جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شهر تهران » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

The present study was conducted to geographically evaluate the epidemiology of respiratory diseases in the regions of Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the statistical population of the research is 1918 respiratory patients in Tehran metropolis. Data analysis was done in ArcGIS software. To show the distribution of patients in the period of 2018-2021, the point density method was used, and then the spatial distribution of patients was checked by using Moran's coefficient, and also by using spatial autocorrelation, the spread of respiratory diseases was analyzed among the regions of Tehran. Finally, by using the local Moran's coefficient of the single-variable Moran's spatial linkage, the spatial clustering of 22 districts of Tehran was formed based on respiratory disease sufferers. The findings show that the spread of respiratory diseases in Tehran in the years 2020, 2019, and 2018 is towards the semi-eastern regions, and the highest spatial spread has occurred in regions 13 and 14 as the center of the disease, and in 2021 Most areas, especially the north of the city, have been affected by the disease. In the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, the spread of the disease has an upward trend up to a distance of 2.75 km between the city areas, and from then on, due to the increase in distance and decrease in population density, its spread has decreased. The spatial pattern of respiratory diseases in Tehran is of a cluster type, with areas 13 and 14 in the HH part of the Moran scatter diagram with positive spatial autocorrelation as the main focus of disease spread, areas 9, 10, 11, 15, 21 and 22 in The HL part of the Moran scatter diagram with negative spatial autocorrelation and the existence of spatial heterogeneity in the number of patients and in the LL cluster of region 17 and the LH cluster of regions 1, 3, 6, 7, 18, 19 and 20 are located with negative spatial autocorrelation.

Respiratory diseases are one of the most important diseases that have involved the world community (Kermani et al., 2015). According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, one-fifth of people in the world are suffering from these diseases, and in 2005, the ranking of chronic respiratory diseases was 13, and in 2016, the ranking of this disease reached 5. Also, chronic respiratory diseases ranked 11th in terms of the occurrence of physical disabilities in 2020 (World Health Center website, 2021). Respiratory disease, which is generally related to lung disease, includes a group of diseases that cause lung dysfunction by involving parts or parts of the respiratory system. Sometimes respiratory disease is caused by damage to the pleural membrane (pleura), pleural cavity, or respiratory muscles and nerves. Every year, lung diseases affect many people in society, which reduce the level of performance of a person in daily activities. Respiratory system diseases in England are the most common cause of referral to general practitioners (Etamidi et al., 2018). Respiratory diseases are classified into two types, infectious and non-infectious (Khoshdel et al., 2013), infectious respiratory diseases are widely distributed at the community level and are transmitted from person to person, often in the form of lung infection or the same essence. Pneumonia occurs (Gunathilakaabc, R., et al, 2018), and its non-infectious type is often caused by exposure to environmental and biological pollutants (Kimberly, A, 2017). Iran's respiratory diseases are always a major challenge. According to a four-year study, the rate of asthma in the adult population of the country is 9%, and in children and adolescents, it is 11%. In Iran, chronic respiratory diseases are the third cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and road accidents (Ethmarian et al., 2012).On average, 200 people die in Kalansehr, Tehran, due to respiratory diseases per year (Kermani et al., 2015). Therefore, it is necessary to identify and plan for the reduction and prevention of these diseases in the city of Tehran. In order to make correct preventive plans, we must know how the diseases are distributed in the place, so that the influence of environmental factors on the increase or decrease of the affected people is necessary. to be able to measure specific diseases (Ghadami et al., 2012). In recent years, due to the spread of Corona, the number of respiratory diseases has increased significantly in the country, especially in Tehran. Most respiratory diseases lead to severe lung or pleural infections (pneumonia).Geographical epidemiology is a part of descriptive epidemiology in the style of spatial analysis that examines the geographical distribution of morbidity and mortality rates (Rivero, A, et al, 2015). For the prevention, management, and control of diseases, various information technology methods such as geographic information systems (GIS) are used. Based on this, a geographic information system will be used in this study. The aim of this research is to analyze the spatiotemporal respiratory diseases in Tehran using the Kernel density estimation model using Geographical Information System (GIS).

The current research was done based on the purpose, applied, and based on the descriptive-analytical method. In order to identify and understand the spatial patterns of respiratory diseases at the level of 22 districts of the Tehran metropolis, statistical and graphic models have been used in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. At first, to identify the foci of concentration of respiratory diseases, the analyzed data were considered as points, and mapping of the disease was done. Then, by using statistical tests, the general patterns of respiratory diseases were determined at the level of the regions of Tehran, and finally, disease maps were extracted using the kernel density method, and based on this, other analyzes were performed. The most important statistical tests used in this research are the mean center, standard deviation ellipse, clustering tests, and kernel density estimation methods. The statistical population of the research is the number of people suffering from respiratory disease (1995 people) within the legal limits of the city of Tehran, which is between the years 1397 and 1400.

Identifying and analyzing the ranges of diseases at the city level using the GIS geographic information system makes it possible for the health organization of any country to identify pathogenic factors and reduce its growth rate and apply preventive policies. Using the results of the analysis of this research in relation to respiratory diseases at the level of the regions of Tehran, it is possible to provide preventive measures. According to the analysis of the central mean and ellipse of standard deviation, District 12, as one of the central districts of the city, is the center of respiratory diseases in Tehran. The findings of the research showed that by using the closest neighborhood index in the clustering test, the distribution pattern of respiratory diseases data in Tehran city is uniform. Most of the respiratory diseases that spread in an infectious manner due to their contagious nature spread quickly in all areas of the city, and this is also true in the case of Tehran. According to the results of the ellipse of the standard deviation, the areas with the highest incidence of respiratory diseases in the city of Tehran are located in the northeast and southwest sides of the city. According to the findings of the research using the kernel density estimation model in the period of 1397-1400, in 1397 the areas that are in the neighborhood of District 12 are known as centers of respiratory disease in Tehran. In 2018, region 17 was introduced as the second main center of respiratory diseases in Tehran. In 2019, with preventive measures, region 17 moved away from the center of diseases, and after that, the neighboring areas of this region were not affected by the disease. Respiratory tracts stay away. In the year 1400, the northern areas of Tehran were introduced as new foci of the spread of respiratory diseases. The areas that are most affected by respiratory diseases are often the areas that are at a lower level in terms of social and environmental factors and generally have a low quality of living.

Due to the high volume of their daily production, the optimal management of food waste is of special importance in all countries, especially from the environmental and health point of views. Because of its chemical and structural nature, this type of waste is easily decomposed and has a high potential to produce leachate and emit greenhouse gases, soil pollution, etc. in case of improper management. Due to the importance of the subject, the present study was carried out with the general aim of analyzing the content of the upstream documents at three national, regional and local levels in order to deduce the goals of the sustainable waste management system in Tehran. For this purpose, 15 upstream documents (5 national documents, 5 regional documents and 5 local documents) were selected as targeted and available samples for study. The selected documents were analyzed using the content analysis method of Gal et al. and the relevant concepts were extracted and coded. According to the results, the goals of sustainable food waste management in Tehran are presented in the form of five institutional (integration and inclusion of key elements of the urban waste management system), technical and infrastructural (optimizing existing processes in the use of technologies), environmental (minimizing adverse health and environmental effects), economic (financial sustainability) and cultural-social (attracting the maximum participation of citizens) categories. Finally, suggestions have been made to achieve each of the goals.

Tehran has experienced extensive population growth in the last decades, leading to a high rate of urban expansion. Land use/land cover (LULC) patterns have noticeably been changed to impervious surfaces that led to the changes in the thermal condition and forming heat islands in this city. So this study wants to evaluate the landscape and the Land surface temperature patterns via using the landscape metrics on a proper scale in Tehran.

 In this study, a combination of remote sensing, GIS and landscape ecology approach is used to explain the relationship between land use/cover patterns and land surface temperature in Tehran's urban area. We used ETM + Landsat satellite images of February 28, 2013 to create a five class LULC map of the area through Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis and the maximum algorithm methods.Also, Land Surface Temperature map were prepared according to the available methods for thermal band of the sensor and were presented in four zones. Then, the relationship between LST and land use/cover was investigated using 7 landscape metrics (e.g MPS, PAFRAC, COHESION).

We found that impervious surface has the highest percentage of class and mean patch size, cohesion and aggregation, and landscape metrics very well described the LST zone II with impervious surface dominance. Also, the results showed that the 30 m pixel size is good enough for assessing the spatial and ecological characteristics of LULC patterns and their relationships with LST in Tehran

The results showed the possibility of assessing the relationship between LST and LULC based on the landscape metrics. The findings can be useful for urban planners and environmental managers to decrease urban heat pollution during urban sprawl and development.

Earthquake environmental issues can be generally assessed in the context of society and social issues. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine the main dimensions and key factors affecting the management of a possible earthquake crisis in the metropolitan city of Tehran with an emphasis on environmental resilience. This research has been done through documentary studies and a questionnaire in which 51 experts and researchers have presented their opinions on the importance of factors in the form of a questionnaire. The data extracted from the research have been analyzed by combining the methods of mean, correlation, and interaction analysis and the key factors of crisis management have been extracted. The results showed that 7 main dimensions, including 39 factors, have a decisive role in earthquake crisis management in Tehran. The dimension of institutional-managerial resilience with a weight of 7.03 is in the 1st rank and the resilience of environmental resources with a weight of 6 is in the 7th rank. The results showed that 5 factors include; Social capital, public participation, reconstruction, trust in government institutions and organizations, and management style are among the 39 important factors that play a driving role in managing the Tehran earthquake crisis and preserving the environment. Accordingly, the relevant authorities, in particular, need to pay attention to the two components of social capital and public participation and to overcome the possible earthquake crisis in Tehran, it is necessary to strengthen the dimensions of social capital among citizens, to provide public participation. Accelerate the reconstruction of earthquake damage, strengthen the city's physical infrastructure, and ultimately make the management body more efficient in managing the environmental consequences of the earthquake crisis in Tehran.

Today, population growth, urban development and economic prosperity, increasing the quality of life and increasing consumer choice have led to an increase in the amount of waste produced in urban communities. Since waste production is inevitable in any society and waste management is considered as one of the key environmental issues and therefore there is a growing demand to analyze and compare the efficiency and environmental and technical effects of various waste management policies. Is.According to the amount of waste produced in the world, more than 70% of this waste is not properly reused or recycled, and this indicates a lack of large volumes of resources and a lot of pressure on the primary resources of the planet. Regular problems with solid waste management are very complex due to the multiplicity of factors, such as the quantity and quality of waste generated, the rapid expansion of urban areas, financing problems, rapid technological advances, as well as energy and raw material constraints.Municipal solid waste management in developing countries is a complex issue due to rapid population growth, rapid and unplanned urbanization, and public health problems due to a lack of adequate health infrastructure. In addition, governments' ability to manage waste is limited, and this partnership is often inefficient and inadequate. Also, the existence of informal workers, people's resistance to pay for services, inefficient collection system, illegal burial and lack of a clear legal framework are other problems in this sector.In Iran, according to statistics, one-fifth of the country's household waste is produced in Tehran, which produces 320 kg per year of municipal waste. According to the Tehran Municipal Recycling Organization, the economic value of Tehran's organic waste, which accounts for about 70 percent, is estimated at $ 250 million a year. Therefore, improving the efficiency of the collection system will mean environmental development, improving the urban landscape and storing economic resources.Considering that the city of Tehran as the capital of the country and its large population needs useful and effective waste management and Tehran Municipality has taken effective measures in this regard, but the problem of final waste disposal in Tehran is still one of the most important concerns of urban management. A significant part of the problems can be imagined by identifying the effective factors in waste management, which are sometimes also a major challenge, and create the conditions to achieve a logical relationship between the container and the container. It is necessary to identify the drivers of waste management promotion. Therefore, this study intends to plan for municipal waste management based on a new planning perspective, using specific futures research methods. In this regard, and considering the nature of the research, this research has been conducted with the aim of answering the question that; What are the key drivers of promoting waste management in Tehran?

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory research in terms of the nature of the subject. The required data and information have been collected through documentary-field and field libraries (questionnaires). At this stage of the research, the questionnaire was completed by the elites in the field of urban development and waste management by snowball method (10 experts). In this regard and in order to analyze the data, after extracting the effective factors in urban waste management through theoretical foundations and using expert opinions, content analysis (CVR) was performed, then a questionnaire of interaction was asked of experts and finally, the propellants were identified using structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis.

Content analysis for factor validity using the opinions of 10 experts, showed that out of 43 primary factors, 20 factors have obtained a coefficient (CVR) above 0.75 to be considered the final factors of this research (expert workforce, Motivational schemes, consumption pattern, revenue generation, segregation scheme, partnership, waste segregation organizations, natural resource protection, environmental hazards, educational and cultural programs, public social awareness, investment, planning Implementation of operations, infrastructure, financial resources and budget, advanced technology, research, comprehensive waste management plan, layout and management expertise and foresight are the most important factors in promoting urban waste management. Using the retest method, they showed that the questionnaire has acceptable reliability (the reliability of the first time is equal to 0.794 and the second time is 0.807).Regarding the identification of waste management improvement factors that used structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis, the findings showed that research and research factors and expertise and management efficiency with penetrationrate of 18 have the greatest impact and protection of natural resources and hazards. Environment with the penetration rate of 1 had the least impact.The results obtained from the classification of research variables also showed that in the group of autonomous variables, specialized labor force factors (X11) and motivational schemes (X20) are included (factors that have weak influence and dependence). In the group of dependent variables, consumption pattern factors (X2), revenue generation (X7), source separation plan (X18), partnership (X1), waste segregation organizations (X5), natural resource protection (X9) and environmental hazards (X10) (factors that have high influence, power and dependence, and in fact, any action on these variables will change other variables). In the group of related variables, the factors of educational and cultural programs (X3), public social awareness (X4), investment (X8), planning and execution of operations (X12) and infrastructure (X14) are included. (Factors that have a high degree of influence (stimulus) and dependence. In fact, any action on these variables will change other variables) and in the group of independent variables (key), financial resources and budget (X6), Advanced technology (X13), research (X15), master plan for waste management (X16), productivity and management expertise (X17) and foresight (X19) (factors that have high penetration and low dependence These factors act as the structural cornerstone of the system and must be emphasized in the first place for a fundamental change in system performance.

In this study, based on this logic (which is a useful method to discover the factors governing the promotion of urban waste management, interpretive structural research model due to the use of expert opinions and content validity) the most important factors to improve management were tried. Tehran municipal waste should be identified and the impact of each of them on each other should be analyzed. In this regard, the results showed that among the 20 important factors studied, factors of financial resources and budget, advanced technology, research, comprehensive plan of waste management, productivity and management expertise and foresight), compared to other factors of priority They have a lot to improve waste management and in fact the key to improving waste management is to improve these factors. In emphasizing these factors, one should not neglect other factors. Therefore, it can be inferred that by attaching importance to conducting more and more quality research, improving technology and its proper use, financing and increasing government budget, employing efficient, effective and specialized management, having plans Codified and foresighted and finally the comprehensive plan of waste management, we will see the improvement of waste management in Tehran. It should be noted that the above factors are interrelated with each other in a chain. In such a way that by improving the situation of each factor, the ground is prepared for the improvement of the next factors. For example, funding and increasing government funding and improving the quality of research can advance technology and its use, and increase its management capacity and effectiveness.

The land use pattern represents the distribution and horizontal combination of urban applications, which plays a very important role in the distribution of pollutants and urban air quality. The impacts of these pollutants can be identified in the location of pollutants (industrial, commercial, office, residential, etc.), as well as its impact on the distribution of urban travel and subsequent emissions from urban traffic. The main objective of this study is to investigate the role of land use pattern and physical structure in spatial variations of pollutants in Tehran during the period of 2011-2018.

In order to achieve this goal, Landsat satellite images and also data from the Air Quality Control Center of Tehran in 2011 and 2018 were used. Kriging model was arranged using Arc GIS software to classify satellite images and specify types of applications using artificial neural network method in ENVI software and also to determine the concentration of air pollution in Tehran.

The results of spatial correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between spatial structure changes and air pollution in Tehran during 7 years.

The results of land use change and air pollution indices indicate that construction in the west and north of Tehran has increased the concentration of pollutants in these directions from the city. If the change from downstream land to urban green spaces in the east and south-east of Tehran reduces the concentration of pollutants urban air has been in these areas.

Air pollution has a serious impact on human health and the effects of different land use parameters and physical urban structure can not be ignored in the distribution and emission of air pollutants. To this end, in this study, the effect of land use pattern on spatial changes of pollutants in Tehran in the period 2011-2020 has been investigated..To achieve this goal Landsat satellite images as well as pollution data of Tehran Air Quality Control Center in 2011 and 2020 were used. The artificial neural network method was used in ENVI software to classify satellite images and determine the type of uses and Kriging model in Arc GIS software for zoning air pollution concentration in Tehran. The findings of this study show that Increased construction in the west and north of Tehran in these parts of the city has increased the concentration of pollutants. In return Land use change from barren lands to urban green spaces in the east and southeast of Tehran has reduced the concentration of urban air pollutants in these areas.

Volatile organic compounds such as gasoline vapors have adverse effects on the environment. In the metropolis of Tehran, gasoline is considered as a toxic and dangerous pollutant. One of the most important sources of gasoline vapor emissions in the environment is storage tanks for petroleum products, operational processes, and the number of emptying and loading of storage tanks and gasoline sales activities at gas stations.

To calculate the emission of gasoline vapors from storage tanks of petroleum products in gasoline supply channels, a variety of software, including EPA Tanks 4.09 / E&P Tanks / Tanks ESP / ERA Tanks Module, which in this study of software TANKS 4.09 have been used. The following data such as physical characteristics of the reservoir (dimensions) / number of loading times of reservoirs / spatial characteristics of reservoirs (climatic parameters) / specifications of petroleum products stored in the reservoir, etc. were entered into the software for 22 areas of Tehran.

According to the output and reporting of gasoline vapor emission software from 413 tanks installed in 148 gas stations located in 22 districts of Tehran, it is about 7702356 liters per year. About 56.78% of it is released in the warm 6 months of the year and about 43.21% in the cold 6 months of the year and in the spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons, about 27.06%, 29.56%, 22.63% and 20.73% are released into the environment. . Publications have been more in 6 months of the year, with most of emissions of gasoline vapors being from mid-May to mid-November. By comparing the percentage of vapor emission with the percentage of number of loading times, percentage of operating capacity and number of tanks and percentage of gas stations in Tehran, it can be concluded that effective factors in increasing gasoline vapor emission are high number of loading times and high maximum operating capacity and number Tanks and low number of gas stations. The highest emissions are related to regions 4, 2 and 15, respectively, which according to surveys and classification based on maximum gasoline sales and number of loading times and maximum operating capacity and number of tanks, these three regions have the highest statistics in these cases.

Considering the amount of gasoline sales about 4219217500 liters and the amount of waste and emissions of gasoline vapors to 7702356 liters per year, it can be concluded that the amount of gasoline products consumed in 1397 in Tehran was about 4226919856 liters.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has created a global emergency crisis in terms of socio‐economic‐ environmental challenges. Such crisis in Iran have also affected the issue of waste, change its amount and composition, pollution rate and led to changes in waste management including collection and different disposal methods. This is analytical descriptive research which is based on the Tehran Waste Management Organization actions, various institutions report and other available resources. At the present study, after reviewing the experiences of different countries and organizations like United Nation, World Health Organisation, The international Solid Waste Association investigating the managerial compliance has been formed. After reviewing the current situation, considering the priorities of the International Solid Waste Association, the Waste Management Organization has identified three priorities for waste management during the pandemic of COVID‐19 which consist of ensure the continuity of the service, adjusting recycling services and the last ensure safe collection, disposal and treatment of healthecare waste. The first step ensures the continuity of the services and also health and safety measures for waste workers and contingency plans. The principle behid the second priorty is adjusting recycling services and the last ensure safe collection for workers and people and the last one is about ensure safe collection, disposal and treatment of healthecare waste action plans. Finally, according to the experiences gained and the actions of the Tehran Waste Management Organization, suggestions have been made to improve the conditions of waste management during the pandemic of COVID‐19.

In order to achieve national services, the strategy of industrialization undoubtedly plays an important role in protecting the special and natural resources of its particular environment. It has been described to this extent and can be customized.
Material and

The purpose of this research is applied based on purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The statistical population of the study is the citizens of Tehran. Questionnaire, observation and interview were used for data collection. SPSS software and one-group T-test were used for data analysis.

The results show that there is a significant relationship between the development of industry in Tehran and environmental pollution (increased electronic and non-electronic waste, air pollution, etc.) and informal housing, but with social inequality (social class conflict, opportunity inequality, gender equality) has no significant relationship.
Discussion and

As the industry evolves, environmental and social consequences also emerge over time. As soon as developing countries adopt western technology, social structures change and the region's environment is affected by this development. Consideration of environmental and social impacts is widely needed in developing countries because of the underdeveloped economy and lack of appropriate scientific and technological infrastructure; development plans in these countries have a significant negative impact on biodiversity and the environment.

Urban transport cause environmental pollution.6th region is one of the busiest area in Tehran.in these research, soil contamination of these region were investigated. Soil sampling was performed of 18 points, which located near pollution sources. Heavy metal measured by ICP instrument. Arsenic, lead, chromium and cadmium were investigated, among them lead and chromium have the highest accumulation in the soil. Cadmium has a lowest concentration in 6th region soils. In this area heavy metal concentration is Cr>Pb>As>Cd. Rosemary is a plant that is found in many passages in the area. Heavy metals enter the food chain through the soil. Heavy metal transfer from soil to upper parts of rosemary has been studied. Rosemary has been used to study the transfer of heavy elements from soil to plants. Studies shown that heavy metals accumulate in rosemary leaves less than rosemary stem and the elements are absorbed through the soil.for removal soil contaminant Phytoremediation is a good choice. Rosmary plant is suitable for asorb soil pollutant.

Urbanization especially in big cities of developing and developed countries has major impacts on climate change by producing greenhouse gas and increasing average temperature, and thus creating urban heat islands(UHI). The unplanned urban development is one of the main factor, which is responsible for making such circumstances. Lack of enough attention to preserving natural and green infrastructure is one of the factors causes city warming and urban heat islands challenges that are important issues in urban environmental planning nowadays. Urban heat island consists of air temperature and surface temperature. Studies show that land cover planning and management can control surface temperature. The relationship between increasing the green spaces as an important element of the green infrastructure and decreasing surface temperature is already has been studied. Regarding the literature has been reviewed in this paper, the purpose of this study is to investigate and clarify the detailed relationship between the characteristics of spatial patterns of urban green spaces and their influences on surface temperature. Spatial composition and spatial configuration are two main elements of spatial patterns of urban green areas. Classification of green land cover based on Local Climate Zone (LCZ) help to discover the detailed relationship between each patterns’ components and the classified green spaces. The case under study is the city of Tehran, which has witnessed certain changes in relation to the development of built-up areas (both in form of planned and unplanned developments), reduction of green spaces and their spatial patterns, as well as rising average temperature.

In the process of investigating the relationship between urban spatial patterns of greenspaces in city of Tehran and land surface temperature, different methods and techniques are applied. The greenspace classification map of the city of Tehran was produced with the help of Landsat 8 satellite (2019) and LCZ method of land use classification, which divides green areas into 4 classes as follows:A; heavily wooded landscape of deciduous and/or evergreen trees. Land cover mostly pervious(low plants). Zone function is natural forest, tree cultivation, or urban park.
B; Lightly wooded landscape of deciduous and/or evergreen trees. Land cover mostly pervious(low plants). Zone function is natural forest, tree cultivation, or urban park.
C; Open arrangement of bushes, shrubs, and short, woody trees. Land cover mostly pervious (bare soil or sand). Zone function is natural scrubland or agriculture.
D; Featureless landscape of grass or herbaceous plants/crops. Few or no trees. Zone function is natural grassland, agriculture, or urban park.
Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of this map was 0.8706, 88.172 percent, which confirms its accuracy. The next step was selecting landscape metrics. Based on the aim of the study and the reviewed literature spatial composition and spatial configuration are selected as two main elements of spatial patterns of urban green areas. The relationship between land cover patterns and surface temperature is analyzed and discussed by using Pearson and Pearson Partial correlation method.

The result of Pearson correlation analysis showed that there is a significant and negative correlation between spatial composition of A, B and D land cover classes with surface temperature. The highest negative correlation belongs to class B (scattered trees) and the lowest belongs to class A (dense trees). In contrast to these negative correlations, the correlation coefficient of class C with surface temperature is positive and significant.
The result of Pearson correlation analysis regarding spatial configuration showed that the average size of each green space class has a continuous and significant negative relationship with the surface temperature, though, the size of these correlations varies in different classes. The correlation also showed that besides size and significance, the direction of green marginal density of each class also differs. It should be noted that the surface area of green space classes (as a composition metric) has a great impact on the results so that the correct and clear correlation of configuration metrics with temperature could not be distinguished. This issue was resolved by using Partial Pearson correlation coefficient and controlling the effect of Class Area metric. As a result, the relationship between configuration metrics and LST changed significantly. Before controlling the Class Area metric, almost all metrics were correlated with LST, however, the new detailed findings showed that only the Mean Size of Patches in A and D classes and Edge Density in B and C classes had a significant relationship with surface temperature.
The study shows that spatial composition of green spaces in Tehran in relation to the Class area of classes A, B and D had a negative and inverse relationship with surface temperature. Class B, located in the east and west of Tehran, has the highest negative correlation. Class A in the east and center of the city with the lowest surface area and its scattered distribution pattern in comparison to other classes has the least negative correlation with surface temperature (95% confidence level). Class D, located mostly in the south and west of the city, has a negative relationship between Class area and temperature at the 99% confidence level. The correlation of spatial composition of class C in the northern half of the city is not like the other three classes and indicates a positive and significant relationship with surface temperature due to the presence of shrubs and grasslands with low density, scattered shrubs, and soil.
Regarding the partial Pearson correlation of spatial configuration metrics, the Mean Patch size of Class A at 99% confidence level shows a negative and significant relationship with temperature, but due to its subdivision and uneven distribution of green space in this class, the effect of this class in the reduction of temperature is not significant. The Mean Patch size of Class D has a significant negative relationship with surface temperature at 95% confidence level, although its cooling effect is not considerable.
Both Edge Densities of classes B and C at 95% confidence level had a significant positive correlation with surface temperature, but as trees did not exist in a dominant and dense manner to cause shading and temperature adjustment in these type of greenspace classes, a positive correlation between the Edge Density of them and surface temperature is occurred.

This paper has demonstrated the relationship between urban heat islands and spatial patterns of green spaces in Tehran city. The literature based study showed the scope of the problem explaining that urban green spaces contribute to mitigate climate change impacts through decreasing the surface temperature. The spatial form and pattern of urban green spaces have different effect on surface temperature as indicated in several studies. Importantly, planners and designers, need more detailed studies to take into account the relation between effects of spatial composition and configuration of different classification of plants and their effects on urban surface temperature. In this research, greenspaces patterns was studied using Local Climate Zone(LCZ) method and correlation of spatial pattern (composition and configuration) of each of LCZ green classes with the surface temperature were provided. The results of the analysis of the spatial composition of these classes showed that tree canopy greenspaces in both cases of high / low density and low plants has a reducing effect on temperature, but low-density grasslands and scattered shrubs with soil cover, has a positive relationship with temperature. More detailed results on the spatial configuration shows that only the mean patch size in dense tree areas and low plants has a significant negative correlation with temperature. But Edge density of scattered trees and open arrangement of bushes had a significant positive relationship with temperature. Thus urban green space planning and management, through determining the type, composition, and configuration of existing patterns and their improvements based on their effect on the reduction of surface temperature will help to decrease urban heat island impacts.

Currently one of the most important environmental issues in Tehran is municipal waste management.Although significant improvements in waste management have been made in the last decade, there is still a long way to go to achieve the desired status.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of citizen participation in municipal waste management with a focus on separation of origin, which has been studied in District 9 of Tehran.The method of this research is descriptiveanalytical and is of survey type.The research tool was a questionnaire distributed among the citizens at the 9th level.The sample size of the study was 383 using Cochran formula and the same number of questionnaires were distributed to the citizens.Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the research data.Descriptive statistics and frequency tables, central index and mean were used to describe the findings. Inferential statistics section was used to evaluate the significance of the regression test using SPSS software.The results showed that the correlation coefficient between public participation and production and storage was0.764.Meanwhile, the resulting R2 is0.509,which indicates that 65% of the dependent variable changes are due to independent variables, indicating the role of citizen participation in waste management in the area

Today, metropolitan cities face many problems, include excessive population and its problems, such as air pollution, soil, water, traffic, destruction and degradation of natural resources. Tehran, as the largest metropolis in Iran during the last decade, has faced numerous problems in the environmental, physical, economic and social infrastructures, which has reduced the quality of the environment. Therefore, attention to ecosystem services on the one hand and the image of urban land on the other hand can improve the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this study is to map ecosystem services and landmarks of Tehran. It also examines the relationship between measurements and ecosystem services and air quality parameters. To do this, Landsat satellite images were first extracted in 1986, 1996, 2008, and 2016, and land use maps were compiled in six categories of human, green spaces, roads, industries, agriculture, and lands. The accuracy of the maps was investigated using general accuracy and Kappa coefficient. The layout analysis method was used to calculate the measurements using the Faragstats 4.0 software at the surface level and classroom level. The city shifts were compared using measurements. Data on air quality parameters were prepared for a decade (1396-1386), and concentrations of contaminants were mapped to inverse distance. The correlation of the measures with the concentration of pollutants was investigated using Pearson correlation test in two periods of 2008 and 2016. The carbon sequestration map was developed as an ecosystem service using InVEST 3.0.0 software for periods 1986-1996, 1996 to 2008, 2008 to 2016, and period 1986 to 2016. The results of landmark analysis showed that the city of Tehran has undergone many changes over the course of thirty years, which has led to the destruction and fragmentation of the land, and also the city's texture has progressed towards compression and fine graining. During this time, the city has experienced a great deal of expansion. The carbon sequestration results in a reduction and loss of carbon sequestration, especially in the north of the study area over a 30-year period. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis between carbon sequestration and air quality parameters show a significant correlation with ozone, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between measures and concentrations of pollutants as well as carbon sequestration. This study showed that the use and application of measures and attention to ecosystem services for urban management is necessary.
Today, metropolitan cities face many problems, include excessive population and its problems, such as air pollution, soil, water, traffic, destruction and degradation of natural resources. Tehran, as the largest metropolis in Iran during the last decade, has faced numerous problems in the environmental, physical, economic and social infrastructures, which has reduced the quality of the environment. Therefore, attention to ecosystem services on the one hand and the image of urban land on the other hand can improve the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this study is to map ecosystem services and landmarks of Tehran. It also examines the relationship between measurements and ecosystem services and air quality parameters. To do this, Landsat satellite images were first extracted in 1986, 1996, 2008, and 2016, and land use maps were compiled in six categories of human, green spaces, roads, industries, agriculture, and lands. The accuracy of the maps was investigated using general accuracy and Kappa coefficient. The layout analysis method was used to calculate the measurements using the Faragstats 4.0 software at the surface level and classroom level. The city shifts were compared using measurements. Data on air quality parameters were prepared for a decade (1396-1386), and concentrations of contaminants were mapped to inverse distance. The correlation of the measures with the concentration of pollutants was investigated using Pearson correlation test in two periods of 2008 and 2016. The carbon sequestration map was developed as an ecosystem service using InVEST 3.0.0 software for periods 1986-1996, 1996 to 2008, 2008 to 2016, and period 1986 to 2016. The results of landmark analysis showed that the city of Tehran has undergone many changes over the course of thirty years, which has led to the destruction and fragmentation of the land, and also the city's texture has progressed towards compression and fine graining. During this time, the city has experienced a great deal of expansion. The carbon sequestration results in a reduction and loss of carbon sequestration, especially in the north of the study area over a 30-year period. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis between carbon sequestration and air quality parameters show a significant correlation with ozone, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between measures and concentrations of pollutants as well as carbon sequestration. This study showed that the use and application of measures and attention to ecosystem services for urban management is necessary.
Today, metropolitan cities face many problems, include excessive population and its problems, such as air pollution, soil, water, traffic, destruction and degradation of natural resources. Tehran, as the largest metropolis in Iran during the last decade, has faced numerous problems in the environmental, physical, economic and social infrastructures, which has reduced the quality of the environment. Therefore, attention to ecosystem services on the one hand and the image of urban land on the other hand can improve the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this study is to map ecosystem services and landmarks of Tehran. It also examines the relationship between measurements and ecosystem services and air quality parameters. To do this, Landsat satellite images were first extracted in 1986, 1996, 2008, and 2016, and land use maps were compiled in six categories of human, green spaces, roads, industries, agriculture, and lands. The accuracy of the maps was investigated using general accuracy and Kappa coefficient. The layout analysis method was used to calculate the measurements using the Faragstats 4.0 software at the surface level and classroom level. The city shifts were compared using measurements. Data on air quality parameters were prepared for a decade (1396-1386), and concentrations of contaminants were mapped to inverse distance. The correlation of the measures with the concentration of pollutants was investigated using Pearson correlation test in two periods of 2008 and 2016. The carbon sequestration map was developed as an ecosystem service using InVEST 3.0.0 software for periods 1986-1996, 1996 to 2008, 2008 to 2016, and period 1986 to 2016. The results of landmark analysis showed that the city of Tehran has undergone many changes over the course of thirty years, which has led to the destruction and fragmentation of the land, and also the city's texture has progressed towards compression and fine graining. During this time, the city has experienced a great deal of expansion. The carbon sequestration results in a reduction and loss of carbon sequestration, especially in the north of the study area over a 30-year period. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis between carbon sequestration and air quality parameters show a significant correlation with ozone, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between measures and concentrations of pollutants as well as carbon sequestration. This study showed that the use and application of measures and attention to ecosystem services for urban management is necessary.

Before Qajar era, Tehran City located beside Rey was a borough with favorable weather. At the time, Iranian kings used the borough as a temporary residence. Gradually, kings paid more attention to the borough since it contained green gardens and areas with desirable weather. In Qajar era, announcement of the city as country’s capital enabled its further development and physical growth.
Based on works of travelers and historians published during different historical era, the word “garden” preceded the name “Tehran” to describe it. The review of historical texts shows that one of the early gardens made before civilization and urbanization of Tehran City covered Golestan Garden as well as districts between Org Square and Panzdah-Khordad St. in South, Naser Khosro in East, Khayam St. in West and Imam Square and Imam St. in North.
Based on historical documents, up to middle years of Nasser al-Din Shah’s reign Tehran City physically grew along its eastern-western sides and near Tahmasbi borderline. In late years of the era, the borderline was taken down and city grew northwards towards Alborz mountain skirts and Darvazeh Dolat. However, the mutual association between Golestan Garden and Tehran city or effect of the garden on development and growth of the city has not been studied yet. In other words, review of literature of development and growth of Tehran City showed that role of garden as natural contributor to and main factor affecting development and growth of the city has not been studied yet. From Iranian architectural viewpoint, architecture develops out of garden. This significant factor (i.e. garden) could be studied in relation to Tehran City. In other words, effect of historical garden of the city, as city was previously a borough and had a garden in it, could be reviewed further.
The studies of historical maps signified the importance of Golestan garden in Tehran village as well as effect of garden, as primary nucleus of the city, on development and growth of Tehran City.
Therefore, the present paper seeks to suggest that the main factor affecting development, growth and orientation of Tehran City is Golestan garden. In addition, it is endeavored to suggest that natural setting (i.e. garden), city and architecture are mutually related.
In order to conduct the study, the following questions should be explained.
Q.1-Could one state that Tehran City was developed out of the garden?
Q.2-Did development of Tehran city arise out of the garden?
Q.3-What is the role of Golestan garden in the association?
In this paper, it is presumed that there is a direct association between garden and development of the city. In addition, association between physical growth of Tehran City and its natural setting and gardens (especially Golestan garden) is hypothesized. Temporal changes of the garden and its internal constructions exert effect on the city and its development as long as the garden is not torn into pieces. Since garden acted as an element directing the city towards outside of its boundary wall, the gardens located out of the city, north and skirts of Alborz mountains, the present paper intends to highlight the mutual effects of natural setting (i.e. garden), city and architecture on each other.
From a natural viewpoint, analysis of natural and historical layers of the city as well as its natural setting offers a reasonable and scientific method for studying development and growth of the city. In the present paper, the method is adopted to evaluate and document the association between Tehran City and natural factors.
To real the research objectives, historical texts should be reviewed to highlight the associations between trend of urban changes and garden, garden and architecture, and architecture and decorations. Based on this method, collection and review of all relevant documents, historical documents, travel books, and relevant images are done to collect the necessary information on above associations. Then, review of those studies may offer layers of information for further analysis of trend of growth and development of Tehran City as well as its association with natural factors and setting. Consequently, data collection is followed by study of the associations of garden, city, architecture, and natural setting. Finally, a hermeneutic approach is adopted to analyze the data qualitatively.
The findings suggest that primary core of Tehran City was made up of vegetation and direction of water networks (aqueducts) at the skirts of Alborz mountains. One of the gardens exerting higher effect on the urban development is Golestan garden. Physical growth of the city is correlated with lower number of these gardens while such gardens increase in number northwards and out of Tehran City. In general, one may suggest that in its initial steps of development, Tehran had a direct correlation with natural elements and the association continued until Pahlavi era. The interaction between city and its natural setting could be categorized into three major parts: association between nature and city in a macro-scale, association between nature and architecture in a medium scale, and association between decoration and nature in a micro-scale.
In a macro-scale, the garden contributed to development of the city, its changes and future trends. In a medium scale, Golestan garden and its internal set of buildings act as a city within another city. In such a case, the initial core of the city is its garden and it grows northward. In the case of development and internal change of the city, priorities were maintaining geometrics of the garden, keeping its square and rectangular shape (principles of developing Iranian gardens) and building architectural spaces. On the other hand, change in view of inner-city gardens to skirts of Alborz mountains and remote vistas during Qajar era led to directing the growth of buildings inside the garden and development of the city northward (i.e. towards mountain skirts). In a small scale, significance of nature and natural elements such as tree, plants and water is vivid. In this case, tile and painting decorations use such elements when royal and luxury settings are concerned.

The simplest definition of urbanization is that urbanization is the process of becoming urban. Urban climate is defined by specific climate conditions which differ from surrounding rural areas. Urban areas, for example, have higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas and weaker winds. Land Surface Temperature is an important phenomenon in global climate change. As the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases, the LST will also increase. Energy and water exchanges at the biosphere–atmosphere interface have major influences on the Earth's weather and climate. Numerical models ranging from local to global scales must represent and predict effects of surface fluxes. In this study, LST for Tehran Metropolitan, was derived using SW algorithm with the use of Landsat 8 Optical Land Imager (OLI) of 30 m resolution and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIR) data of 100 m resolution. SW algorithm needs spectral radiance and emissivity of two TIR bands as input for deriving LST. The spectral radiance was estimated using TIR bands 10 and 11. Emissivity was derived with the help of land cover threshold technique for which OLI bands 2, 3, 4 and 5 were used. The output revealed that LST was high in the barren regions whereas it was low in the hilly regions because of vegetative cover. As the SW algorithm uses both the TIR bands (10 and 11) and OLI bands 2, 3, 4 and 5, the LST generated using them were more reliable and accurate.

It is essential that the urban spaces to be organized, within the framework of the several functions specifically in such a direction that to give an appropriate response to humans’ physical, material, and intellectual need. Nowadays, human having recognized the importance and the place of the green spaces and public recreation and promenade in their day to day life and its various applications among the structure of accumulated human settlements, forced them to consider and put forward their efforts for the keeping and regenerating the existing resources in their policies and planning agendas. Our large cities in our country, especially the metro city of Tehran are standing in a far distance from the necessary size and number of the social spaces, particularly in the field of the recreation promenade areas. Therefore, the policy of developments of green and recreation-promenade spaces in the marginalized and close distance and within the interaction of the cities are more welcomed. One of the very attracting areas in city of Tehran is Lavizan forest park, located at the north-east of Tehran, situated in a direct and constructive interaction with the city and as the city green belt has held specific terms and regulations. This study aimed to investigate the perspective and Ecological aspects of Forest Park Lavizan in Tehran and the opportunities and leading it to the library study and field of work. At first according to the maps, the location of the area where the park is located, was evaluated in terms of environmental issues. Then pros and cons of Lavizan park discussed. Finally park supposed as a patch and limitation of recreations an ecological subjects with ways to deal analyzed. The results of this research shows the main importance of forest parks and also appropriate approaches for develop this kind of parks. For deficiencies in term of ecological and recreation topics, some techniques such as paying attention to patch’s connection, planting suitable plants and… specified.