شهر تهران

This article is a theoretical reflection to examine the color of the city of Tehran as an element of the experience and mental perspective of the citizens. For this purpose, our goal is to understand the objective visual perceptions and their relationship with the mental associations that urban managers get from the urban experience. Therefore, the proposed color approach links the objective and subjective aspects of color with the tangible and intangible elements of the city. By doing so, this paper emphasizes how the results are not limited to the objective conditions of the city color study, but affected from subjective aspects, such as the analysis of the environmental factors (air pollution) in which the colors are chosen, as well as the imagination which the residents have about them. The purpose of this research is to deepen and expand the perspective of Tehran city from the approach of chromatic study. The conclusions invite us to read the representations and perceptions of city managers who, through questioning the color of the city, can express their emotions towards the place they live in and thus convey a specific mental view of the city. The findings of this research showed that there is a significant difference between the urban managers' subjective perception of the color of the city of Tehran (unhealthy and moderate air conditions) and the color of the landmarks.

Due to the high volume of their daily production, the optimal management of food waste is of special importance in all countries, especially from the environmental and health point of views. Because of its chemical and structural nature, this type of waste is easily decomposed and has a high potential to produce leachate and emit greenhouse gases, soil pollution, etc. in case of improper management. Due to the importance of the subject, the present study was carried out with the general aim of analyzing the content of the upstream documents at three national, regional and local levels in order to deduce the goals of the sustainable waste management system in Tehran. For this purpose, 15 upstream documents (5 national documents, 5 regional documents and 5 local documents) were selected as targeted and available samples for study. The selected documents were analyzed using the content analysis method of Gal et al. and the relevant concepts were extracted and coded. According to the results, the goals of sustainable food waste management in Tehran are presented in the form of five institutional (integration and inclusion of key elements of the urban waste management system), technical and infrastructural (optimizing existing processes in the use of technologies), environmental (minimizing adverse health and environmental effects), economic (financial sustainability) and cultural-social (attracting the maximum participation of citizens) categories. Finally, suggestions have been made to achieve each of the goals.

Tehran has experienced extensive population growth in the last decades, leading to a high rate of urban expansion. Land use/land cover (LULC) patterns have noticeably been changed to impervious surfaces that led to the changes in the thermal condition and forming heat islands in this city. So this study wants to evaluate the landscape and the Land surface temperature patterns via using the landscape metrics on a proper scale in Tehran.

 In this study, a combination of remote sensing, GIS and landscape ecology approach is used to explain the relationship between land use/cover patterns and land surface temperature in Tehran's urban area. We used ETM + Landsat satellite images of February 28, 2013 to create a five class LULC map of the area through Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis and the maximum algorithm methods.Also, Land Surface Temperature map were prepared according to the available methods for thermal band of the sensor and were presented in four zones. Then, the relationship between LST and land use/cover was investigated using 7 landscape metrics (e.g MPS, PAFRAC, COHESION).

We found that impervious surface has the highest percentage of class and mean patch size, cohesion and aggregation, and landscape metrics very well described the LST zone II with impervious surface dominance. Also, the results showed that the 30 m pixel size is good enough for assessing the spatial and ecological characteristics of LULC patterns and their relationships with LST in Tehran

The results showed the possibility of assessing the relationship between LST and LULC based on the landscape metrics. The findings can be useful for urban planners and environmental managers to decrease urban heat pollution during urban sprawl and development.

Earthquake environmental issues can be generally assessed in the context of society and social issues. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine the main dimensions and key factors affecting the management of a possible earthquake crisis in the metropolitan city of Tehran with an emphasis on environmental resilience. This research has been done through documentary studies and a questionnaire in which 51 experts and researchers have presented their opinions on the importance of factors in the form of a questionnaire. The data extracted from the research have been analyzed by combining the methods of mean, correlation, and interaction analysis and the key factors of crisis management have been extracted. The results showed that 7 main dimensions, including 39 factors, have a decisive role in earthquake crisis management in Tehran. The dimension of institutional-managerial resilience with a weight of 7.03 is in the 1st rank and the resilience of environmental resources with a weight of 6 is in the 7th rank. The results showed that 5 factors include; Social capital, public participation, reconstruction, trust in government institutions and organizations, and management style are among the 39 important factors that play a driving role in managing the Tehran earthquake crisis and preserving the environment. Accordingly, the relevant authorities, in particular, need to pay attention to the two components of social capital and public participation and to overcome the possible earthquake crisis in Tehran, it is necessary to strengthen the dimensions of social capital among citizens, to provide public participation. Accelerate the reconstruction of earthquake damage, strengthen the city's physical infrastructure, and ultimately make the management body more efficient in managing the environmental consequences of the earthquake crisis in Tehran.

The land use pattern represents the distribution and horizontal combination of urban applications, which plays a very important role in the distribution of pollutants and urban air quality. The impacts of these pollutants can be identified in the location of pollutants (industrial, commercial, office, residential, etc.), as well as its impact on the distribution of urban travel and subsequent emissions from urban traffic. The main objective of this study is to investigate the role of land use pattern and physical structure in spatial variations of pollutants in Tehran during the period of 2011-2018.

In order to achieve this goal, Landsat satellite images and also data from the Air Quality Control Center of Tehran in 2011 and 2018 were used. Kriging model was arranged using Arc GIS software to classify satellite images and specify types of applications using artificial neural network method in ENVI software and also to determine the concentration of air pollution in Tehran.

The results of spatial correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between spatial structure changes and air pollution in Tehran during 7 years.

The results of land use change and air pollution indices indicate that construction in the west and north of Tehran has increased the concentration of pollutants in these directions from the city. If the change from downstream land to urban green spaces in the east and south-east of Tehran reduces the concentration of pollutants urban air has been in these areas.

Volatile organic compounds such as gasoline vapors have adverse effects on the environment. In the metropolis of Tehran, gasoline is considered as a toxic and dangerous pollutant. One of the most important sources of gasoline vapor emissions in the environment is storage tanks for petroleum products, operational processes, and the number of emptying and loading of storage tanks and gasoline sales activities at gas stations.

To calculate the emission of gasoline vapors from storage tanks of petroleum products in gasoline supply channels, a variety of software, including EPA Tanks 4.09 / E&P Tanks / Tanks ESP / ERA Tanks Module, which in this study of software TANKS 4.09 have been used. The following data such as physical characteristics of the reservoir (dimensions) / number of loading times of reservoirs / spatial characteristics of reservoirs (climatic parameters) / specifications of petroleum products stored in the reservoir, etc. were entered into the software for 22 areas of Tehran.

According to the output and reporting of gasoline vapor emission software from 413 tanks installed in 148 gas stations located in 22 districts of Tehran, it is about 7702356 liters per year. About 56.78% of it is released in the warm 6 months of the year and about 43.21% in the cold 6 months of the year and in the spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons, about 27.06%, 29.56%, 22.63% and 20.73% are released into the environment. . Publications have been more in 6 months of the year, with most of emissions of gasoline vapors being from mid-May to mid-November. By comparing the percentage of vapor emission with the percentage of number of loading times, percentage of operating capacity and number of tanks and percentage of gas stations in Tehran, it can be concluded that effective factors in increasing gasoline vapor emission are high number of loading times and high maximum operating capacity and number Tanks and low number of gas stations. The highest emissions are related to regions 4, 2 and 15, respectively, which according to surveys and classification based on maximum gasoline sales and number of loading times and maximum operating capacity and number of tanks, these three regions have the highest statistics in these cases.

Considering the amount of gasoline sales about 4219217500 liters and the amount of waste and emissions of gasoline vapors to 7702356 liters per year, it can be concluded that the amount of gasoline products consumed in 1397 in Tehran was about 4226919856 liters.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has created a global emergency crisis in terms of socio‐economic‐ environmental challenges. Such crisis in Iran have also affected the issue of waste, change its amount and composition, pollution rate and led to changes in waste management including collection and different disposal methods. This is analytical descriptive research which is based on the Tehran Waste Management Organization actions, various institutions report and other available resources. At the present study, after reviewing the experiences of different countries and organizations like United Nation, World Health Organisation, The international Solid Waste Association investigating the managerial compliance has been formed. After reviewing the current situation, considering the priorities of the International Solid Waste Association, the Waste Management Organization has identified three priorities for waste management during the pandemic of COVID‐19 which consist of ensure the continuity of the service, adjusting recycling services and the last ensure safe collection, disposal and treatment of healthecare waste. The first step ensures the continuity of the services and also health and safety measures for waste workers and contingency plans. The principle behid the second priorty is adjusting recycling services and the last ensure safe collection for workers and people and the last one is about ensure safe collection, disposal and treatment of healthecare waste action plans. Finally, according to the experiences gained and the actions of the Tehran Waste Management Organization, suggestions have been made to improve the conditions of waste management during the pandemic of COVID‐19.

In order to achieve national services, the strategy of industrialization undoubtedly plays an important role in protecting the special and natural resources of its particular environment. It has been described to this extent and can be customized.
Material and

The purpose of this research is applied based on purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The statistical population of the study is the citizens of Tehran. Questionnaire, observation and interview were used for data collection. SPSS software and one-group T-test were used for data analysis.

The results show that there is a significant relationship between the development of industry in Tehran and environmental pollution (increased electronic and non-electronic waste, air pollution, etc.) and informal housing, but with social inequality (social class conflict, opportunity inequality, gender equality) has no significant relationship.
Discussion and

As the industry evolves, environmental and social consequences also emerge over time. As soon as developing countries adopt western technology, social structures change and the region's environment is affected by this development. Consideration of environmental and social impacts is widely needed in developing countries because of the underdeveloped economy and lack of appropriate scientific and technological infrastructure; development plans in these countries have a significant negative impact on biodiversity and the environment.

Urbanization especially in big cities of developing and developed countries has major impacts on climate change by producing greenhouse gas and increasing average temperature, and thus creating urban heat islands(UHI). The unplanned urban development is one of the main factor, which is responsible for making such circumstances. Lack of enough attention to preserving natural and green infrastructure is one of the factors causes city warming and urban heat islands challenges that are important issues in urban environmental planning nowadays. Urban heat island consists of air temperature and surface temperature. Studies show that land cover planning and management can control surface temperature. The relationship between increasing the green spaces as an important element of the green infrastructure and decreasing surface temperature is already has been studied. Regarding the literature has been reviewed in this paper, the purpose of this study is to investigate and clarify the detailed relationship between the characteristics of spatial patterns of urban green spaces and their influences on surface temperature. Spatial composition and spatial configuration are two main elements of spatial patterns of urban green areas. Classification of green land cover based on Local Climate Zone (LCZ) help to discover the detailed relationship between each patterns’ components and the classified green spaces. The case under study is the city of Tehran, which has witnessed certain changes in relation to the development of built-up areas (both in form of planned and unplanned developments), reduction of green spaces and their spatial patterns, as well as rising average temperature.

In the process of investigating the relationship between urban spatial patterns of greenspaces in city of Tehran and land surface temperature, different methods and techniques are applied. The greenspace classification map of the city of Tehran was produced with the help of Landsat 8 satellite (2019) and LCZ method of land use classification, which divides green areas into 4 classes as follows:A; heavily wooded landscape of deciduous and/or evergreen trees. Land cover mostly pervious(low plants). Zone function is natural forest, tree cultivation, or urban park.
B; Lightly wooded landscape of deciduous and/or evergreen trees. Land cover mostly pervious(low plants). Zone function is natural forest, tree cultivation, or urban park.
C; Open arrangement of bushes, shrubs, and short, woody trees. Land cover mostly pervious (bare soil or sand). Zone function is natural scrubland or agriculture.
D; Featureless landscape of grass or herbaceous plants/crops. Few or no trees. Zone function is natural grassland, agriculture, or urban park.
Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of this map was 0.8706, 88.172 percent, which confirms its accuracy. The next step was selecting landscape metrics. Based on the aim of the study and the reviewed literature spatial composition and spatial configuration are selected as two main elements of spatial patterns of urban green areas. The relationship between land cover patterns and surface temperature is analyzed and discussed by using Pearson and Pearson Partial correlation method.

The result of Pearson correlation analysis showed that there is a significant and negative correlation between spatial composition of A, B and D land cover classes with surface temperature. The highest negative correlation belongs to class B (scattered trees) and the lowest belongs to class A (dense trees). In contrast to these negative correlations, the correlation coefficient of class C with surface temperature is positive and significant.
The result of Pearson correlation analysis regarding spatial configuration showed that the average size of each green space class has a continuous and significant negative relationship with the surface temperature, though, the size of these correlations varies in different classes. The correlation also showed that besides size and significance, the direction of green marginal density of each class also differs. It should be noted that the surface area of green space classes (as a composition metric) has a great impact on the results so that the correct and clear correlation of configuration metrics with temperature could not be distinguished. This issue was resolved by using Partial Pearson correlation coefficient and controlling the effect of Class Area metric. As a result, the relationship between configuration metrics and LST changed significantly. Before controlling the Class Area metric, almost all metrics were correlated with LST, however, the new detailed findings showed that only the Mean Size of Patches in A and D classes and Edge Density in B and C classes had a significant relationship with surface temperature.
The study shows that spatial composition of green spaces in Tehran in relation to the Class area of classes A, B and D had a negative and inverse relationship with surface temperature. Class B, located in the east and west of Tehran, has the highest negative correlation. Class A in the east and center of the city with the lowest surface area and its scattered distribution pattern in comparison to other classes has the least negative correlation with surface temperature (95% confidence level). Class D, located mostly in the south and west of the city, has a negative relationship between Class area and temperature at the 99% confidence level. The correlation of spatial composition of class C in the northern half of the city is not like the other three classes and indicates a positive and significant relationship with surface temperature due to the presence of shrubs and grasslands with low density, scattered shrubs, and soil.
Regarding the partial Pearson correlation of spatial configuration metrics, the Mean Patch size of Class A at 99% confidence level shows a negative and significant relationship with temperature, but due to its subdivision and uneven distribution of green space in this class, the effect of this class in the reduction of temperature is not significant. The Mean Patch size of Class D has a significant negative relationship with surface temperature at 95% confidence level, although its cooling effect is not considerable.
Both Edge Densities of classes B and C at 95% confidence level had a significant positive correlation with surface temperature, but as trees did not exist in a dominant and dense manner to cause shading and temperature adjustment in these type of greenspace classes, a positive correlation between the Edge Density of them and surface temperature is occurred.

This paper has demonstrated the relationship between urban heat islands and spatial patterns of green spaces in Tehran city. The literature based study showed the scope of the problem explaining that urban green spaces contribute to mitigate climate change impacts through decreasing the surface temperature. The spatial form and pattern of urban green spaces have different effect on surface temperature as indicated in several studies. Importantly, planners and designers, need more detailed studies to take into account the relation between effects of spatial composition and configuration of different classification of plants and their effects on urban surface temperature. In this research, greenspaces patterns was studied using Local Climate Zone(LCZ) method and correlation of spatial pattern (composition and configuration) of each of LCZ green classes with the surface temperature were provided. The results of the analysis of the spatial composition of these classes showed that tree canopy greenspaces in both cases of high / low density and low plants has a reducing effect on temperature, but low-density grasslands and scattered shrubs with soil cover, has a positive relationship with temperature. More detailed results on the spatial configuration shows that only the mean patch size in dense tree areas and low plants has a significant negative correlation with temperature. But Edge density of scattered trees and open arrangement of bushes had a significant positive relationship with temperature. Thus urban green space planning and management, through determining the type, composition, and configuration of existing patterns and their improvements based on their effect on the reduction of surface temperature will help to decrease urban heat island impacts.

Today, metropolitan cities face many problems, include excessive population and its problems, such as air pollution, soil, water, traffic, destruction and degradation of natural resources. Tehran, as the largest metropolis in Iran during the last decade, has faced numerous problems in the environmental, physical, economic and social infrastructures, which has reduced the quality of the environment. Therefore, attention to ecosystem services on the one hand and the image of urban land on the other hand can improve the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this study is to map ecosystem services and landmarks of Tehran. It also examines the relationship between measurements and ecosystem services and air quality parameters. To do this, Landsat satellite images were first extracted in 1986, 1996, 2008, and 2016, and land use maps were compiled in six categories of human, green spaces, roads, industries, agriculture, and lands. The accuracy of the maps was investigated using general accuracy and Kappa coefficient. The layout analysis method was used to calculate the measurements using the Faragstats 4.0 software at the surface level and classroom level. The city shifts were compared using measurements. Data on air quality parameters were prepared for a decade (1396-1386), and concentrations of contaminants were mapped to inverse distance. The correlation of the measures with the concentration of pollutants was investigated using Pearson correlation test in two periods of 2008 and 2016. The carbon sequestration map was developed as an ecosystem service using InVEST 3.0.0 software for periods 1986-1996, 1996 to 2008, 2008 to 2016, and period 1986 to 2016. The results of landmark analysis showed that the city of Tehran has undergone many changes over the course of thirty years, which has led to the destruction and fragmentation of the land, and also the city's texture has progressed towards compression and fine graining. During this time, the city has experienced a great deal of expansion. The carbon sequestration results in a reduction and loss of carbon sequestration, especially in the north of the study area over a 30-year period. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis between carbon sequestration and air quality parameters show a significant correlation with ozone, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between measures and concentrations of pollutants as well as carbon sequestration. This study showed that the use and application of measures and attention to ecosystem services for urban management is necessary.
Today, metropolitan cities face many problems, include excessive population and its problems, such as air pollution, soil, water, traffic, destruction and degradation of natural resources. Tehran, as the largest metropolis in Iran during the last decade, has faced numerous problems in the environmental, physical, economic and social infrastructures, which has reduced the quality of the environment. Therefore, attention to ecosystem services on the one hand and the image of urban land on the other hand can improve the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this study is to map ecosystem services and landmarks of Tehran. It also examines the relationship between measurements and ecosystem services and air quality parameters. To do this, Landsat satellite images were first extracted in 1986, 1996, 2008, and 2016, and land use maps were compiled in six categories of human, green spaces, roads, industries, agriculture, and lands. The accuracy of the maps was investigated using general accuracy and Kappa coefficient. The layout analysis method was used to calculate the measurements using the Faragstats 4.0 software at the surface level and classroom level. The city shifts were compared using measurements. Data on air quality parameters were prepared for a decade (1396-1386), and concentrations of contaminants were mapped to inverse distance. The correlation of the measures with the concentration of pollutants was investigated using Pearson correlation test in two periods of 2008 and 2016. The carbon sequestration map was developed as an ecosystem service using InVEST 3.0.0 software for periods 1986-1996, 1996 to 2008, 2008 to 2016, and period 1986 to 2016. The results of landmark analysis showed that the city of Tehran has undergone many changes over the course of thirty years, which has led to the destruction and fragmentation of the land, and also the city's texture has progressed towards compression and fine graining. During this time, the city has experienced a great deal of expansion. The carbon sequestration results in a reduction and loss of carbon sequestration, especially in the north of the study area over a 30-year period. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis between carbon sequestration and air quality parameters show a significant correlation with ozone, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between measures and concentrations of pollutants as well as carbon sequestration. This study showed that the use and application of measures and attention to ecosystem services for urban management is necessary.
Today, metropolitan cities face many problems, include excessive population and its problems, such as air pollution, soil, water, traffic, destruction and degradation of natural resources. Tehran, as the largest metropolis in Iran during the last decade, has faced numerous problems in the environmental, physical, economic and social infrastructures, which has reduced the quality of the environment. Therefore, attention to ecosystem services on the one hand and the image of urban land on the other hand can improve the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this study is to map ecosystem services and landmarks of Tehran. It also examines the relationship between measurements and ecosystem services and air quality parameters. To do this, Landsat satellite images were first extracted in 1986, 1996, 2008, and 2016, and land use maps were compiled in six categories of human, green spaces, roads, industries, agriculture, and lands. The accuracy of the maps was investigated using general accuracy and Kappa coefficient. The layout analysis method was used to calculate the measurements using the Faragstats 4.0 software at the surface level and classroom level. The city shifts were compared using measurements. Data on air quality parameters were prepared for a decade (1396-1386), and concentrations of contaminants were mapped to inverse distance. The correlation of the measures with the concentration of pollutants was investigated using Pearson correlation test in two periods of 2008 and 2016. The carbon sequestration map was developed as an ecosystem service using InVEST 3.0.0 software for periods 1986-1996, 1996 to 2008, 2008 to 2016, and period 1986 to 2016. The results of landmark analysis showed that the city of Tehran has undergone many changes over the course of thirty years, which has led to the destruction and fragmentation of the land, and also the city's texture has progressed towards compression and fine graining. During this time, the city has experienced a great deal of expansion. The carbon sequestration results in a reduction and loss of carbon sequestration, especially in the north of the study area over a 30-year period. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis between carbon sequestration and air quality parameters show a significant correlation with ozone, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between measures and concentrations of pollutants as well as carbon sequestration. This study showed that the use and application of measures and attention to ecosystem services for urban management is necessary.

Before Qajar era, Tehran City located beside Rey was a borough with favorable weather. At the time, Iranian kings used the borough as a temporary residence. Gradually, kings paid more attention to the borough since it contained green gardens and areas with desirable weather. In Qajar era, announcement of the city as country’s capital enabled its further development and physical growth.
Based on works of travelers and historians published during different historical era, the word “garden” preceded the name “Tehran” to describe it. The review of historical texts shows that one of the early gardens made before civilization and urbanization of Tehran City covered Golestan Garden as well as districts between Org Square and Panzdah-Khordad St. in South, Naser Khosro in East, Khayam St. in West and Imam Square and Imam St. in North.
Based on historical documents, up to middle years of Nasser al-Din Shah’s reign Tehran City physically grew along its eastern-western sides and near Tahmasbi borderline. In late years of the era, the borderline was taken down and city grew northwards towards Alborz mountain skirts and Darvazeh Dolat. However, the mutual association between Golestan Garden and Tehran city or effect of the garden on development and growth of the city has not been studied yet. In other words, review of literature of development and growth of Tehran City showed that role of garden as natural contributor to and main factor affecting development and growth of the city has not been studied yet. From Iranian architectural viewpoint, architecture develops out of garden. This significant factor (i.e. garden) could be studied in relation to Tehran City. In other words, effect of historical garden of the city, as city was previously a borough and had a garden in it, could be reviewed further.
The studies of historical maps signified the importance of Golestan garden in Tehran village as well as effect of garden, as primary nucleus of the city, on development and growth of Tehran City.
Therefore, the present paper seeks to suggest that the main factor affecting development, growth and orientation of Tehran City is Golestan garden. In addition, it is endeavored to suggest that natural setting (i.e. garden), city and architecture are mutually related.
In order to conduct the study, the following questions should be explained.
Q.1-Could one state that Tehran City was developed out of the garden?
Q.2-Did development of Tehran city arise out of the garden?
Q.3-What is the role of Golestan garden in the association?
In this paper, it is presumed that there is a direct association between garden and development of the city. In addition, association between physical growth of Tehran City and its natural setting and gardens (especially Golestan garden) is hypothesized. Temporal changes of the garden and its internal constructions exert effect on the city and its development as long as the garden is not torn into pieces. Since garden acted as an element directing the city towards outside of its boundary wall, the gardens located out of the city, north and skirts of Alborz mountains, the present paper intends to highlight the mutual effects of natural setting (i.e. garden), city and architecture on each other.
From a natural viewpoint, analysis of natural and historical layers of the city as well as its natural setting offers a reasonable and scientific method for studying development and growth of the city. In the present paper, the method is adopted to evaluate and document the association between Tehran City and natural factors.
To real the research objectives, historical texts should be reviewed to highlight the associations between trend of urban changes and garden, garden and architecture, and architecture and decorations. Based on this method, collection and review of all relevant documents, historical documents, travel books, and relevant images are done to collect the necessary information on above associations. Then, review of those studies may offer layers of information for further analysis of trend of growth and development of Tehran City as well as its association with natural factors and setting. Consequently, data collection is followed by study of the associations of garden, city, architecture, and natural setting. Finally, a hermeneutic approach is adopted to analyze the data qualitatively.
The findings suggest that primary core of Tehran City was made up of vegetation and direction of water networks (aqueducts) at the skirts of Alborz mountains. One of the gardens exerting higher effect on the urban development is Golestan garden. Physical growth of the city is correlated with lower number of these gardens while such gardens increase in number northwards and out of Tehran City. In general, one may suggest that in its initial steps of development, Tehran had a direct correlation with natural elements and the association continued until Pahlavi era. The interaction between city and its natural setting could be categorized into three major parts: association between nature and city in a macro-scale, association between nature and architecture in a medium scale, and association between decoration and nature in a micro-scale.
In a macro-scale, the garden contributed to development of the city, its changes and future trends. In a medium scale, Golestan garden and its internal set of buildings act as a city within another city. In such a case, the initial core of the city is its garden and it grows northward. In the case of development and internal change of the city, priorities were maintaining geometrics of the garden, keeping its square and rectangular shape (principles of developing Iranian gardens) and building architectural spaces. On the other hand, change in view of inner-city gardens to skirts of Alborz mountains and remote vistas during Qajar era led to directing the growth of buildings inside the garden and development of the city northward (i.e. towards mountain skirts). In a small scale, significance of nature and natural elements such as tree, plants and water is vivid. In this case, tile and painting decorations use such elements when royal and luxury settings are concerned.

The simplest definition of urbanization is that urbanization is the process of becoming urban. Urban climate is defined by specific climate conditions which differ from surrounding rural areas. Urban areas, for example, have higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas and weaker winds. Land Surface Temperature is an important phenomenon in global climate change. As the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases, the LST will also increase. Energy and water exchanges at the biosphere–atmosphere interface have major influences on the Earth's weather and climate. Numerical models ranging from local to global scales must represent and predict effects of surface fluxes. In this study, LST for Tehran Metropolitan, was derived using SW algorithm with the use of Landsat 8 Optical Land Imager (OLI) of 30 m resolution and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIR) data of 100 m resolution. SW algorithm needs spectral radiance and emissivity of two TIR bands as input for deriving LST. The spectral radiance was estimated using TIR bands 10 and 11. Emissivity was derived with the help of land cover threshold technique for which OLI bands 2, 3, 4 and 5 were used. The output revealed that LST was high in the barren regions whereas it was low in the hilly regions because of vegetative cover. As the SW algorithm uses both the TIR bands (10 and 11) and OLI bands 2, 3, 4 and 5, the LST generated using them were more reliable and accurate.

It is essential that the urban spaces to be organized, within the framework of the several functions specifically in such a direction that to give an appropriate response to humans’ physical, material, and intellectual need. Nowadays, human having recognized the importance and the place of the green spaces and public recreation and promenade in their day to day life and its various applications among the structure of accumulated human settlements, forced them to consider and put forward their efforts for the keeping and regenerating the existing resources in their policies and planning agendas. Our large cities in our country, especially the metro city of Tehran are standing in a far distance from the necessary size and number of the social spaces, particularly in the field of the recreation promenade areas. Therefore, the policy of developments of green and recreation-promenade spaces in the marginalized and close distance and within the interaction of the cities are more welcomed. One of the very attracting areas in city of Tehran is Lavizan forest park, located at the north-east of Tehran, situated in a direct and constructive interaction with the city and as the city green belt has held specific terms and regulations. This study aimed to investigate the perspective and Ecological aspects of Forest Park Lavizan in Tehran and the opportunities and leading it to the library study and field of work. At first according to the maps, the location of the area where the park is located, was evaluated in terms of environmental issues. Then pros and cons of Lavizan park discussed. Finally park supposed as a patch and limitation of recreations an ecological subjects with ways to deal analyzed. The results of this research shows the main importance of forest parks and also appropriate approaches for develop this kind of parks. For deficiencies in term of ecological and recreation topics, some techniques such as paying attention to patch’s connection, planting suitable plants and… specified.

Precipitation is one of the most efficient mechanisms for washing the atmospheric pollutants, specifically particulate ones out.The study chemistry of rain water was shown pollutions in atmosphere.
Accordingly, to do that 16 rainwater samples from two Mehrabad and Aghdasieh synoptic stations collected during the autumn and winter of 2012 and spring of 2013 (the city rainy seasons). Concentrations of major inorganic ions () and pH in bulk precipitation samples collected in the Tehran city of I.R. of Iran were analyzed. In this article, Enrichment Factors, Correlation Analysis and Principal Component Analysis had been used in order to identify the sources of ions found in sampled rain waters.
Findings: Results show that concentrations of the found substances were higher over the Mehrabad station. The mean concentration of ions indicated that,, and were the main anions, while ,, were the main cations. anion had important role in acidity of the rain water. The Bicarbonate anion had the highest concentration, among all other ions, over both stations and plays an important role in reduction of the acidity of the rain water. Study upon the potential sources of the ions over Tehran by means of Correlation Analysis, Enrichment Factor and Principle Component Analysis indicate that existence of Qom salt lake and desert in the south of the city were the main source of the and. There are anthropogenic sources for. The other ions were from anthropogenic and dust origin.
Discussion and The pollutants in rainwater over Tehran were derived from long range and local (industry and traffic) sources.

The waste generation is the product of different human activities that have been transformed because of the change of life style and multilateral development. By progression in science and technology, waste management has been reviewed scientifically. Within the eight branches of functional elements of municipal solid waste management system, generation, collection and transportation have especial importance. The significance of waste generation is due to being the first loop in the chain of recycling and reducing production is the base of comprehensive solid waste management pyramid .Otherwise the greatest part of costs for managing solid waste systems relates to collection and transportation of wastes.
In this paper we described municipal solid waste management system and dynamic modeling methodology. After that we reviewed the literature research about dynamic modeling of municipal solid waste management systems. In the next step, we illustrated a dynamic model for generation, collection and transportation of wastes in the city of Tehran. Then we analyzed the findings from the base run of model and examined that with validation tests to gain accredited model.
Result& After achieving a valid model the improved scenario have been built based on 3R techniques and policy and sensitivity analysis. In Tehran city, emphasis on reducing production and decreasing of per capita waste generation, awaken citizens and officials on necessity of separation wet and dry wastes in era and Effort to improving the performance of Dry waste separation plan are the best options to manage generation ,collection and transportation wastes subsystems .

This study aimed to evaluate the absorption rate of lead and cadmium in form of pine trees in Tehran. For this purpose, the contaminated sites (Azadi, Tarasht, Airports, Mimamat) and control sites (Cheetgar) were sampled during both summer and winter (July and January) from their leaves, and the concentration of lead and cadmium were measured in Tehran pine trees with using graphite furnace GBC savant AA model. Samples were performed in randomized statistical sampling with complete block design during three replications and data were analyzed by using variance and Duncan at 95% with using SPSS software. The results showed that the maximum amount of lead absorption was 1136.60 nanograms per gram in heating season and the least amount of lead absorbtion was in heating season, which related to Cheetgar station (control) and also, 155.13 nanograms per gram related to Tarasht station. The maximum amount of lead absorption was related to cold season in Tarasht station (603 ng per gram) and the least amount of lead absorbtion was related to heating season with 101.7ng per g in Cheetgar station (control). Also, the maximum amount of cadmium absorption was related to warm season with 59.10 nanograms per gram in Tarasht station, the minimum amount of cadmium absorption was related to Cheetgar station control (26/24 ng per g) and also, the maximum amount of cadmium absorption was related to cold season (70.20 nanograms per gram) and the minimum amount of cadmium absorption was related to Cheetgar station (control) (5.4 ng per g). Pollution rate reaches its maximum in winter in Tehran and deciduous trees are bare. Therefore, goal of this study investigate the association and attract in winter, which has more pollution than summer with inversion phenomenon. Consequently, Pine species can be used as a bioindicator for heavy metals like lead and cadmium.