disasters

The occurrence of disasters in the world leaves consequences and health, as well as economic and social problems for people and governments, and requires careful management and planning. Policies for preventing and reducing risks caused by natural disasters and unexpected events were formulated and announced in the country in 2014. Nearly two decades have passed since the promulgation of these policies, and the management of accidents and incidents in the country is facing deficits. This study was conducted to investigate and identify the challenges of implementing crisis management policies and providing suggestions for improvement.

This study was conducted as qualitative research using targeted semi-structured interviews with 32 managers of various organizations and institutions, which continued until the saturation stage. Granheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis method was used for data analysis, and MAXQDA software was used for data management. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data, Lincoln and Guba criteria were used.

36 sub-challenges were identified in the country's crisis management. Which were divided into 5 categories of main challenges (gap in policymaking, weakness in the implementation of policies, limitation of financial resources, failure in coordination and information management, inefficient attitude at the level of decision maker and decision maker). The lack of a coherent, comprehensive and future-oriented system of policies, the absence of a comprehensive roadmap and planning to advance policies, the lack of transparency in the powers and responsibilities of organizations, the lack of budget priority allocation for crisis programs, the weakness in playing the role of coordination of the crisis management organization and the weakness in The monitoring and evaluation system of organizations was one of the most important sub-challenges.

The implementation of disaster management programs in the country at the levels of policy, planning and implementation is associated with challenges and problems in organizations. Paying attention to the principles of policy-making in reviewing policies, and reforming the structure, laws and national guidelines and processes in the programs of the country's crisis management organization can lead to the improvement of the country's preparedness and proper management when disasters occur.

One of the most important goals of the crisis management headquarters is the proper preparation and distribution of food to the affected people during a disaster. Due to the limitations related to shelf life and storage of perishable food products, operational costs, and transportation, their distribution is challenging. In this study, we aim to develop a mathematical model using integer linear programming for the optimization of cold food supply chain during disasters. 

This study uses an operational research approach. A two-objective mixed integer linear programming model was designed for a cold, stable and multi-level supply chain in the food industry in the conditions of uncertainty and crisis. In this programming model, the economic order quantity (EOQ) performance optimization method was used to determine the optimal order point. The presented model was solved based on the real data obtained from the crisis management headquarters in Iran and implemented as a pilot for 16 supply centers, 5 distribution channels, and 35 crisis management headquarters with two LP-metric and augmented epsilon constraint (AEC) methods.

The findings of testing research hypotheses using one-way analysis of variance showed that the use of mathematical models had a positive and significant effect on the optimization of the cold food supply chain during disasters. In this regard, there was no significant difference between LP-metric and AEC methods (P>0.05). Also, the use of mathematical models had a positive and significant effect on improving the quality of food industry. Optimizing the supply chain by the mathematical model has a positive and significant effect on the performance of food industries. The optimal order point in the chain model had a EOQ of 3436 units.

By using the presented mathematical model, it is possible to optimize the management process of the cold food supply chain during disasters. It has a higher performance compared to traditional approaches. It is expected that by using the presented mathematical model, relief operations and food distribution during disasters can be facilitated and optimized.

After large-scale natural disasters, supply shortages and inequitable distribution because of various damages that hinder the functioning of the humanitarian supply chain. For this purpose, in this paper, this problem is presented as a two-level planning model to minimize the rate of unmet demand, potential environmental risks, emergency costs at the upper level of the decision chain and, to maximize the perceived satisfaction of the survivors in the lower level of the decision chain is modeled. Formulates a decision hierarchy. To solve the proposed model, the modified epsilon method has been used. According to the obtained results, the risk coefficient of waste γ imposes significant effects on the performance of environmental sustainability. And it has no effect on the weighted total unmet demand rate, total emergency costs. Also, by applying changes in the epsilon value, the acceptable distance for determining the non-dominated solutions of the multi-objective problem is presented. Therefore, this study provides valuable results to managers and decision makers to make valuable decisions after a crisis to control the situation.

Designing a multi-objective multiple allocation-routing problem in a humanitarian supply chain is important because it improves efficiency and productivity in the supply chain. By designing a multi-objective multiple assignment-routing problem, we can consider different objectives at the same time and seek to optimize them. As a result, designing a multiple multi-objective allocation-routing problem in a humanitarian supply chain can improve the overall performance of the company and lead to the economic and social growth of the region.

In this article, an integer mathematical model for the allocation of essential product to all destinations through multiple hub allocation-routing coverage is presented in a way that reduces the cost of allocation and the number of possible paths for allocation in a humanitarian supply chain. The proposed model is able to estimate well the binary optimal solutions of the problem that is route and vehicle allocation through the solution using the scattering search method. Based on the solution of the proposed model, the shortest possible route for allocating essential items to different considered cities is provided. Also, the lowest possible cost has been determined for allocating the route for relief. Finally, the allocation of each vehicle according to their type to each city has been specified. This allocation of vehicles to each of the cities has been done in such a way that each of the vehicles covers each of the cities at least once.

Based on the obtained results, the lowest routing allocation cost was gained using the suggested model. The results of the research show that the proposed model improves both the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian aid logistics, and its findings provide valuable guidance for improving decision-making regarding route allocation, the type of dispatch vehicle and cost in the field of humanitarian logistics, and for designing a suitable strategy for Dealing with disasters will be beneficial in the future.

Given that various natural crises are often unexpected and surprising in nature and the need for inter-organizational coordination to manage these crises, the purpose of this study was to examine the views of 140 people in the statistical community on the factors affecting inter-organizational coordination. Crisis-related organizations and the study of the impact of inter-organizational coordination on crisis management in natural disasters. In this study, partial stratified random sampling method was used. This research is a survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection method and is of correlation type. According to the research background, first after drawing the conceptual model of the research, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed and after obtaining the necessary reliability and validity, data were collected. After describing the questions with SPSS software, the research hypothesis test was performed according to the method of structural equations and factor analysis using Piels software. After performing statistical tests, it was found that informal relationships, the main factors of coordination and informal relationships have an effect on inter-organizational coordination. Informal relations with 76% have the greatest impact on inter-organizational coordination in the provincial crisis management headquarters. The effect of inter-organizational coordination on the elements of crisis management was also significant. The most effective inter-organizational coordination on the elements of crisis management on the stages of crisis management (0.55), crisis forecasting (0.54), crisis preparedness (0.45) and crisis recovery (0.01).

The decision to allocate the optimal route for ambulances affects the success of disaster response and the safety of victims. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization model is proposed to determine the route of vehicles in response to humanitarian relief supplies. 

Two objective functions are formulated to improve efficiency and effectiveness. The first goal is to minimize the total cost of each route. The second goal is to minimize the total time of vehicle repairs to provide limited relief to victims from all injury areas. The Epsilon (EC) constraint method was used to solve the proposed model.

The applicability of the proposed model is demonstrated through a case study. The results obtained from solving the proposed model are compared with the existing routing scheme. Comparisons show that the results obtained from solving the proposed model are better than current routing programs.

In addition, the results of this study can provide an advantage for decision makers in order to consider appropriate strategies for responding to disasters.

Although it is one of the basic pillars of knowledge in the Islamic religion, the macroscopic view and all-round view of the issues and the world has always been one of the missing links in human life today in thought, thinking, planning, management and implementation. In order to solve this shortcoming in the comprehensive, preventive and all-round management of accidents, disasters and crises, it is necessary to focus on all aspects of human existence. In this article, after reviewing the popular literature related to accidents, disasters and crises, the existential nature of human beings is discussed in the framework of nature, religion and wisdom, and then according to that, various risks and threats are categorized and finally, management is done. They are also briefly mentioned. In other words, this article has been done with descriptive descriptive method and using library studies and scientific sources. Based on the Islamic worldview and also based on rational axioms, man has four dimensions: plant (physical), animal (mental), human (intellectual) and divine (spiritual). The management of risks and threats to humans will be focused on the four dimensions of human existence. In general, the management of accidents, disasters and crises is improved when it is accompanied by a more accurate and complete understanding of all dimensions of human existence and efforts are made to meet his physical, mental, mental and heart needs at the same time

The phenomenon of wet dust in Khuzestan province in February 2016 affected the provincechr('39')s electricity network and caused a widespread blackout. Following the power outage, other infrastructure in the province also suffered, the blackout crisis stimulated widespread social reactions. Accordingly, in this article, using the mixed method methodology, the dimensions and social consequences of the disaster are identified and analyzed. The results of qualitative section analysis showed that three categories of "disaster characteristics", "social contexts of the province" and" disaster readiness and management" have had an impact on "perception of the disaster". In addition, the social consequences of the disaster, such as "increased tendency to migrate from Khuzestan province" can be interpreted in direct connection with the perception of the disaster. The results of the quantitative part also confirmed the interpretations obtained in the qualitative part. However, the key finding of the article was that there was a wide perception gap between officials and different groups of people in Khuzestan regarding the different dimensions of the disaster. This makes it possible to understand the social reactions after the disaster. In the final part of the article, emphasizing the importance of social studies in the planning and policies of the Ministry of Energy and focusing on the Khuzestan disaster, suggestions are presented to promote social resilience in Khuzestan province.

Aim and Nowadays, application of nuclear technology in different industries has largely expanded worldwide. Proportionately, the risk of nuclear incidents and the resulting injuries have, therefore, increased in recent years. Preparedness is an important part of the crisis management cycle; therefore efficient preplanning seems crucial to any crisis management plan. Equipped with facilities and experienced personnel, hospitals naturally engage with the response to disasters. The main purpose of our study was to present a practical management pattern for hospitals and medical centers in case they encounter a nuclear emergency.
In this descriptive qualitative study, data were collected through experimental observations, sources like Safety manuals released by the International Atomic Energy Agency and interviews with experts to gather their ideas along with Delphi method for polling, and brainstorming. In addition, the 45 experts were interviewed on three targeted using brainstorming and Delphi method.
Findings: We finally proposed a management plan along with a set of practicality standards for hospitals and medical centers to optimally respond to nuclear medical emergencies when a radiation incident happens nearby.
With respect to the great importance of preparedness against nuclear incidents adoption and regular practice of nuclear crisis management codes for hospitals and medical centers seems quite necessary.

This review defines crisis risk communication, traces its origins to a number of applied fields, and then shows how basic principles have become incorporated into emergency preparedness and risk communication for public health. Literature from four different disciplines that inform crisis risk communications are reviewed. These are (a) environmental risk communication, (b) disaster management, (c) health promotion and communication, and (d) media and communication studies. Current curricula and training materials are briefly reviewed. Although this literature review suggests much progress has been made to incorporate and disseminate crisis risk communication principles into public health practice, and case studies suggest that public health workers have gained skills and experience, this emerging field still lacks in-depth evaluation of the effectiveness of event-specific crisis risk communication efforts. Type of paper: Review article

The description of ‘‘best practices’’ is widely used to improve organizational andprofessional practice. This analysis describes best practices in crisis communication as aform of grounded theoretical approach for improving the effectiveness of crisiscommunication specifically within the context of large publicly-managed crises. Theresults of a panel of crisis communication experts are reviewed. Ten best practices foreffective crisis communication, which were synthesized from this process, are presentedand described.

Soil erosion, development of urbanization and climate changes will increase vulnerability of urban areas against floods. On the other hand, construction industry plays a significant role in living peacefully with incidents such as floods. Especially in areas with high urban density, living with incidents can consider a high adaptive solution for future problems and issues. This category has led to create ideas and different practical methods that in this article will be mentioning some of them. This study reviews documents, literature and written texts in the field of management, vulnerability reduction and dealing with floods and addresses various aspects of prevention and flood risk reduction and finally provides some practical methods and solutions. The Results classified in four general categories: First, multi-functional defensive methods, second, floating methods and amphibious buildings and third and fourth category are up to date biotechnical and Nano-technological measures which present some examples of these methods here. Generally, there are three implemented strategies to reduce vulnerability to floods: First, defensive strategies against flood, second, strategies related to avoiding flood risk areas (such as displacement which is mostly in the form of urbanism strategies) and the third, strategies related to a peaceful life with accepting flood risk. In this paper with a focus on the first and third strategies, some architectural guidelines were introduced. Remarkably, today in the most flood prone areas all around the world, more attention has been focused on these two main strategies.

Very few of the large number of major disasters in recent years have threatened the survival of the host region. Improvements in conditions underlying sustainability have helped in this regard, as has inherent and adaptive resilience associated with disaster recovery. Sharp breaks from the past do not appear to be the norm, but opportunities for major transitions do increase in the aftermath of disasters. This paper examines some major types of resilience that have been effective and encourages their incorporation into long-term recovery and mitigation strategies.

As the security is one of the most fundamental needs of societies, particularly when a society is tolerating some undesirable consequences of some crises. The present study aims at analyzing the current security status in Tehran while facing earthquake crisis. It also tries to offer officials in charge of security in Tehran some reliable strategies, to be used in the time of earthquake occurrence. The present study was of applied type conducted in management field which was performed in 5 stages. The stages were as follows: 1) Reviewing theoretical tenets of the topic using through library studies; 2) Reviewing the current status through using all existing documents available in IRI Police (IRIP); 3) Reviewing officials’ perceptions through conducting qualitative studies and through using in-depth interview and expert panel; 4) Analyzing and wrapping up stages one to three in all the three previous stages during and after earthquake crisis through using SWOT technique; 5) Offering strategies proportionate with tools of collecting data in the first and second stage of note taking, whereas interviews and questioners are employed for third stage. The most important strategies resulted from the findings of the research based on priority were: establishment of a spare structure, making places and facilities resistant, traffic control, coordination with the Armed Forces General HQs, Basij and other bodies involved, maneuver, assistance to IRIP personnel and their families. Quantitative statistics resulted from tables of questionnaire of internal and external factors in the graph of matrix for circumstances’ assessment and strategic measure indicates that during prevention, prediction and preparation, IRIP should be in aggressive position, because some good opportunities were provided. However, IRIP should take defense position while encountering casualties, assisting people, rescuing the injured; because there are also some weak points and threats. Strong points should be used during reconstruction period to neutralize threats; for this reason competitive approach were recommended.