spatial structure

Water plays a crucial role in the formation of human civilizations, especially in Iran, where it symbolizes purity, fertility, and love. This cultural significance, alongside its physical presence, has influenced city planning, neighborhood layout, and urban development. By examining cities at various scales, we can see how water impacts their origin, placement, and future growth, affecting social, economic, and cultural life. At a macro level, water has shaped city structures; at an intermediate level, water supply systems have influenced spatial organization and activity locations. At a micro level, people's interactions with water enrich urban spaces. The complexities in analyzing urban structures necessitate a method that addresses these challenges. The space arrangement method provides a valuable approach, emphasizing spatial coherence in urban analysis. This research employs a historical interpretive study with a mixed-methods approach, first narrating the historical relationship between water and urban development. It then uses the space arrangement method to explore the connection between water and urban spatial organization in various climatic zones in Iran, aligned with the case study.

Considering the research's goal of analyzing water's role in shaping cities, a historical interpretive method is appropriate. This approach allows for a comprehensive exploration of socio-physical phenomena through narrative and holistic analysis. Key to this interpretation is gathering and organizing clues to create a believable narrative. When examining past phenomena, interpretative-historical research is employed. This study will utilize narrative strategies to report historical processes regarding water's influence on urban formation and development. However, the physical and spatial complexities involved can complicate explanations of water's effects. Thus, a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative techniques is necessary. Specifically, the space syntax method and spatial correlation index will be employed to quantitatively investigate water's impact on urban structures across different climates, facilitating comparisons of urban contexts and enhancing our understanding of water's influence on city organization.

The water systems of Iranian cities can be classified into three main categories. The first is systems based on underground water, including wells and aqueducts. Ancient people believed that land rested on water, leading them to dig wells to access it. In arid regions, aqueducts were crucial for supplying underground water, shaping the spatial organization of cities. Second, systems based on flowing water, where rivers played significant roles in city formation and development. They provided functions such as defense and commerce, with their impact varying according to their location and the region's topography. Third, combined systems allow for the use of multiple water sources simultaneously, reflecting climatic diversity. Cities can harness rain, snow, rivers, and underground water, creating a comprehensive water management strategy.

Water is one of the most fundamental components of the climate that creates life in a geographical area. Therefore, people in different geographical locations experience different styles of life, which, as a side effect, imposes its effects on the form, structure, and spatial organization of the city. As a result, a city with access to the river will have a different structure than a city with a canal or a city with abundant rainfall. In this regard, the role of water at the macro, medium, and micro levels, which will crystallize the interaction of water in the spatial structure and organization of cities, is investigated in the climatic zones of countries. In the northern part of the country, the abundance of rain has created the soil fertile, and on the other hand, easy access to water sources does not limit the selection of settlements [macro level] to a specific place. Therefore, these conditions have led to the decentralized structure of northern cities, which is largely related to easy access to water. In connection with the internal divisions and also guiding the directions of the expansion of the city [intermediate level], this lack of settlement restrictions has contributed to the scattered expansion and lack of compaction of the cities, and the traditional divisions, including neighborhoods, areas, etc., are not observed, and the only points of concentration are commercial lines along the main roads of the city. The cities of the central plateau of Iran, in locating [macro level], show a complete adaptation to the foothill alluvial cones in which it is possible to access underground water through aqueducts. So because of these limitations in choosing the location of cities and villages, compactness and concentration of the context can be seen in the vicinity of water sources, which are mainly aqueducts. In the interpretation of the internal zoning of the city as well as the direction of expansion [middle level], the same issue of water resource limitation has been effective in the non-dispersion of settlements and has created a concentrated and compact structure with gradual and continuous development around a neighborhood center that is based on a water resource (reservoir). The logical result of this compact and concentrated type of texture will be the formation of a hierarchy of establishments from private to public spaces. Which will be affected by the route of the aqueduct. Cities in mountainous areas have tended to compact settlements in order to be protected from the cold. Therefore, the orientations were shaped to benefit from water resources, and the structure and spatial organization of cities were influenced by rivers. In the interpretation of the internal zoning of the city [middle level], the limitation of the flat land in combination with the cold climate has been effective in shaping a concentrated and compact texture with a hierarchy of establishments from private to public spaces along rivers.

 The relationship between water and the city can be analyzed on three levels. First, at the macro level and placement of cities, determining the relationship between the city and the region, determining the directions of development, and designing urban infrastructures; in other words, on a macro scale, water has shaped the structure of the city and determined its development directions. Second, at the middle level, water organized the spatial organization of cities by determining the limits of development, locating land uses, and explaining the relationship between context and activity. In other words, water has depicted the body of the city in relation to the activities that include water-related service buildings such as water storage and baths. According to the climate of the region, in the form of rivers, streams, aqueducts, etc., along the movement of water, it formed the core of the localities. Finally, at the level of wisdom and the presence of citizens in urban spaces, water on this scale is displayed in ponds and fountains inside public buildings and materializes the concept of place in the city. But it should be noted that these three levels are completely interrelated and dependent, so if the role of water is ignored or not understood correctly at one level, it will reveal its effects on other scales as well. Therefore, water fulfills the needs of life, is consecrated and worshiped in places, and improves the conditions for the presence of people in the city. In order to understand the effects of water on the origin, formation, historical development, and spatial structure and organization of cities in relation to climate, the scales of water presence should be compared with the definitions of space (place), structure, and spatial organization.

Every architectural space is designed to accommodate specific activities and needs of its inhabitants. Therefore, the structure of space is influenced by various factors, one of the most important being family structure. After industrialization, the role of the family as an economic unit shifted from being a productive-consumer entity to a purely consumer-based one. These changes led to alterations in family structure, affecting the roles, relationships, and needs of family members. As a result, different residential styles emerged, profoundly impacting the spatial structure of homes.The primary question of this research is: "How has the spatial structure of homes in Yazd changed as a result of the evolving economic role of the family?"This qualitative study employs grounded theory for data analysis. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling with the process continuinguntil theoretical saturation was reached. Data collection involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews, as well as both participant and non-participant observations. All selected participants owned their homes and were interviewed within their residences. Five participants were chosen for each of the housing patterns discussed.Grounded theory was applied to analyze the data through three coding stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The literature review helped identify the main categories of analysis, which include: the power structure of the family, the relationships between family members, and the family’s functional roles. For case studies, three prevalent housing patterns in Yazd were purposefully selected, and numerous interviews were conducted with residents. The selected housing types were: (1) traditional homes with central courtyards, (2) transitional homes (one or two stories with courtyards to one side), and (3) modern apartment buildings that follow a relatively similar pattern throughout the city. All three housing types are still in use today, accommodating families with different structures and economic needs. This diversity was a key reason for choosing Yazd for this research. The literature indicated that the power structure, relationships, and functions within the family have changed in response to economic shifts. Data analysis revealed that these changes in Yazd families are reflected in the evolving roles of fathers, mothers, and children, a decrease in family cohesion, an increase in individualism, and shifts in the functionality of the home. These transformations in family dynamics have also influenced the spatial organization of homes by diminishing age and gender hierarchies, focusing more on individual space, reducing spatial fluidity, and altering the qualities expected from different spaces.The findings of this study are applicable to many towns with  structures similar to Yazd. Additionally, the research methodology used in this study can serve as a valuable framework for similar research in other contexts.

The connection between past and present architecture is always transformative. A transformation that can shape the identities of the contemporary and future eras, preserve architectural traditions, and bring out the aesthetic charms of monuments, buildings, and urban landscapes. The architectural heritage of each region has evolved and grown over time under the influence of the natural and built environment. This evolution has created a variety of architecture, as a result of which every city, region, neighborhood and even passage has its own unique characteristics. This variety, while being correlated and harmonized, represents the cultural and environmental identity of the cities. By extracting stable principles,which have formed the structure of historical architecture, morphology as an inspiring reference helps architects and urban planners to embody architectural traditions in creative ways in contemporary architecture without imitation.  The purpose of this research is to obtain the principles and patterns of historical architecture for use in the design of new architectural buildings with regard to their morphology. In this regard, the concepts of research and the morphological process of historical buildings are first explained by descriptive analytical method. In the next part, historical houses in the city of Rasht have been studied and analyzed as case study.  The findings show that paying attention to cultural heirarchy and identity that appear in spatial structures is important in the morphology of historical buildings, along with physical components. In the study of the form and physical characteristics and visual qualities, there was a significant relationship between the building in the area and its position in the context. Shape, proportion between elements and the overall form of the building, the level of occupation and number of floors of historical houses in Rasht have unique characteristics. The morphology of the spatial structures in the historical houses of Rasht showed that the relationship between the functional spaces in the interior spaces and its connection with the exterior space mainly occurs through semi-open spaces (Iwan). In addition to spatial transparency, this feature also causes visually richness of the exterior façade. The process of morphology in obtaining the principles and patterns of historical architecture can be considered in new designs.

The house structure, as the family's main shelter, has always changed over history and has been affected by various factors such as economy, community, culture, and rituals. Researchers have considered culture to be the most important factor affecting the shape and form of a house. In other words, housing is a cultural phenomenon that aims to create a spatial social unit more influenced by the family and culture of its members than the power structures in the society. Topics about the culture and living culture highlight other terms in the mind, including life method and lifestyle. In this case, as one of the main parameters of culture, lifestyle leaves the highest impact on the spatial structure of the house. This study aims to evaluate the effect of lifestyle components on the spatial structure of contemporary houses in Qazvin City. The extant study was conducted using a mixed method in two steps. In the first step, the literature was examined based on the qualitative method and library studies through descriptive-analytical techniques to extract lifestyle components and spatial structure components. In the second step, the components extracted from the first step were reviewed through semi-structured interviews in the sample society. The results reveal a significant relationship between lifestyle and spatial structure of the house. In this lieu, “social relationships”, “indigenous needs”, “fashion”, and “belief needs” respectively have the highest relationship with the spatial structure of houses in the sample society.

Public spaces within cities play a crucial role as significant reflections of their identity and social history, characterized by unique features encompassing natural, geographical, economic dynamics, and cultural traditions. The economies of cities and ports in Hormozgan province, historically central to regional fishing and commerce, grapple with challenges related to sustainable development, including the deterioration of historical contexts, rapid population growth, restricted resource access, and environmental degradation. In this context, public spaces, integral focal points in the spatial structure of cities, have undergone changes and faced challenges indicative of these conflicts. The influence of the development-oriented economic and cultural shift shapes the characteristic features of public space, determining its form and functionality. This shift, in turn, either strengthens or weakens the emerging spaces under this role. This study aims to explore the impact of these economic and cultural changes on public spaces, shedding light on the forces that shape their development. The objective of this study is to assess the current state of public spaces and their contribution to sustainable development. The goal is to comprehend the underlying factors influencing the formation of these spaces within the spatial organization of the studied cities and ports, aiming to enhance their development processes. This research employed qualitative methods, relying on field observations, documentary and library studies, and an analytical approach to describe the phenomenon. Through a comparative analysis of the three examined samples, a consistent pattern emerges in the repositioning of public spaces within the spatial organization of the city. The primary catalyst for this shift lies in the creation of economic attractions driven by a rapid increase in tourism. Historically, fishing and shipping dominated the coastal cities’ economy, shaping their structures. However, the current surge in the tourism economy, accompanied by lifestyle changes and increased capital attraction, has not only altered programmatic and financial dynamics but has also impacted the spatial organization of cities. This ongoing transformation, coupled with shifts in the region’s economic structure, has resulted in fundamental changes to the cityscape, rooted in the dominance of the development discourse and native traditions. Consequently, the city’s landscape and landmarks have undergone significant transformations.

Islamic Azad University, as an educational institution that has been established for more than a quarter of a century, has a wide role in the growth and development of education and raising the level of education and excellence of people in Iran because Training of human resources to enter the labor market is one of the activities of universities, including the Azad University, and this activity has a great impact on the growth and development of the country. And he himself was affected by this growth and development, and this growth is much more tangible physically in the university. Islamic Azad University in its path of growth and development took the environment with it and not only affected the body and its surroundings but also in most small and medium and growing cities was able to impose itself on other uses, the path of city development And became a factor in determining how new tissues are formed and old tissues evolve. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and the study method is descriptive and analytical in terms of method and nature. The method of data collection was library, documentary, and field studies and the community of the study included 370 residents of the surrounding neighborhoods, but to ensure 400 questionnaires were explained and 385 questionnaires were fully answered, to analyze the information from analytical software spss and excell are used. The results show the impact of the university in economic, physical, social and cultural dimensions.

derstanding the physical-spatial structure of cities from the perspective of their development is one of the important influencing factors in the success rate of urban planners and practitioners and can contribute significantly to the improvement of urban environments. In this regard, the present study was carried out to investigate the spatial-physical structure changes in the Tabriz metropolis. The research method is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with a practical purpose and analytical-exploratory nature. To analyze information Heldren's model and Moran and Kernel's technique in ArcGIS software were used. The findings of the research based on Heldren's model indicate that from 1956 to 1986, 71% of the physical growth of the city was related to population growth and 29% to horizontal growth. From 1986 to 2006, the population and horizontal growth of the city was almost equal (48 and 52 percent), and from 2006 to 2021, the extensive population growth caused the vertical growth and the formation of the compact city of Tabriz. Also, Tabriz metropolis is located in a single-core state (city center), and due to the changes, that have taken place and the increase of administrative, therapeutic, and recreational functions in the eastern regions and industries in the western regions, it has the ability to become a multi-core development model in its spatial structure. In other words, the changes in the spatial structure of the city in recent years have witnessed the decentralization of the city center. The results also indicate that the process of changes in the physical-spatial structure of the city has changed from fast to medium and back to fast, and in the meantime, the wide formation of spatial inequalities and imbalances in different dimensions is being witnessed.

Spatial structure is the result of historical and physical processes and changing economic, social and political conditions. This structure is generally considered in two dimensions, population and employment, the first one describes the residence system and the second one describes the activity structure. The sudden and leaping increase in housing prices and, as a result, rents in Tehran has been an important factor for the reversal of the migration process. In fact, following the convergence of a huge number of immigrants towards Tehran and the excessive increase in the price of land and housing in another period of time, it has led to the divergence of the number of immigrants towards the city of Tehran and in contrast to the pathological attention to the surrounding space of this national city. According to previous studies in the analysis of the spatial structure of metropolitan areas, the impact of housing developments as a key factor in attracting and repelling the population has not received enough attention, so that in the analysis of the process of suburbanization and displacement, only the qualitative descriptions of housing are presented as an influencing factor; While to answer the research questions, methods that have taken on a spatial dimension have been used. Therefore, the current research aims to study the process of development and formation of the spatial structure of the metropolitan area of Tehran with regard to quantitative changes in housing prices in a morphological approach.

The research method is descriptive-analytical according to the nature of the study. The nature of the methods used is the type of methods and analyzes of spatial statistics. The variables of population density and employment are used as dependent variables and distance from the center, distance from main roads and housing price are also used as independent variables. In order to measure the spatial analysis of population density and employment, kernel density tests, hot and cold clusters, and Moran's test were used. Then, to perform spatial statistics on the variables, standardization was first applied based on zero to one, and finally, geographic weighted regression (GWR) was used to measure the effects of independent variables on dependent variables.

According to the regression of the spatial pattern of housing prices, it can be said that the level of housing price increases over time has an increasing role in the spatial distribution of the population, so that this number has reached 27% in 2015, from 23% in 2015, and it is an important contribution to the change The spatial structure of the metropolitan area will have. The density of employment tends towards the areas with low and medium average housing prices, and in terms of spatial distribution, the density of employed people in the metropolitan area of Tehran tends to the southern areas of the capital and the cities close to it. The independent variable of road distance infers 33% of the dependent variable of population density and is considered one of the important factors of population settlement in the spatial structure of the metropolitan area. The effect of the distance from the center has had an increasing effect on the population density, so that the distribution of the population compared to the distance from the center has increased from 18.8% in 1385 to 26.7% in 1395, and the cities and towns closer to Tehran have a greater increase in population compared to More distant regions have experienced.

According to the R2 coefficient of the regression of housing price effects on population density, it can be said that the level of housing price increase over time has an increasing role in the spatial distribution of the population and has made an important contribution to changing the spatial structure of the metropolitan area of Tehran. Due to the rapid growth of housing prices in the recent period, the distribution of population and workers from the center has increased and tends to the areas with low housing prices, which spatially are large villages and close to urban centers, Mehr housing projects and new cities with relatively low prices. Housing compared to other residential centers will have the potential to attract more people. It seems that the trend of housing price developments in the long term will intensify the migration flows within the province and the pattern of the spatial structure of the metropolitan area of Tehran will undergo more spatial changes.

Timcheh and historical bazaars are among the commercial buildings of the city, which have played an important role in the trade and commercial exchanges of the cities throughout history, and the physical type of today's shopping centers and arcades is based on the historical bazaars and timchehs, the lack of recognition of the organization The space of these buildings is being forgotten due to the destruction, change of use and reconstructions, and the restoration and unrelated architecture in these spaces has caused the loss of the previous values ​​and the correct recognition of the spatial organization of these historical buildings. Therefore, this research aims to reveal the differences and similarities between the timchehs of the Safavid and Qajar periods in the historical bazaar of Isfahan by understanding the principles of spatial organization and establishment. The main questions of the research are: How are the physical patterns and spatial organization in the Safavid and Qajar timchehs of Isfahan's historical bazaar? What are the patterns extracted from the spatial organization and physical type of Safavid and Qajar timchehs? The present research method is a case study using the descriptive-analytical method and the method of collecting information in the field and documents (library), the results of this research show. The results of this research show that the timchehs of Isfahan market related to the Safavid and Qajar periods were formed due to the developments in trade and commerce and the greater prosperity of trade in the Qajar period. The increase in spatial extent in the Qajar period compared to the Safavid period is evident, and the wider connection between the timchehs and the market halls due to the boom in trade during the Qajar period is one of the physical developments of the timchehs of these two historical periods, the timchehs of the Safavid period are often independent, with roofs., have one entrance and have less architectural decorations than the timchehs of the Qajar period, the timchehs of the Qajar period are mainly related to palaces, have two entrances and have luxurious architectural decorations compared to the Safavid period in Isfahan bazaar.

The spatial structure of cities has been the subject of various research and studies in urban planning. Land use changes have a great influence on the transformation of spatial structure. Land use in Iranian cities is mainly formed in the form of comprehensive urban plans, so urban planners in preparing urban development plans, while solving existing problems, seek to draw a favorable and optimal future for cities. Spatial structure analysis at the macro level is considered a suitable tool because one of the main outputs of urban comprehensive plans is the map of the city's spatial structure. However, there has not been sufficient research in the country regarding the possible changes in the spatial structure caused by land use changes in the urban spatial organization. Therefore, the current research seeks to measure and evaluate the degree of flexibility of the spatial structure of Sari City, as the center of one of the important provinces of Iran, which is under pressure from various forces in terms of population and activity changes, against the changes related to the zones.

The current research is descriptive-causal. In this research, using the available documents, the spatial structure changes affected by the decisions of the Article No.5 Commission of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture in Sari City are investigated. In this way, firstly, the range of the authorized level of users is determined and how the level of each user changes in each area is determined in terms of acceptance or rejection. Then, by McNemar's statistical test, it is determined whether the changes have led to a change in the area or not. The answer to this test is again attributed to each zone in the nominal measurement scale.

The results of the research indicate that out of 101 areas in this city, 48 areas are inconsistent with the approved comprehensive urban plan due to crossing the permitted area determined for each of the uses. 

This confirms the necessity of preparing a model for determining tolerable thresholds in comprehensive plans, following the main components of the city's spatial structure, including land use, which is considered one of the main outputs of the comprehensive plan.

In Iranian houses with suitability for the climatic conditions in most places, the yard has existed as the main open space, placing it in different ways. Other closed and semi-open spaces are also organized around the yard with different permutations. In this research, an analytical comparison has been made regarding the spatial structure of contemporary houses with courtyards in Ilam, considering the location of the courtyard in relation to the building. On the other hand, the developments after the war and the subsequent damage caused to Ilam as one of the most important border cities of Iran, have led to the reconstruction and formation of new types of spatial organization of houses.

The use of a mixed research method including interpretative and comparative methods using field observation and collection, library studies, and simulation by means of specialized space syntax software (UCL Depth Map) is the strategy of this research. The case samples were selected based on the year of construction of the house (types A, B, C, D, E) and also the location of the yard in relation to the building (A1, A2, etc.). The analysis of the structure is qualitative and then measured by depth map software in order to give more validity to the results.

The research results reveal three general categories in the spatial structure of houses with courtyards in Ilam. It seems that the structural changes have been synchronized with the economic and social conditions of society. In the first category: the fifties and sixties of the Hijri (before the revolution), we see the design of houses with courtyards with the relative size of the open space and the courtyard, establishing an effective connection between the house and the courtyard. The second category: the houses of the 70s and 80s are comparable to the high cost of land and construction imposed after the war. Reduction of land area, rapid construction, use of ready-made plans designed in other areas, and as a result major structural changes have been its results. The third category is the houses of the nineties. Until now, we have seen a more complex spatial structure, more private space than in previous periods, emerging functions along with other spaces of the house, and the efforts of some architects in order to re-establish the effective connection between the house and the yard.

The analyses have shown the changes in the spatial structure of the houses in Ilam city from the fifties to the nineties. In the fifties and sixties, which is related to the beginning of the revolution and the start of the Iran-Iraq war, due to the fact that Ilam city is bordering the people leaving the cities to the mountains and other cities, housing has not changed much. And it was built like before the revolution. In the '70s and '80s, due to financial problems and the high cost of real estate after the Iran-Iraq war, we saw many changes compared to before in the internal structure of residential houses.

Problem statement: 

The Iranian concept of ‘home’ goes beyond the physical aspects and is intertwined with the spiritual characteristics of the audience. In the structure of traditional Iranian houses, the design of the small spaces of the house has been based on the needs of the residents, and these needs have influenced the spatial relationships of the house. Investigating the entrance hierarchy in traditional Iranian houses leads to a better understanding of its design principles for contemporary houses.

This study attempts to investigate the spatial structure of the entrance in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi traditional houses to extract the most important factors affecting the quality of the entrance through the space arrangement technique. What items are important and practical for the analysis and configuration of the entrance space so that they can answer the residents’ need for psychological and identity security?

In the first step, after selecting and examining 8 houses from two different periods, in the next step, the selected samples were analyzed using the space arrangement technique and by DEPTH-MAP software. This method is based on the use of graphs that describe the relationships between spaces through concepts such as connection, depth, integration, selection, and control.

it shows that the structure of traditional houses provides better solutions in the field of entry hierarchy and deprivation, and the spaces around the entrance, especially the courtyard, play a communicative role in the entry system. This study shows that the entrance and its spatial relationships respond to human needs. The two periods in question are the most important physical factors in the Qajar houses and the Pahlavi period, which has analyzed these spaces to achieve the issue of deprivation, which is one of their basic foundations.

Rapid urban development in recent decades has affected various dimensions of human life. The intensity of this impact, as well as the role of cities in the consumption of natural resources, the production of waste, and the concentration of human activities have made sustainable urban development a key element in the future, and therefore, efforts to understand urban sustainability and its various dimensions continue. With deductive exploration in the theoretical literature, the urban form can be categorized into components such as communication networks, public transportation systems, pedestrian and bicycle access, spatial structure, spatial distribution of activities, housing and settlement size, natural phenomena, and nonfunctional imagery. Due to the interdependence of the components of this concept with different dimensions of the city, its role in different aspects of sustainability will be undeniable to the extent that one of the most important sources of instability is the city's form. A critical review of the new frameworks for urban planning and redevelopment aimed at achieving sustainability points to a disagreement over the most desirable sustainable urban form. This problem can be solved only by the measurement of the relationship between sustainability indicators and urban form in different case samples with different resolving characteristics and their results can be generalized. This study, using inductive research method and FANP in Pyton, as well as GIS for analyzing spatial data and residents' questionnaires for quality indicators, aimed to evaluate the sustainability levels in the 22regions of Tehran first, and then classify the regions according to the form and spatial structure. Finally, the relationship between urban form and spatial structure with sustainability components in the scale of Tehran's regions was measured. Regression outputs indicate the direct influence of urban form and urban structure parameters on sustainability components in the regions of Tehran.

The emergence of sustainable development concept and its application in housing has provided of this topic for entry to residential design. To provide expectations and practices of sustainable housing design it is necessary to   revise rules and regulations along with concepts of sustainable development. The aim of this research is ranking of the rules and regulations in middle-class housing spatial structure based on sustainability dimensions. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection is combined (qualitative and quantitative) method. The components and characteristics of sustainability dimensions have been explained according to theoretical sustainable development and analysis interpretation of related scientific sources. The rules and regulations of each spatial structure have been determined by examining documents and library contents. Weight of design dimensions have been determined by FAHP method and rules and regulations have been ranked by the FTOPSIS method. Results of the research show that rules and regulations with closeness coefficient higher than median (0.5) are: Lot Coverage (mass and space ratio), building mass of semi-open spaces (balcony, porch and terrace), facade, patio, height and number of floors, parking (ramp), yard, organization of interior spaces, residential spaces (bed room, living room), kitchen, openings (lighting and ventilation). They are more important than other rules and regulations. It is necessary, to goals of sustainable housing design, they should be considered in policy phase and design phase.

Bazaars, as one of the key urban spaces, have always played a significant role in the formation of cities, therefore, for a deeper understanding of traditional bazaars by people, visual perception as the most basic perceptual dimension can be effective and in order to achieve this goal. The principles and rules hidden in the architecture of spaces should be identified. What can be seen in urban spaces today is the effect of various personal and environmental factors on the level of visual perception of people, and the lack of research that deals with the effect of these factors is considered as one of the necessities of research and in this regard, the traditional bazaar of Tehran was chosen as a case study and one of the historical and ancient textures of Tehran. In this research, based on a combined method and with an exploratory approach, information related to the environmental and physical indicators of the spatial structure of spaces such as timchehs, seras, mosques, squares, etc., in the Tehran bazaar, to investigate the components that affect people's visual perception, such as natural landscapes and artificial lights and shadows and views and the types of colors and decorations used in them, the quality of surfaces such as floors, walls and ceilings and the proportions including the placement and geometry and the movement of people or vehicles that have been obtained received by the sense of sight and has influenced the level of visual perception of people from the environment. In the next step, to evaluate people's visual perception, a questionnaire was prepared in the form of a checklist for the key areas of the bazaar, where each question in the questionnaire covered one component. Therefore, the statistical population of the research, which included 120 people from businesses, buyers or passers-by who were willing to participate and had a high level of perceptual and cognitive performance, were asked to determine the influential components based on their perception and feeling in 5 index spaces according to differences in use and structural features and importance and their relative knowledge in the bazaar environment, Then, using Kolmogorov tests, Spearman correlation test, Kruskal-Wallis and U-Man-Whitney tests, the data of the qualitative stage was analyzed by SPSS software. The results of the analysis showed that in traditional bazaars, the sense of sight creates a double relationship between the structure and spatial elements and people's perception, and the components affecting visual perception are different in each space, and users who were unfamiliar or had limited familiarity, had the ability to better evaluate the components and were responsible for recognizing the spaces, but the number of visits of people did not have much effect on their visual perception, and factors such as the duration of the business activity, gender, and the level of education of the people participating in the research had a positive and significant effect on the visual perceptions of the people, and between the index spaces of the study In the bazaar of Tehran, Imam Mosque had the highest amount of visual perception and Amir sera has the lowest amount.

City context has analysed with different process. One of them is »context spatial structure«. In other to, Structure is matter`s objects and properties, that it`s failure, failure matter. In this article, after definition of »Space and Place«, presents kind of »Public Places« such as: way and path, square and piazza, plaza, water front, circle, stairway, public roof, entrance or gate of city and district, park and public garden, pedestrian way, bazaar and passage, area in residential complex, and finally yard of mosques.Difference and common of between »Spatial Organization and Spatial Structure« and members of Spatial Structure have showed.Whereas ancient public places (in old districts) and New urban spasec (in new districts) are important members of Spatial Structure, presents role of them in Kerman`s inner, medial and peripheral districts.Also notice connect or disconnect of ancient public places and New urban spasec for build of spatial Kerman`s new and old districts.Research Type are Qualitative research and Quantitative research; so this is Mixed research. Research Strategy are on based on Triangulation. It means : use from several ways to reach goals that strategies and policies direct researcher to final destination. Research Methodology is descriptive- analytic and data collections are in way of library and internet sources; also (in way of) observational and environmental activities in Iranians recent years cities. Qualitative methods in this research are observation, interviews and analysis of documents. Technique of observation comes by behavior and partnership. Technique of interview has semi-structured and embrace short and detail answers from influential groups (residents for rightful groups and managements for contributed groups).