complexity

Governance in the three aspects of participation, legitimacy and legislation is the source of effect and dialogue. Governance as a matter of power is evolving and experiencing new contexts as power evolves. Accordingly, the issue of governance, when placed in complex and networked societies, finds different conditions from pre-networked societies. This research seeks to address the issue of what governance is like in a complex networked society. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to identify a framework that can deal with a new processing of the quality of governance in a complex and networked society. In this research, which has a descriptive-analytical approach, an attempt has been made to study and express the various dimensions of the subject by using the documentary method in addition to interpretive discourse and complexity theory, with reference to reliable sources. The research findings indicate that the design of unique and exclusive digital identities as well as large and meaningful data for governing a complex network society play a key role.

The concept of power has been the focus of many studies in the social science in general, and in the political science in particular. This concept dates back to the creation of humankind because it is formed in the context of the interactions of human beings with the environment, including human and nonhuman communications. Because the concept of power is a contextual one, it has undergone significant changes throughout history. Power has evolved in line with technological changes, and additionally it has changed with the transformation of relations and social forms. Power has been explored in numerous studies in various fields of study. In the contemporary era, looking at the concept of power within the framework of postmodernism might enable the researchers to approach this abstract theoretical concept from a different but important angle. Accordingly, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the concept of power on the basis of the theory of complexity in the postmodern era. Thus, we examine the theoretical knowledge on the subject of power through understanding the concept power inpostmodern society within the framework of the theory of network complexity. Furthermore, the twin complementary goals are: a) understanding the evolution of power, and b) understanding the network complexity theory in quantum physics.The central research question and the two subsidiary ones are respectively as follows: 1. How should power be analyzed within the framework of the theory of complexity of postmodern society? 2. How has the concept of power evolved? What are the implications of the network complexity theory for understanding the concept of power in the postmodern society? This research topic is important in two ways: a) As a theoretical@ research, it is an attempt to understand the subject of complexity in postmodern society together with the concept analysis of power, on the basis of a dynamic process that might become the focus of various other studies. B) As an applied research, it can be the useful for actors who intend to formulate an operational plan to enhance their power. Given the changing nature of new societies, ignoring the evolution of the nature of power can weaken the indigenous approach to politics and the rule of non-indigenous theories.In the research hypothesis, it is claimed that power has become a contextual, fluid, and diffusing concept in the complex postmodern society that has changed the relevancy and the logic of applicability of this concept. With a descriptive-analytical approach, the method of comparative analysis of the previous research findings of quantum and complexity theorists has been used for hypothesis testing. The results indicate that based on the network complexity and quantum dimensions of social science in the postmodern era, the concept of power by coming out of vertical structures and going beyond the network status has changed into a fluid and complex concept, and for this reason its special functions have become meaningful in the context of network complexity. Moreover, it has greatly become highly dependent on data technologies and quantum gaming.In this process, governments inevitably face the prospect of role change, and if they fail to establish a proper place for themselves, they will be left out of the social cycle of transformation, and perhaps the complex elements within the network will perform government functions more effectively. The power play and data are important for governments to be used for governance. In the quantum world, the states must enter the quantum game with power in a complex postmodern arena and implement data-driven governance. In the game, the next moves of the actors are not necessarily clear; and each actor, based on his systemic learning, must be ready to face any new action even though he might not know when and how it would happen. It is obvious that the elaboration and explanation of the moral and philosophical principles of nature are of great importance for the logical confrontation with this new space. There are two considerations for different societies when they face this space: first, they should have the required knowledge, and second, they must design indigenous frameworks by referring to their value systems and semantic foundations.

With the dominance of complexity on the international system, one of the fundamental issues related to the strategies of actors in complex situations. This study with assuming complexity situation in the international system, tries to investigate the principles and basis of hegemony strategy in complex regions and the Middle East explained as a case study. The result of the present study explained, that the complexity situation, classical foreign policy strategies based on centrality of control has made incapable of responding to complex threats and new strategies based on condition management imposed to actors of international system and the hegemon is trying to take advantage of these strategies in the regions. Thus, with the complexity of existing system and phenomena in the Middle East, the hegemonic control management approach with the control systems based on the conditions of phenomena and strategic multiplicity and tactical diversity of phenomena management has replaced the hegemonic control centrality and top-down control approach, and hegemon uses of these strategies in its complex deterrence system in the Middle East.

The deterrence system has developed with the evolution of the international system and has experienced new forms. Facing the unstable and unpredictable challenges of the future, along with asymmetric threats in a nonlinear mechanism, is required to design a new analytical apparatus of deterrence and its conceptual and theoretical reconstruction. It forms the main purpose of the present article. In this regard, the fundamental question arises as to how in this model of the emerging international system, deterrence can be reconstructed conceptually and theoretically? The author intends to reconstruct it by using the method of deductive inference and focusing on theories of complexity and chaos, especially its basic principles such as the networked structure of the system, nonlinearity, sensitive dependence, and cascading failure. This study focuses on the dynamics of power and the mechanisms that turn it into a threat through nonlinear logic and its mechanisms and the principles emphasized by the theory of complexity and chaos. The author introduces nonlinear network deterrence to the field of strategic studies as an innovative and new concept. This pattern is a start point of the sixth wave of deterrence in International Relations. It will provide a new model for designing Iran's deterrence.

Due to the importance of crises, they have been at the center of theorizing by International Relations and states' policy-making. The evolution of the international system has led to the development of the theoretical, analytical apparatus of crises. In this regard, the international system's change and transformation into a complex-chaotic model have confronted the crisis analytical device with new foundations and rules. Accordingly, given the existing literature's inefficiency in addressing this issue, the fundamental question arises of "how the causal mechanism of crisis formation in a complex and chaotic international system works?" This article focuses on the theory of complexity and chaos. The author emphasizes the modern global system's nonlinear logic and presents the crisis analysis system based on cognitive, causal, and law emergence. The article introduces the two models of heterarchy and Panarchy as the leading models shaping of emergence in international relations. Crises arise from the tendency of complex and chaotic global systems and their power dynamics to emergence and functions in two separate regions of complexity and adaptation that which lead to the activation of nonlinear mechanisms in such areas and then will cause a crisis.

The international system's anarchy has suggested that Role taking is a fundamental phenomenon in international relations. On the other hand, change in power, change in control of the system and, consequently, the role of units. In the same vein, the power cycle creates systemic control pressures and role taking strategies are responsive to such pressures. Meanwhile, the complexity and chaos of the international system have increased the ineffectiveness of literature in response to such a situation. Iran faces the regional role taking strategies in the face of the complexity and non-linearity of the international system. Accordingly, the present study tries to model its design and its strategies in the state of complexity and chaos of the regional order

Power and its reproduction is a long-standing dilemma in the literature of International relations. Geopolitics in the classical perspective refers to the acquisition, control, or exploitation of land as a prominent way of gaining power. it has undergone various phases of evolution, from the existence of distinguished small worlds to hierarchical structures and, more recently, network structures. Its construction is shaped by great powers and in this way, it services to satisfy their power-seeking. The evolution of the international system has affected geopolitics and its construction and has been reflected in the geopolitical nested network in which the dynamics of power and its causal mechanisms are distinguished from the past. Although the international relations literature has tried to provide new perspectives to explain the new geopolitical realities, they have been unable to explain the mechanism of power generation in a complex situation. That is why the main question of this article has arisen; and the question is ‘what is the mechanism of power generation through geopolitics, given the complexity of the international system? Geopolitics has shifted from a pairwise state based on relationships between great powers to a system _ network phenomenon. How power reproduces itself in a state of complexity can lead to an innovative view of the mechanisms of power and its reproduction in the geopolitical networks. This is the focus and main concern of this article. The complex network as an emerging theoretical perspective provides the basis for a scientific revolution in the field of geopolitics and power. This article presents a new theoretical model in the conceptual framework of the geopolitical network and explains the causal mechanisms of power generation in this type of network based on the complexity rules.

The socio-political environment of the world has always been a complex space, and this complexity has, in the past decades, become the challenging point for analysts. Moreover, the dominant feature of the socio-political space and the crises of the last two decades are: “playmaking of trans-regional powers”, “the conflict between the interests of countries and the geopolitical rivalries between them,” “transitory and unstable coalitions,” the crisis conditions for the emergence of crisis groups, and, “the flow making or trend making by different countries”. These characteristics have led the political-social events to move forward in chaotic manner along the lines of conflict and cooperation. In this paper, the “semantic system” method is used, and by tallying the concept of “butterfly effect” with the chaos theory of James Rosina and formulating the semantic system, we try to test the hypothesis of the study. Furthermore, at the end of the study, by considering the current socioeconomic conditions and conditions, suggestions are made to help analyze the crises in the complex political space and predict future conditions.in this applied research , the descriptive-analytical method was used. In this regard, in addition to using written sources, complexity theories such as chaos, fractals that are specific to mathematical sciences, selfishness, and exotic attraction and dynamic adaptation were also considered as the line of departure of the study. In this paper, with regard to chaos theory, the factors that provided the chaotic package of socio-political space were factors such as the industrial revolution, literacy, urbanization, the shift of centers of power and authority, the skill revolution and the increase in the number of actors.

Transition in the international system is a prevalent and inevitable process and theories of international relations really pay attention to this. But development of international system and emergence of complex and chaotic system make a change in power transition model and this change requires a new explanation. On the other way Iran is among the countries that because of centrality in some regional orders and its internal dynamics is directly affected to these transition models. Therefore this article focuses on these questions that how transition in the complex and chaotic international system is explained and what are threats of Iran in new power transition model and how transition control model is applied by it? In respond to these questions the author believes that transition is directly linked to features of complexity as include bifurcation of order.in this respect author recognizes bifurcated transition as main feature of transition in these systems and suggests bifurcated transition model as new concept to international relations literature. Research method in this article is focused on critical realism and deduction and abduction and based on this, firstly the rules and algorithms of complex and chaotic systems will be characterized and then these rules are combined in new model as bifurcated transition model.

Theory of complex systems and chaos is the last wave of system theory that causes fundamental developments in analysis of phenomena in the world. Therefore this article will present that along with process of complexity in international and regional systems, application of complex and chaos theory in this area is essential. But this issue by international relations theorists has been disregarded. In the flowing of this subject and importance of complex and chaos theory, this article addresses the fundamental question including which are the most important principal and theoretical foundations of this theory. And which uses of them? The author raises the issue and agrees with this subject that complex and chaos theory can causes fundamental developments in the analysis of functional principal of regional systems and it’s order. These developments including as variables of complexity in regional system, it’s stability, regional policy making, structure of regional conflict,…..in the other word, theory of complexity will cause a revolution in analysis of regional order.