant reduction in the expression and optical density (OD) of α7 nACHRand α4 nACHR in the seminiferous tubules and intertubular connective tissue in the MSG group compared to thecontrol group. In the MSG+vitamin C group, the expression and OD of α7 nACHR and α4 nACHR increased in theseminiferous tubules and intertubular connective tissue but this improvement was not significant compared to theMSG group. MSG decreased the expression level of nACHR protein subunits, α7 and α4, in the seminiferous tubulesand interstitial testicular tissue. Vitamin C in the MSG+vitamin C group could not significantly improve the expressionof α7 and α4 nACHR subunits in testicular tissue. Probably, MSG toxicity can be compensated with higher doses ofvitamin C.

Occupational stress is an interactive situation between the job situation and the person working in that job.In the effort-reward imbalance model, which is a method for measuring job stress, the imbalanced relationship between the invested efforts and the rewards received in employees causes stressful reactions. which in the long term causes physical and mental damage to the person. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between job stress and the intention to leave the job and early retirement by investigating the mediating role of job satisfaction in nurses.

This study is a correlational study that was collected in 2017 by field method and through a questionnaire. The study sample was 455 nurses working in the government hospitals of Hamedan city. Data collection tools in this research included 4 self-report questionnaires including job stress, intention to turnover, early retirement and job satisfaction. Finally, after collecting data, SPSS software version 18 was used for analysis.

The results of this study showed that there was a significant negative relationship between effort-reward imbalance with job satisfaction and a significant positive relationship with the intention to  turnover, but no significant relationship was observed between effort-reward imbalance and the intention to retire early. Also, there was a significant negative relationship between job stress and job satisfaction.

According to the results, the variables used in this research, especially the variables that had a mediating role, should be considered in organizational planning and policies to reduce occupational diseases and increase employee health.

Diabetes in pregnancy is a prevalent disease that can affect the central nervous system of the fetus by hyperglycemia. This study aimed to investigate the impact of maternal diabetes on neuronal apoptosis in the superior colliculus (SC) and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in male neonates born to diabetic mothers.

In this experimental study, female adult rats were separated into three groups: control, diabetic (induced using an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin), and insulin-treated diabetic [diabetes controlled by subcutaneous neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH)-insulin injection]. Male neonates from each group were euthanized on 0, 7, and 14 postnatal days (P0, P7, and P14, respectively), and apoptotic cells were identified using TUNEL staining.

The numerical density per unit area (NA) of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in SC and the dorsal LGN (dLGN) in neonates born to the diabetic rats compared to the control group at P0, P7, and P14. However, insulin treatment normalized the number of apoptotic cells.

This study demonstrated that maternal diabetes increased apoptosis in dLGN and SC of male neonates at P0, P7, and P14.

Diabetes during gestation is one of the most common pregnancy complications and has adverse effects on offspring, including a negative impact on the offspring’s central nervous system (CNS). Diabetes is a metabolic disease associated with visual impairment. Due to the importance of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) in the visual pathway, the present study examined the effect of maternal diabetes on the expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAAα1 and GABAB1) and metabotropic Glutamate (mGlu2) receptors in the LGB of male neonates of diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in female adult rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (STZ) 65 (mg/kg). In the Insulin-treated diabetic rats, diabetes was controlled by subcutaneous NPH-insulin injection daily. After mating and delivery, male offspring were killed by carbon dioxide gas inhalation at P0, P7, and P14 (postnatal days 0, 7, and 14). The expression of GABAAα1, GABAB1, and mGluR2 in the LGB of male neonates was determined using the immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. The expression of GABAAα1 and GABAB1 was significantly reduced, whereas the expression of mGluR2 was markedly increased in the diabetic group compared with the control and insulin-treated groups at P0, P7, and P14. The results of the present study showed that induction of diabetes altered the expression of GABAAα1, GABAB1, and mGluR2 in the LGB of male neonates born to diabetic rats at P0, P7, and P14. Moreover, insulin treatment could reverse these effects of diabetes.

 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its consequences may impact individuals’ mental health.

 The present study aimed to investigate the psychological status of individuals during the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran following the government’s social distancing plan.

 Data from 1,524 people were collected using a cross-sectional web-based survey via social media. Demographic variables and psychological status were evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire, Stress Response Inventory, and Brunel Mood Scale.

 Individuals reported that their mental health functioning decreased during the pandemic. Four factors were associated with increased stress: (1) fear of getting sick; (2) indefinite quarantine duration; (3) impaired daily activities; and (4) reduced social communication. One-third of the participants reported physical symptoms (32.7%), 47% anxiety, 72% social dysfunction, and 28.3% depression. Approximately half of the participants (52.2%) reported mental health disorder symptoms. Detrimental mental health characteristics were higher among females, younger people, and single people.

 Health policies should be implemented to help reduce the psychological burden during and after the Iranian government’s Social Distancing Plan, especially among females, single people, and younger people.

Developing an aggregate production planning, as one of the most important manufacture tasks, can provide an efficient planning to optimize the companies’ objectives such as minimizing costs and maximizing profits. Also, community’s competitive pressures cause the need for considering green principles in production planning in order to balance environmental and economic performances. Hence, a multi-period, multi-product, multi-supplier, and multi-site aggregate production planning model is proposed to formulate a mathematical model of maximizing profit in green supply chain. Integer quadratic programming is used to solve the problem. Carbon dioxide emission from production and transportation modes are considered as green principle.  The feasibility and validity of the formulated model was tested using data from iron and steel industry as well as a sensitivity analysis on profit function. The results demonstrate the optimal amount of productions in order to maximize profit as well as developing green supply chain. Also, sensitivity analysis shows that profit objective fell steadily due to increase in total CO2 emissions from transportation and production processes. Consequently, some useful managerial insights were suggested regarding the consideration of green practices in aggregate production planning.

Nausea and vomiting are two of the most common complications after spinal anesthesia that may be affected by anxiety in the patient. It may cause patient dissatisfaction, delay post-anesthetic care unit (PACU) discharge, prolong hospital stay, and increase the cost of hospitalization as a result. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of preoperative and intraoperative anxiety on vomiting and nausea caused by spinal anesthesia in cesarean.

This cross-sectional study was carried out using the purposive sampling method on100 patients who were referred to Fatemieh Hospital of Hamedan, Iran, in 2016. Spielberger questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale were used to assess preoperative and intraoperative anxiety, respectively. Nausea and vomiting were assessed during the intraoperative period and in the recovery room. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version18) through Chi-square and independent sample t-test.

The results showed that there were no significant differences between patients with and without vomiting in terms of preoperative state, trait anxiety, and intraoperative anxiety level. However, significant differences were observed between patients with and without nausea in terms of preoperative trait anxiety (P≤0.05).

 Based on the obtained results, nausea in patients can be influenced by their anxiety. Therefore, attention to the anxiety in patients and reduction of this anxiety can reduce nausea in these patients.

Hospital personnel are exposed to anesthetic gases in various parts of health centers such as operating rooms and recovery rooms. Exposure to anesthetic gases can have serious effects on a personchr('39')s physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of demographic variables on the prevalence of neurotoxic symptoms in operating room personnel.

This was a cross-sectional study. Participants included 404 operating room personnel in western Iran. Euroquest questionnaire and demographic checklist were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation at the significant level of 0.05.

The results of this study showed that the rate of neurotoxic symptoms in men was more than women and this difference was statistically significant but there was no significant difference between single and married employees and morning work and turnover in neurotoxic symptoms. Also, there was no significant correlation between age and experience of the subjects with neurotoxic symptoms.

Symptoms were higher in some demographic groups, so it is recommended to use appropriate training programs or management techniques such as job rotation in operating room personnel.

Falls are one of the most common health problems for persons over 60 years old. The elderly person will suffer from physical, mental-psychological, and social problems after falling. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of educational intervention on fear of falling in the elderly people in Ahvaz.

This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial which performed on 80 elderly people covered by health centers of Ahvaz in 2018. The samples were selected by multistage random sampling method and randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire of knowledge assessment and Fall Efficacy Scale International (FES-I). Data were analyzed using statistical tests by SPSS 22 software.

The mean score of knowledge in the intervention group compared to the control group after the intervention with control of the distorting effect of other variables had a statistically significant increase (p<0.001). Also, the mean score of fear of falling in the intervention group compared to the control group after the intervention with control of the distorting effect of other variables had a statistically significant decrease (p<0.001).

By implementing educational programs, the fear of falling in the elderly is reduced, which can lead to improving their efficiency and quality of life.

With respect to this fact that trust in supervisor could result in positive organizational consequences, the goal of this research was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital, perceived interactional justice and supervisor support with trust in supervisor.

The study design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical sample (250) was all nurses that work in Hamadan hospitals and selected by simple random sampling. The research tools included psychological capital questionnaire, interactional justice questionnaire, supervisor support and trust in supervisor questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS v.19 with significance set at p ≤0.05.

The results showed that there is significant positive relationship between psychological capital and perceived interactional justice with trust to supervisor (p=0.01), but there is not significant relationship between supervisor support and trust to supervisor (p>0.05).

The results indicate that the dimensions of psychological capital, perception of justice, and supervisor support can build trust in the supervisor. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to the variables mentioned in order to build trust in the supervisor.

The of human resources is one of the issues that management efforts have always been aimed at reducing. Many factors affect job intention to leave, one of which is job stress in a work environment. Regarding the importance of the issue, the present study was conducted to study of occupational stress as predictors of nursing intention to leave.
The research design in this study is a correlation design. The target population in this study was all nurses working in Hamedan state hospitals. Based on simple random sampling, 300 individuals were selected as the sample of this study. The instruments used in this research were effort-reward imbalance questionnaire, Job Content questionnaire, and intention to leave questionnaire. The Collected date was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis using SPSS18 software.
The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the amount of effort, job demands and the intention to leave in nurses (p≤0.01). But there was a negative and significant relationship between reward, job control and social support with the intention to leave in nurses (p≤0.01).
Based on the results, it can be concluded that job stress is an important factor in creating the intention to leave a job in the personnel, and the components of both models used in this research can be used to reduce the intention to leave at the nurses.

Preoperative anxiety affects outcomes of anesthesia and surgery. Hypotension is a common and major complication after spinal anesthesia, which may delay post-anesthetic care unit (PACU) discharge, prolong hospital stay, and increase the cost of hospitalization. Thus, we sought to determine the effect of pre- and intraoperative anxiety on hemodynamic changes after spinal anesthesia in cesarean section.
This descriptive analytical study was carried out among 100 patients admitted to Fatemieh Hospital of Hamadan in 2016. The participants were chosen through convenience sampling method. Spielberger’s questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale were used for assessing preoperative and intraoperative anxiety, respectively. Spinal anesthesia was performed using hyperbaric bupivacaine 10 mg and fentanyl 25 µg. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured at baseline, during surgery, and in the recovery room. Hypotension was treated by the standardized protocol (fluid bolus and ephedrine). The effects of low, medium, and high levels of anxiety were investigated. The data were analyzed by performing Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test in SPSS, version 18.
Most of the patients had moderate anxiety level. There were no significant relationships between state and trait anxiety and hypotension and bradycardia (P≥0.05). In addition, there were no significant associations between intraoperative anxiety and hypotension (P=0.275) and bradycardia (P=0.404).
Pre- and intraoperative anxiety have no effect on hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia.

Nosocomial pneumonia is a prevalent complication in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). Endotracheal suction is used in cleaning the airways of secretions in patients under mechanical ventilation. Performing suction accurately is of great importance to prevent ventilation associated pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of open versus closed tracheal suction on the incidence of VAP.
This was a clinical trial study performed on 86 intubated patients in ICU. Patients of control group (n=43) underwent conventional open suction and case group (n=43) closed suction. After 72 hours, patients were assessed regarding VAP using clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS).
There was no significant difference regarding age (p=0.15) and gender (p=0.33) between the two groups. The incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia was significantly lower in closed method compared to the open method (p=0.016).
Closed tracheal suction compared to the open method was associated with lower incidence of VAP in patients of ICU.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of spinal block with low dose of bupivacaine and sufentanil on patients with low cardiac output who underwent lower limb surgery. Fifteen patients who had ejection fraction less than 40% (group 1) were compared with 65 cases with ejection fraction more than 40% (group 2) in our study. Our subjects underwent spinal block with 7.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 5 µg sufentanil. We recorded early events such as hypotension, bradycardia, vasopressor need and ST segment change in our cases. The average mean arterial pressure decreased 13% (110 mmHg to 95.7 mmHg) in group 1 and 20% (160 mmHg to 128 mmHg) in group 2 (P<0.001). Hypotension due to spinal anesthesia was observed in none of our subjects in both groups and none of our cases need to vasopressor support. All patients remained alert, and no ST segment changes were observed in two groups. In our study none of subjects complained of pain intraoperatively. The subjects were without complaints during the spinal anesthetic in both groups. Spinal block with low dose local anesthetic and sufentanil was a safe and effective method for lower limb surgery in patients with low ejection fraction.