soleiman mohammadzadeh

The emergence of Covid-19 has many psychological effects on teenagers, one of which is depression, anxiety and stress, and it has brought physical and psychological effects.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in students of Sanandaj city during the epidemic of the Covid-19 virus in 1401.

This study was conducted in a cross-sectional descriptive analytical way. The studied population included all middle school students of Sanandaj city in 1401 with a sample size of 270 people and an age range of 13-15 years. DASS-21 questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed using SPSS-24 software.

The results of the study showed that the average scores of depression, anxiety and stress were 14.68 ± 3.39, 14.56 ± 2.99 and 14.74 ± 2.989, respectively. There is a significant relationship between the mean score of depression, anxiety and stress with sleep time, duration of daily activity and body mass index (P<0.05). Also, there is a statistically significant relationship between gender, history of covid-19 in the student and their family, having daily activities and economic status with the average score of depression, anxiety, stress (P>0.05).

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic causes anxiety, depression and stress in students. This phenomenon is intensified when children are confined at home and do not have outdoor activities. As the spread of covid-19 increases, the level of anxiety, stress and depression also increases. Therefore, increasing public awareness of this disease and providing positive psychological programs can reduce anxiety in society

 Gestational diabetes has long-term adverse consequences for both the mother and child and seems to be a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. However, no research has been conducted in this regard in Iran.

 This was a case-control study. The sample consisted of 225 children who were referred to the general and psychiatric clinic of Besat Hospital in Sanandaj and were evaluated for a history of maternal diabetes in the fetal period. The diagnosis of ADHD in children was based on a structured clinical interview with Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) by a psychiatrist and a short and revised form of Conners’ parent scale. The data were analyzed using Stata 14.

 The results showed that 25.3% of the mothers of children with ADHD had gestational diabetes during pregnancy, and 17.3% were taking diabetes medication. However, the results revealed that there is no statistically significant relationship between the history of gestational diabetes and ADHD (P=0.427). Furthermore, the logistic regression results demonstrated that the place of residence (P<0.027, OR=8.351) increases the probability of suffering from ADHD in children, while the age of the mother during pregnancy (P<0.031, OR=0.907) decreases the probability of the child suffering from ADHD.

 Although cohort studies have associated gestational diabetes with an increased risk of ADHD in children, the results of this case-control study do not support this association.

Depression in children with cancer can complicate the course of the disease and cause many problems in the treatment process.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression in children and adolescents with cancer.

This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Forty children with cancer admitted to the oncology ward of Besat Hospital, Sanandaj, with an age range of 7- 17 years in 2016, who were selected and assessed using a demographic information checklist and the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1979). After collecting data, the data were analyzed by SPSS-20 software using descriptive statistical tests and chi-square.

The 15% of the subjects had depressive symptoms and 47.5% were on the verge of depression. The prevalence of depression was 21.1% in girls and 9.5% in boys (p=0.54), and there was no significant difference in terms of cancer type (p=0.99), treatment method (p=0.81) and demographic indicators (p>0.05).

Due to the relatively high prevalence of depression in this group of patients, it is recommended that the necessary screenings be performed to identify and refer patients with depression to psychiatric or psychological clinics to receive appropriate and timely treatment to help improve the quality of life of these patients and their families.

Chronic constipation is one of the most common problems in children. It can cause anxiety and psychological problems in patients and parents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) in children with chronic functional constipation. This is a case-control study performed at the gastroenterology clinic of Besat Hospital Sanandaj for one year. The children aged 7-14-year-old with chronic functional constipation were selected as a case group, and the healthy children were recruited as a control group, who referred for growth control. Then, the Maudsley questionnaire for obsessive-compulsive disorders was completed by a trained assistant. With this questionnaire, the presence or absence of OCD and its type can be determined. Forty-three children were selected as the case group and sixty-seven children as the control group. The mean age of the case and control group was 9.3±1.5 and 8.8±1.6 years, respectively. Based on the results, there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of checking, cleaning, slowness, doubting, and total obsessive score (P˂0.05). Therefore, all five types of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the case group were greater than the control group. Obsessive-compulsive disorders were more common in children with functional constipation, and the total obsessive score in these children than the healthy children was a significant difference.

As one of the major public health concerns, the progressive increase in the suicide rate among children and adolescents is associated with biological, psychological and sociological aspects.

This study aimed investigating the demographic characteristics and the relationship between substance abuse, smoking and alcohol consumption by parents and children with suicide attempt history.

The present case-control study was conducted on suicide attempters aged 6-18 years in 2019 in Sanandaj, Iran. The sampling method was random and based on the chronological order of referrals to hospitals. 44 individuals including 26 girls and 18 boys in the case group and 42 individuals in the control group were matched in terms of age, sex, and rural or urban residence. Data were collected using a self-made checklist and the BECK suicide questionnaire. Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software.

The mean age of the subjects was 14.29 in the case group, and 13.5 years in the control group. Among suicide attempters, 13 were smokers, 12 were alcoholic consumers, and 7 were substance abusers. As opposed to the insignificant effect of maternal consumption of alcohol and substance, and smoking there were 28 smokers, 13 alcoholic consumers, and 10 substance abusers among fathers, indicating the significant role of fathers in the suicide attempts of children (P<0.05).

Due to the prevalence of suicide in Kurdistan and its concurrence with the use of drugs, cigarettes and alcohol, effective planning and intervention by policymakers and health and social authorities seem imperative.

 The positive parenting program has been developed based on social learning principles and is recognized as a potent intervention to help the children with behavioral problems.

 The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the triple P (positive parenting program) for mothers on the reduction of the behavioral disorders of their children.

 This quasi-experimental was conducted with a pretest-posttest and a control group. In total, 78 mothers employed in the hospitals affiliated to Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Iran who had children aged 2 - 12 years were selected, and their children were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 39) and control groups (n = 39). The triple P intervention was implemented in the experimental group for eight sessions. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the analysis of covariance.

 The mean age of the mothers was 33.52 ± 3.9 years. The triple P intervention could effectively reduce the behavioral disorders of the children, while it had no effects on the parenting styles, and depression, anxiety, and stress of the mothers.

 According to the results, the positive parenting program could be used as a preventive and therapeutic method for the reduction of behavioral issues in children, as well as parental anxiety and depression in relation to children.

There is no clear picture regarding the prevalence rates of autism and its comorbidities among Iranian children and adolescents. The present study aimed to estimate these rates as part of a large national population-based study on epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Iranian children and adolescents.

The total sample consisted of 31000 children and adolescents between 6 to 18 years of age. The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Present and Life time version (K-SADS-PL) was used as the diagnostic tool.

The prevalence of autism in the total sample is equal to 0.1% (10 per 10000), with a 2:1 male-to-female ratio. In total, 86% of people with autism had at least one comorbid condition. Intellectual disability, epilepsy, enuresis and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with prevalence rates of 70.3%, 29.7%, 27% and 21.62%, respectively, were the most prevalent comorbid conditions in people with autism. Maternal personality disorders were also shown to be associated with increasing risk of autism.

The present study shows high prevalence rates for autism and its comorbid conditions among Iranian children and adolescents. It also reveals that there is a relationship between some maternal psychiatric disorders and the risk of autism.

: Anger is one of the country's problems and in many cases leads to behavior that imposes enormous damage to the economy. The aim current study is to measure the state anger of the primary school teachers in Kermanshah.
The study was descriptive. The population of the study teachers that teaching at a different base and sample size of 285 people.The data Using the state- trait anger2 questionnaires and by random sampling were collected and Using the software SPSS-18 were analyzed.
The results showed that male school teachers rage with an average of 6.35±1.64 are higher girl school teachers rage. The highest state of anger subscale is boys school teachers with an average of 8.59 ± 3.22. Also highest state anger in schools for boys and girls belong to in the sixth and two grade, respectively.
Due to the high state of anger and its close relationship with anger, require that education with planning and training of his staff in the field of anger management, take a step towards mental health of teachers.

One of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) which according to diagnostic criteria, it includes high symptoms, attention deficit disorder and impulsivity.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between serum vitamin D levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy children.
This case-control study was conducted in a sample of 70 patients, including 35 cases and 35 controls in the range of 4 to 12 years old. Data was analyzed by SPSS-20 statistical software and descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequency, mean and standard deviation), and qualitative analytical objectives of Chi-square and Fisher test and for comparison of mean serum in two groups, T-test was used.
The results of the study showed that 64.3% of the children in the study group were female and 35.7% were boys. The mean age of the patients with ADHD was 7.97 ± 1.56 and in the control group was 6.486 ± 1.4years.The results showed that the mean level of vitamin D in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (98.8 ± 26.514), while the mean in healthy children (3636163636) which there was statistically significant (P ≥ 0.001) between two groups. The average level of vitamin D in ADHD subtypes and ADHD severity was different, but there was no significant (p≤0.05) difference between the mean serum levels in patients with severity and type of hyperactivity.
The results of this study showed that the level of vitamin D in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is especially mild and severe, with a lower average, and also a low level of vitamin D intake. So, considering maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation, child nutrition, parent awareness and the use of vitamin D supplements may be effective in reducing the risk of hyperactivity disorder in children.

The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to assess the efficacy of memantine versus methylphenidate in the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Forty participants (34 boys and 6 girls) aged 6-11 who were diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on (DSM-IV-TR) criteria were selected for this study. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups: group one (n = 22) received memantine and the other group (n = 18) received methylphenidate for six weeks. Treatment outcomes were assessed using the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impression- Severity Scale administered at baseline and at weeks 3 and 6 following the treatment. Also, a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (time- treatment interaction) was used. At 6 weeks, methylphenidate produced a significantly better outcome on the Parent Rating Scale scores and Clinical Global Impression- Severity than memantine. Side effects were observed more often in the memantine group. However, with respect to the frequency of side effects, the difference between the memantine and methylphenidate groups was not significant. The most common side effects associated with memantine are appetite suppression, headache, vomiting, nausea and fatigue. The results of this study revealed that although memantine was less effective than methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, it may be considered as an alternative treatment.