problem solving

Policy labs are widely recognized as essential instruments for policy design. The primary concentration of these laboratories is social issues, and they operate globally in a dynamic and active manner. This study aims to investigate the social repercussions of policy labs by utilizing theories of public sociology and communicative action. It underscores the importance of rational and socially responsive governance for the future of Iran. The research follows a descriptive-analytical approach and employs autoethnographic techniques to bolster the credibility of its arguments. The findings indicate that policy labs function as boundary-spanning entities, functioning as intersections between academia, policymaking, and the public sphere. Their objective is to encourage public participation in decision-making processes and to promote consensus through reasoned argumentation by promoting communicative rationality. The study emphasizes that the social implications of policy labs in Iran include the following: the enhancement of foresight and strategic thinking, the assessment of the social impact of policies, the promotion of participatory governance, the strengthening of the social dimensions of policies, and the provision of timely policy responses to public issues. Additionally, policy labs offer a platform for pragmatic decision-making that is consistent with the governance system’s capabilities. This article contends that policy labs serve as instruments for rational governance and effective problem-solving, thereby improving the adaptability and efficiency of governance structures. Therefore, it is imperative that policymakers acknowledge policy labs as a critical element of public discourse, incorporating social considerations in addition to economic and political factors within the governance process.

Female heads of households face various psychological and social challenges that significantly impact their lives. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of an intervention focused on teaching problem-solving and decision-making skills on the critical thinking abilities of female heads of households. This research employed a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measures, including a control group. The study population comprised all female heads of households under the jurisdiction of the Welfare organization of Meybod city. Thirty participants were selected via purposive sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group (15 participants per group). The experimental group underwent a ten-session training program on problem-solving and decision-making skills, while the control group received no intervention. Both groups completed the California Critical Thinking Questionnaire before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The findings revealed that teaching problem-solving and decision-making skills significantly enhanced critical thinking among participants in the experimental group. This effect was observed across all three subscales of critical thinking (p < .01). These results suggest that instructing problem-solving and decision-making skills can effectively enhance the quality of critical thinking among female-headed households.

Proverbs are a set of thoughts and ideas that are expressed as succinct allegorical expressions and sentences and reflect the cultural values of the people of a society. Proverbs carry a deep insight into the customs, traditions and cultural heritage of a society and therefore help the people of that society to have a common conceptualization of the world and the experiences of their daily lives. It is mainly due to the disclosure of cultural and common values, that the proverbs always play a central role in anthropological studies from different point of views. Using the theory of cultural models, which is one of the most important theories proposed in cognitive anthropology, this article examines twelve Persian proverbs that are used in challenging situations among twenty Persian-speaking informants. Using descriptive-analytical method, the similarity test and multidimensional scaling, this research want to show what kind of cultural models Persian speakers use in critical situations as problem solving strategies. In fact, the purpose of this research is to pave the path to find an answer from a mental-cognitive point of view to the question of what are the cultural models and cultural strategies to solve the problem in critical and challenging situations among Persian speakers. The results showed that "trying to change conditions", "changing attitude towards conditions", "adapting to critical conditions" are among the cultural models that they use as problem solving strategies in times of crisis and challenge.

Academic achievement especially in mathematics is very important and knowing the effective factors on it helps a lot in planning in the field of mathematical academic achievement. As a result, the aim of this research was to investigate the causal model of mathematical academic achievement based on the creative thinking and critical thinking with the mediation of problem solving in primary school students. 

The present study was a description from type of quantitative, which its population was all primary school students of Tabriz city in the 2023-24 academic years. The sample size of the present research was considered to be 250 people, which this number were selected by multi-step cluster random sampling method. The tools of this study were included the questionnaires of mathematical academic achievement (Shalev et al, 1993), creative thinking (Welch and Mc Dowall, 2010), critical thinking (Facione et al, 1994) and problem solving (Heppner and Petersen, 1982) and their data were analyzed with the methods of Pearson correlation coefficients and structural equation modeling in SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software. 

The findings of the present research showed that the causal model of mathematical academic achievement based on the creative thinking and critical thinking with the mediation of problem solving in primary school students had a good fit. In the mentioned model, the variables of creative thinking and critical thinking had a direct and significant effect on problem solving and mathematical academic achievement of primary school students, and the variable of problem solving had a direct and significant effect on their mathematical academic achievement. In addition, the variables of creative thinking and critical thinking with the mediation of problem solving had an indirect and significant effect on mathematical academic achievement of primary school students (P<0.05). 

According to the results of this study, in order to improve the mathematical academic achievement of primary school students can promote their creative thinking, critical thinking and problem solving.

The current research was conducted to know the role of sports in the social resilience of physical fitness athletes in Kerman city in 1401-1402. This research is practical in terms of purpose. The method is grand theory. The statistical population in this research was the physical fitness athletes of Kerman. The sample size continued until conceptual saturation, which was possible with 16 in-depth interviews among physical fitness athletes in Kerman. The sampling method was purposeful. The data was coded with MAXQDA version 20 software. In order to validate the codes, two other experts did the coders again, and the agreement coefficient of the coding was 0.77. The findings showed that exercise affects the social resilience of athletes. In other words, by changing the way of solving problems and creating resilient habits in athletes, creating social solidarity increases the behavioral characteristic of resilience in athletes. As a result, sports can be introduced as an essential factor in creating psychosocial balance and as a suitable solution for people to transition from crisis.

Today the static concept of the family has turned into a dynamic concept in light of social and cultural changes in Iranian society. Therefore, the method of solving marital conflicts in the family has also changed from consulting the elders to focusing on  social institutions. Counseling center is one of these institutions that women refer to address marital problems. The purpose of this research is to study the women’s experience of visiting a counseling center in Isfahan using a qualitative method based on narrative analysis technique. The research population consisted of all the women with marital conflict in Isfahan who had referred to the counseling center for their conflict problem in 2021. A sample of n=17 people was selected and data was collected through in-depth interview. Data analysis was conducted using problem solving method. In this study, 5 main themes and 22 sub-themes were identified. The main themes were characters, location, problem, action and solution. According to the findings of this research, women's experience of counseling is a problem-oriented experience suggesting that they, rather than looking for pain, are trying to address their problems rationally. As such, when their problems are solved, they continue the counseling; otherwise, they change their counselor or stop it altogether. Therefore, this counseling is meant to reach a desirable solution for life, for most of the women referring to the centers, the counseling process has resulted in a solution.

The realization of family health is conditioned by mental health among its members and having healthy and compatible relationships, especially between couples. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to predict family hardness based on problem solving and perception of the sacrificial behavior of married female nurses. The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the statistical population included all married female nurses in Gorgan teaching hospitals in 2019 that 160 people were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Marilyn et al. (1996) Family Hardness Scale, the Hepner-Peterson (1982) Problem-Solving Scale, and the Harper and Figers (2008) Sacrificing Behaviors Scale. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis showed that there is a significant negative relationship between trust in problem-solving, attitude style, personal control, and problem-solving with family hardness. In addition, family hardness has a positive relationship with the perception of self-sacrificing behaviors. Also, the results showed that the perception of self-sacrificing behaviors and problem-solving have the highest ability to predict family hardness, respectively. Therefore, according to the results, it is hoped that family experts pay attention to the role of problem-solving and sacrificial behaviors to increase family hardness.

Architecture, as a knowledge that provides a suitable space for human life, is so intertwined with the various dimensions of human existence that any creativity in it due to its vastness and complexity, inevitably pay attention to a wide range of disciplines and fields of knowledge. Thus, creativity in architecture is inherently an interdisciplinary category, and any analysis and evaluation will be inefficient and ineffective without considering this feature. This descriptive-analytical research aims to provide an interdisciplinary model for measuring the architectural creativity using the logical reasoning process. According to its findings, measuring the creativity of architecture with an interdisciplinary approach is the application of different sciences to achieve an integrated knowledge in order to evaluate the novelty of solutions offered by architecture to meet different human needs to live in that space. Accordingly, creativity has two basic dimensions of innovation and usefulness. According to the model proposed in this article, in order to measure architectural creativity, first the human needs and desires of an architecture with a specific use should be determined, then the level of satisfaction with its responses should be measured according to the needs. In the next stage, architectural innovation is evaluated to meet these needs in a 7-step range of materials used (minimum innovation) to create a new function (maximum innovation).

Addiction is a problem that leads human societies to decline because drug addiction is a biological, social and psychological phenomenon that causes huge and destructive costs for each of the economic, social and cultural areas of society. Considering that our country is not an exception to this rule, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of addiction prevention programs in the secondary schools of Bushehr province. Specifically, the effectiveness of the coping skills program is investigated as one of the ways to prevent addiction.

The research method is descriptive in terms of purpose, in terms of nature is applied and in terms of type is quantitative data and from the correlation branch by survey method. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistical methods (frequency and percentage) and Pearson correlation in Spss software.

The results of the research showed that there is a significant positive relationship between coping skills and prevention of addiction, with a %95 probability that coping skills have increased students› prevention of addiction. Therefore, coping skill is significant as one of the effective methods in preventing addiction among students, which is effective in the psychological, cognitive and behavioral fields of people and acts as an effective preventive factor.

It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between coping skills and addiction prevention. Considering these topics, researchers are advised to pay more attention to addiction prevention education and preventive education in schools.

One of the most important characteristics of every family is the way of communication and interactions between family members. This desirable communication would guarantee family health and consequently health in the society. Individuals in a family use various methods to solve family problems, some of which lead to the creation or destruction of interactive conetxts. Dialogue is one of the most important elements of communication skills and a social action in families. Problem-solving methods in a family can be considered to be dialogue-oriented or anti-dialogue methods. Today, families have delegated many of its responsibilities to other social institutions. Their most important task is to establish desirable and constructive relationships and create a dialogue-based context among family members. Unfortunately, the average dialogue between couples in Iranian families is about 15 minutes according to the latest research in the country. This indicates a sharp decline in dialogue among Iranian families (Radiogoftogoo, 2018). Also, many damages the family context, including inequality, unbalanced distribution of power, domestic violence, emotional divorce, extramarital relationships, generation gap, etc. originate from incorrect and anti-dialogue methods in problem-solving, as well as the weakness of the culture of dialogue, which has been intensified by sexist discourse at various levels of the family and society. Therefore, scientific research in this field is necessary. This study aimed to explain the problem-solving process through dialogue among couples in Yazd City with a sociological approach.  

This interpretive research was based on a qualitative method. Among the various methods of qualitative research, it used the grounded theory strategy with Strauss and Corbin's objectivist approach. Samples were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling to achieve saturation. 31 couples were selected from among normal families in Yazd City. In-depth interviews were utilized for data collection. With the permission of the participants, the interviews were recorded. Each interview lasted between 70 and 180 minutes. Theoretical coding method was also applied to analyze the data and develop the grounded theory. Then, the recorded interviews containing all the details were converted into a text. The analysis process was performed simultaneously with data collection. Strauss and Corbin’s method was employed for data analysis. The data were analyzed line-by-line for open-coding. Also, along with the development of concepts and categories and construction of the basis of the grounded theory, axial and selective coding were utilized. Finally, a research paradigm model was presented. The validity of the findings was ensured via prolonged engagement, peer review, negative case analysis, member-checking and deep description. 

The present study aimed to explain the problem-solving process through dialogue among Yazdi couples. The collected data were categorized into open, axial, and selective coding, including 18 main categories and 67 sub-categories. These categories were presented in one core category of "dissonance in problem-solving Pendolic behaviors". Then, the paradigm model and theoretical scheme of the research were presented. The results generally showed the dissonance of couples in problem-solving in a family formed based on the lifeworld of gender, power structure, and family structure and function. In fact, the culture of gender that governed the society and the family structure of each couple had caused gender differences in individuals, some of which were related to biological differences between the two sexes and most of them were due to cultural and social structures of the society and cultural and educational contexts of families. The rotational and interaction effects of these factors, which had caused differences between couples, had affected the problem-solving process and methods in families. They had caused dissonance in the methods taken by each couple to solve their problems. In general, couples' strategies for solving their problems can be summarized into the two opposing strategies of compromise and violence/avoidance. Compromise includes constructive and desirable strategies that ultimately aims to reach an agreement and empathy to solve problems. It is based on dialogue and thinking together. The strategy of avoidance/violence is related to the people, who prefer to run away from family problems and issues, remain silent, or destroy the desired interaction contexts by aggression, which destroys the context of dialogue. Therefore, dissonance in strategies, which is due to heterogeneity in couples’ views and attitudes and is affected by social and cultural structures, culture of gender, and power structure in the family, leads to intensification of conflicts and family issues. It makes each couple use a different method for solving problems and consider his/her own method as the best method.

Problem-finding and correct definition of cultural issues is an important and necessary cornerstone for effective cultural policy-making, and the lack of a suitable model for it has already led to many problems in this area. This research aims to provide a creative model in the field of problem solving and definition of cultural issues based on TRIZ. The present article has been done by Delphi qualitative method and thus after compiling the initial model, this model was modified and completed in three Delphi rounds with six experts and then reviewed and approved by experts during a focus group meeting. The final model puts several TRIZ tools together in a logical way and, with a step-by-step process, makes the policy-maker more aware of the problem. The steps of this process model are: (1) the initial definition of the problem (what it is) (2) the perception of the problem as a system (3) the analysis of the actors and stakeholders associated with the problem (4) the collection of existing data on the problem (5) the exact definition of the problem (Why) (6) Select the problem level and determine its properties with the help of a five-level matrix (7) Complete the nine-window matrix (8) Define the problem. This model is completely localized for the field of culture and in it, in accordance with the requirements of this field in different stages, innovations and changes in the tools of TRIZ have been created. Two features of TRIZ knowledge, namely the variety of tools and focus on thought structures, make it possible to use it effectively in the field of cultural policy-making and by using its principles and tools, to fill the gaps in the country's cultural problem-solving.

The present article studies the perception of geriatricians about the phenomenon of aging. This research has been done with a qualitative phenomenological approach. The statistical population includes all professors and researchers who have worked in the field of aging and demography. Eighteen people were selected as the sample size based on the saturation rule by purposive sampling. Data collection tools were in-depth interviews and reading theoretical texts on aging in social work of the elderly, which were finally analyzed using thematic analysis technique. From the analysis of the findings, three main themes were extracted about the needs, consequences of aging and its problem-solving, which indicates that the elderly have economic, social and health needs and the aging of the population has various consequences in economic, social and It has a culture in the structure of the country that has both positive and negative aspects. Also, population aging is considered as not only a challenge but also an opportunity for both the country and the elderly if it is done through planning, strengthening the active population and positive replacement. The results showed that the elderly have many needs and the aging of the population has consequences that are not only negative and social workers as one of the main forces to prevent the aging of the crisis and use it as an opportunity to structure the country. .

In the last few decades, several studies have been conducted on the psychological constructs associated with the experience of crisis, the main focus of which were on the concept of resilience. Resilience is the ability of problem solving and being adapted to critical situations. That is, when we face serious socio-economic, psychological problems and crisis, how much we can be resistant, and more importantly, whether we have the power to overcome these difficult situations. For many years, researchers have been exploring the determinants of resilience, but this research is seeking to conceptualize a kind of resilience called cultural resilience. in which those abilities are studied that the culture gives us in order not to suffer in difficult circumstances, not to be harmed, to be adapted to, and to be able to behave properly as before. Methodologically, this study was a systemic review study. The keywords of "Resilience", "Community", "Culture", and "Hardness" were searched from Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Magiran and SID databases with "AND" index. Finally, 23 relevant articles were founded. Because of interdisciplinary studies, a definition of this construct is obtained: cultural resilience is the capacity and ability to cope with the crisis and solve it with the help of historical methods, myths, customs and group beliefs. In addition, the components of it include dependency, trust, commitment, feeling of pride, and collectivism.

The aim of this study was to predict the inefficient problem-solving methods of drug-dependent individuals based on early maladaptive schemas.

This study was a descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population of the study included all drug-dependent individuals referred to addiction treatment camps in Qom in 2019. The statistical sample of the study was 270 drug-dependent individuals (men=216 and women=54) selected using convenience sampling method. Data collection tools were the Young early maladaptive schema Questionnaire (short-form) and the problem-solving questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearsonchr('39')s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.

The results showed that there were significant positive relationships between early maladaptive schemas and inefficient problem-solving methods. The social isolation/alienation schema was the strongest predictor of helplessness and restraint problem-solving methods. Unrelenting standards schema was the strongest predictor of avoidant problem-solving method.

Based on the results, by identifying early maladaptive schemas of drug-dependent individuals, it is possible to predict their response methods to everyday life problems. Therefore, by modifying early maladaptive schemas, it is possible to improve problem-solving methods in these patients and help them face life problems effectively and constructively. In addition, according to this finding, it is necessary to pay attention to educating parents and teachers in addiction prevention programs to create constructive and adaptive schemas in childhood.

Resilience and problem-solving is part of ingredient leads to persistence of their marriage. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Satir Communication Family Therapy on Couples Resilience and Problem Solving. The study used a quasi-experimental design and it is based on the pretest, post-test with a control group. Statistical society includes the couples who applied to the Mashhad Ferdowsi psychology and counseling specialty polyclinic. The number of couples referring to participate in the study was 30 couples, of which sixteen couples were selected and divided into two control (8 couples) and an experimental group (8couples). Couples are between 25 and 45 years old and their education ranges from diploma to doctorate Both groups completed the resilience questionnaire of Coner and Davidson (Cd. Ris) and the problem-solving questionnaire of Hepner(psi). To analyze the data, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were utilized, by 24 spss software. The outcomes indicate that the group therapy based on Satir communication approach on couple resilience and problem-solving had significant effects in the post-test (P≤0/001). This treatment was able to increase the resilience and problem-solving of couples (F=64/60, 60/89).

In the realm of any science, there are fundamental questions that need to be understood in order to understand the theories of that science. Social theories, in order to provide a comprehensive picture, formulate social phenomena in the form of focal concepts and give them meaning. What distinguishes scientific schools and disciplines is the difference in the way social theorists and philosophers deal with peripheral issues and conceptual formulations. Social science encounters with human phenomena take place in three stages: problem identification, etiology and response (providing a solution). The method of confrontation in all three stages can be examined with a critical approach; because all three stages are influenced by the theorists and theorists' image of a "good society." In this article, using descriptive-analytical method, the problem was studied and it was concluded that, firstly, the cognitive foundations of social scientists, especially anthropology, have a tremendous effect on diagnosing the problem and observing social crises; Secondly, it is the stage of etiology and recognizing the roots of social problems, which on the one hand leads to the formation of different schools and on the other hand leads to different solutions. And if the issue is considered normal, no solution is offered.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of training problem solving and decision making skills on controlling women emotion with marital conflict. We employed a semi-experimental method with a pretest and posttest design on experimental and control groups. The population consisted of all women with marital conflict in the city of Najafabad. By using convenience sampling method, 24 women with marital conflict were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (12 members in each group). The instruments used for this study were the marital conflict questionnaire (Olson, 2011) and Affective Control Scale) William and Chambless,1997 .(The experimental group participated in 10 sessions of training problem solving and decision making skills. The Participants of both group responded to questionnaires, before and after training.The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the Problem solving and decision making skills is significantly effective on improving the positive affect and anxiety reduction of women with marital conflict of the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0. 001). It was concluded that problem solving and decision making skills training could be used as a new and effective method for affective control in women with marital conflict. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the Problem solving and decision making skills is significantly effective on improving the positive affect and anxiety reduction of women with marital conflict of the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0. 001). It was concluded that problem solving and decision making skills training could be used as a new and effective method for affective control in women with marital conflict. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the Problem solving and decision making skills is significantly effective on improving the positive affect and anxiety reduction of women with marital conflict of the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0. 001). It was concluded that problem solving and decision making skills training could be used as a new and effective method for affective control in women with marital conflict.

Appropriate family function is associated with psychological health. So improvement of this ability could be an effective way to have optimal life. Then in this way, the main objective of this research was to examine the effectiveness of Problem solving and decision making skills on family function of women with marital conflict. So we employed a semi-experimental method by a pretest and posttest design with experimental and control groups. The Statistical population consisted of all women with marital conflict of Najafabad city. By using convenience sampling method, 24 women with marital conflict were selected and randomly divided in two experimental and control groups (n=12). The instruments for collecting data included the Family Assessment Device (Macmaster, 1993) and marital conflict questionnaire. The experimental group received 10 sessions of intervention. The Participants of both groups responded to questionnaires, before training, and At the end end of training. The results of Multivariate Analysis of Covariance showed that the PDS is significantly effective on improving family function of women with marital conflict of the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0. 001). It was concluded that Problem solving and decision making skills training could be used as an effective methods improving of the family function family function in women with marital conflict