جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شهرستان بهبهان » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

At present, warmer urban environment is one of the Naagahanh unsustainable urban development is associated with a reduced vegetation. Therefore, knowledge of ground temperature for geosciences, such as changes in the global environment and especially urban weather, is necessary. temperature as one of the most significant climatic parameters can be one of the main factors is tropical in town planning That the leading type of dedicated facility in the city and even determines the structure, shape and texture of urban. Unbridled and unplanned growth of cities, especially big cities of the country are looking to increase their environmental degradation and increasing pollution has been followed. The indiscriminate construction process and reduce the space required for the development of green space as breathing lungs Dramatic changes in the micro-climate in cities, especially in large cities led. Today, because of the importance of thermal remote sensing for environmental studies, many researchers in basic research thermal remote sensing and sensors technology development and application of new thermal data necessary to know.

The studied region is between 50 degrees and 19 minutes longitude to 50 degrees and 25 minutes eastern, 30 degrees and 45 minutes latitude to north 30 degrees and 32 minutes in zone 39 located. The highest slope is 69.87 and the lowest slope 1%, the minimum annual temperature 18.1 c° and the maximum annual temperature 32.37 °c. The space of area is 615.6 square kilometers and regional climate is dry based on Domarten method. In this study, spatial distribution and variation of surface temperature were analyzed base on land use maps and vegetation index in the city of BEHBAHAN. For this purpose, ETM+ and OLI images of Landsat satellite were used. After geometric and atmospheric Corrections, images were classified using Maximum Likelihood Algorithm, and temperature changes were evaluated by LCM model. To extract the surface temperature of three steps:A: Convert the digital number to radiationNumber of ETM digital conversion of radiation to be used the following formula: L=LMIN+(LMAX-LMIN)/(QCALMAX-QCALMIN )QCAL-QCALMINWhereQCALMIN: The Digital Numeric ValueQCALMAX: Most digital valueQCAL: Digital at the pixel numberLMIN: Spectral Band 6 in the amount of zero emission value DN (W m-2 sr-2 μm-1)LMAX: radiation value of 6 band in the amount in the DN 255 (W m-2 sr-2 μm-1) Values LMIN (2.200) and LMAX (10.55) of the extracted image file and Heather in the relationship.B: Converted spectral radiance temperature blackbodyTB = K2/(Ln(K1/L+1))ETM using thermal-band data from Planck equation, the temperature blackbody radiation (TB) in which the radiation is assumed to be one, to be converted.WhereTB: Satellite effective temperature in KelvinsK1: The first calibration constant equal to 666.09 W m-2 sr-2 μm-1K2: The first calibration constant equal to 1282.71L: Spectral radiance sensor (W m-2 sr-2 μm-1)C; Be corrected radiationCorrection can restore correct radiation surface temperature as well as the quality of information obtained through thermal infrared data is effective. One of the operational and applied to obtain the radiation is (threshold method NDVI) Through the red and near infrared bands were obtainedNDVI = (float(b4)-float(b3))/(float(b4)+float(b3)) Where b4 b3 band 4 and band 3. Finally, after correcting the thermal image and calculate emissivity, land surface temperature is calculated using Equation 6.LST = TB/([1+[(λ*(TB/p))]*Lnε])WhereTB: Brightness temperature λ: Radiance emitted wavelength (μm 5/11)p= k / hcWhereh: Planck's constantc; speed of lightk: Stefan-Boltzmann constantε: Emissivity

The results showed that class 1 of temperature (Temperatures lower than 13°c), which indicates the coolest areas, has the most expansion in northern and southern mountains. In the urban core, this class of temperature was expanded as scattered spots according to urban parks in 2000, but on the contrary in 2014, urban areas were located in the first class of temperature because of significant temperature reduction compared to previous years. Overlaying the map of each Temperature class with land use maps showed that downtown and some parts of bare and agricultural lands in the west areas were located in the first temperature class, most bare and agricultural lands and some parts of pastures were located in second class, most of pasture lands in third class, and a little part of them were located in the fourth class. After the preparation of the temperature map, it attempted to detect the changes and review the changes during the studied period with the model LCM, which is extensively used in IDRISI Tiga software. These changes include reductions, increments and net changes for each class, and transition from one floor to another. The highest temperature drop was observed in the third floor with an average temperature of 16 ° C and the highest increase in the second floor with an average temperature of 14 ° C. This means that in 2013, in the western regions of the area (third floor), the air temperature was reduced and, naturally, the area of this class was lower than in 2000, and reduced area as shown in Fig. 7 and the results are added to the second floor temperature. In fact, the displacement of the area between the second and third temperature classes has occurred, and in general, the temperature has cooled down to 2000.

The severity of the impact of human activity on the environment of cities, as concentrated areas of human use of the environment, depends heavily on the distance from urban centers. The farther away from urban centers and rural areas closer to the effects of human activities on the environment and reduced for certain changes. NDVI increase is the increase in the prevalence of vegetation and land cover is more homogeneous and homogeneous. but NDVI decrease introduce more varied (water, outdoor, bare soil, construction, etc.) and more heterogeneous mosaic of land.

Recognition of natural potentials as the basis of human activities forms the foundation of the environmental planning and arrangement. In this regard the climate characteristics and its factors have an essential role in the spatial dispersion and forming environmental activities of human societies, as today's studies and surveys on human being are the bases of urban, developmental, residential, architecture, tourism planning. In this study, man’s comfort or discomfort in Behbahan has been studied based on the existing living climate models and bioclimatic indexes of Beiker, Terjong, stress  and TCI have all been studied using the statistical data during 20 years (1994 - 2013), and is the best time for doing  the  environmental  and  tourism  activities  in  this  city were determined. The results showed that wind chill index has not been based on the climatic activities. The other bioclimatic indexes which were used in the study were the ability of showing comfortable and discomfortable periods of Behbahan which in spite of few differences, they show the similar pictures of the city’s climate comfort .The study showed  that  Behbahan  with  bioclimatic variety  during  the year has both warm and very  cool weather. There is not good comfort in the last month of spring and during summer in this city. When autumn finishes and the weather becomes cool (November and December) or when later it starts to become warm (March), Behbahan has a more comfortable condition for people. Totally autumn and winter are suitable for environmental activities and touring in Behbahan.

In this research, a 55 km length of Maroon River that falls in Behbahan district was studied by time interval method for morphological changes. In a 16 years interval, landsat 7 ETM and landsat 8 OLI satellite images were used for years 1999 and 2015 respectively. Maroon River bed was digitized in ARCGIS 9.3, and then some geometric parameters were extracted using AutoCAD by intersecting circles to river curves. These parameters were analyzed statistically for years 1999 and 2015. Geometric method applied for 4 sections in order of change detection in the study area. Results show some changes in river length and also increase in meanders in some section. These sections that have more changeability were analyzed based on land use, soil and lithology maps. Those sections that have more erodible formation and flood plains that covered by inceptisols soil class are more changeable. So, changeability of river bed may be linked to soil type. Stream power may be a cause of river bank erosion. Third section laid in conglomerates and alluviums, so this may be the reason of its changes.

In order to evaluate the socioeconomic and ecological functions of a city, it is essential to quantify the pattern of the land. In this regard, the use of gradient analysis is also a very effective method. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to quantify the landform of Behbahan county using the combination of land metrics and gradient analysis. For this purpose, land use changes over a period of 14 years (2000-2014) were studied. Gradient analysis for two transects in the North South and East West were designed. Both the class and landscape metrics were calculated using a moving window. The results showed that during transects, in addition to land use changes, shape and density of the patches have changed and these changes are different in the two transects. Also, the results of the analysis in both transects in the class indicate that the patch density and edge density have increased towards the city center. The results of landscape metrics based on the items show that the distribution of land in 2014, distribution of agricultural and residential land, especially land, has more distribution levels; Behbehan is the county landscape. This reflects the development of urban and agricultural land and pasture land decreased in 2014 compared to 2000 is in the region. According to the trend of metrics, it can be said that the entire north-south transect of the east-west pattern is symmetrical.

Knowledge of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of changes are extremely important in environmental planning، land use planning and sustainable development. Currently using vegetation maps is one of the key factors in data making for macro and micro planning. In this study، information of Landsat ETM + and OLI were used to display the time and location changes of vegetation in Behbahan city in 1378 and 1392 and calculated the NDVI index for this two years. In order to evaluate the quality changes of vegetation، the numerical values of the index was classified the 4 classes lush vegetation including of land with excellent coverage، very good coverage، good and poor coverage. Then، the changes were determined using CROSSTAB. The results showed qualitative and quantitative changes in vegetation for the study area has been extensive over 14 years، so that، the lands had excellent، good and poor coverage، their area were increased and land area which had good coverage، were decrease. The greatest increase in land area has been occurred with excellent coverage، so that، it had increased from 5069. 76 in 1378 to 7735. 5 hactar in 1392. Also، the most reduction in land area has been occurred with good coverage، which reached from 34061. 4 hactar to 27434. 43 hactar. Finally، regression equation was obtained to show better relationship between the two parameters of vegetation and temperature. These results is confirmed that vegetated has a lower temperature and this surface has the cooling effects on surrounding. Therefore، the destruction of vegetation will follow the warming of city surface and environmental consequences.