corrective exercises

The elderly population faces numerous challenges threatening their quality of life, autonomy, and mobility. Therefore, it is essential to implement activities that address and enhance these issues. This study aimed to examine the effects of rehabilitation exercises on the mechanics of transitional movements among the elderly.

The present study was a systematic review. Articles in Persian and English were searched from December 2020 to May 2024. The study examined the effects of various rehabilitation exercises on the biomechanics of transfer movements in elderly individuals. Specialized databases, including Magiran SID, Scopus، PubMed، ISC، WOS, and Google Scholar were utilized for the review. Initially, 74 relevant articles were selected, and ultimately, 21 articles related to different types of rehabilitation exercises for the elderly were analyzed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The results showed that a variety of rehabilitation exercises can effectively enhance the reduction of peak ground reaction forces during transitional movements. Additionally, it was observed neuromuscular exercises improved the balance index. Conversely, resistance exercises improved both static and dynamic balance and reduced the risk of falling among the elderly.

Prolonged participation in combined exercises, which merge two or more rehabilitation exercises, might yield more beneficial results. However, further research is needed to determine the best type and intensity of exercise for improving the biomechanics of transfer movements in the elderly.

Considering the high prevalence of upper cross syndrome among teachers, it is necessary to always provide selected corrective exercises to increase productivity. One of the methods of providing corrective exercises in special conditions is virtual education. The purpose of the current research was to compare the effect of a course Sahrmann's corrective exercises at Present and virtual on the upper cross syndrome of femalee Teachers.The present study was a randomized clinical trial with a pre-test and post-test design. The number of 60 volunteer teachers who had the conditions to participate in the study according to the entry criteria were randomly divided into three groups of 20 people for present (with an average age of 45.90±3.07), virtual corrective exercises (with an average age of 43.30±4.84) and control group (with an average age of 42.70±5.11). Neck pain and disability were measured by scale questionnaire (NPDS), shoulder pain and disability by index questionnaire (SPADI), forward head angle, forward shoulder angle and uneven shoulder angle by photography method and AutoCAD software and kyphosis angle by Kyphometer. In the statistical analysis, after confirming the normality of the data, the parametric ANOVA test and in case of significance Bonferroni's post hoc test were used. \The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and  U-Man-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction were used if the condition of normality has not been met.The results of the research showed a significant difference between the control and two present and virtual training groups in all evaluation variables: angles of forward head, shoulder forward on the right side and left side, uneven shoulder on the right side and left side, neck pain and disability, kyphosis angle and shoulder pain and disability (p=0.001). There was a significant difference in the kyphosis angle and shoulder pain and disability variables in the comparison between the two present and virtual training groups (p=0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in other variables.Virtual corrective exercises using the various solutions presented achieved a result close to the present exercises. Considering the importance of teachers' health and the priority of rehabilitation goals in them, it is possible to recommend the use of virtual training in emergency cases that prevent present training.

Most women experience weakness and inhibition of the gluteal muscles, which negatively affects athletic performance and is known to cause multiple injuries and chronic pain. This study aimed to determine the effect of corrective exercises on gluteal muscles strength, endurance, and power in women with gluteal muscles weakness and inhibition.

We purposively identified 28 non-athletic women aged 25 to 45 years who were referred to Babolsar Rehabilitation Clinic (Babolsar City, Iran) for physiotherapy due to reasons such as fracture, strain, sprain, and dislocation of the upper extremity joints. They experienced inhibition and weakness of the gluteal muscles. After completing the physiotherapy course and returning to normal life, they entered the present study and were randomly divided into the control (n=15) and exercise (n=13) groups. The exercise group performed a corrective exercises program including inhibitory, lengthening, activating, and strengthening exercises with theraband for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week and 30 to 45 minutes per session). The power of extensors, abductors, and external rotators of gluteal muscles was measured using the Diako cable machine and based on the formula of one-repetition maximum. The power and endurance of gluteal muscles were measured by the single-leg glute bridge test and the vertical jump test in two groups. The data were analyzed by covariance analyses.

The results showed a significant improvement in the strength of the gluteal muscles in the movements of extension, abduction, and external rotation of the thigh, also in the endurance and power of the gluteal muscles in the exercise group compared to the control group in the posttest (P<0.05).

This study showed that corrective exercises, including inhibitory techniques, lengthening, activating, and strengthening exercises, have the necessary components to improve the strength, endurance, and power of gluteal muscles. Therefore, this exercise program is recommended for people with weakness and inhibition of the gluteal muscles.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common forms of knee pain and is a term used for various pathologies or anatomical abnormalities that lead to anterior knee pain. The aim of the current research was the effect of different levels of weight adjustment on the motor performance of women with PFPS.

In this semi-experimental study, 75 women with PFPS were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly were divided into 5 groups with equal numbers including weight adjustment (1- ¼ of body weight, 2- ½ of body weight, 3- ¾ of body weight), the group without weight adjustment and the control group. The training protocol included selected resistance and functional exercises to strengthen hip and knee muscles, which were performed on stable and unstable surfaces. Analysis of covariance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis.

Exercise intervention reduced pain and improved motor performance in the exercise groups compared to the control group (P<0.001). Corrective exercises with weight adjustment with ½ and ¾ of body weight resulted in more effectiveness in pain variables and movement performance than the weight adjustment groups with ¼ of body weight and without weight adjustment (P < 0.01).

Based on the findings of this research, weight adjustment during corrective exercise can improve the quality of exercise by reducing mechanical pressure on the knee and reducing pain, which results in improved motor function in patients with PFPS.

Dyslexia is a learning disability associated with impaired balance and coordination. The present study aimed to compare the effect of postural corrective and Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises on dynamic stability and upper body posture of dyslexic children with upper cross syndrome.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. The statistical population in this study comprised dyslexic male students (8 to 10 years old) with upper cross syndrome. From the statistical population, 30 students were purposefully and conveniently selected and divided into postural correction exercises and Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises groups. The Y equilibrium test was used to measure dynamic stability. To analyze the data, the normality of the data and the homogeneity of variances were first assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and F-Levene’s test. Then, the analysis of covariance at the level of 0.05 was used to examine the intragroup effects and compare the groups.

Comparing two training programs in kyphosis angle, forward head posture, round shoulder, dominant leg dynamic balance, and total dynamic balance showed a significant difference between the two groups (P≤0.05). The angle of kyphosis, forward head posture, and round shoulder were significantly lower in the corrective exercises group than in the Cawthorne-Cooksey group (P≤0.05). The dominant dynamic balance of the dominant leg and the total dynamic balance in the Cawthorne-Cooksey group were significantly better than those in the corrective exercises group (P≤0.05).

A comparison of postural corrective and Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises performed in this study showed that the latter exercises had a greater effect on improving dynamic stability, and corrective exercises had a greater effect on improving upper cross syndrome. Therefore, it is suggested that to improve the balance and correct posture of children with upper cross syndrome, posture corrective exercises in combination with Cawthorne-Cooksey balance exercises should be included in the exercise program of children with upper cross syndrome.

 Lumbar disc herniation is one of the most common spinal degenerative disorders, which may cause low back pain (LBP) and subsequently lead to impaired postural motor coordination. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of corrective exercises on plantar pressure distribution and lumbar disc structure in women with lumbar disc herniation.

 In this semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design, the statistical population included women (aged 45 to 55) with low back pain caused by disc herniation residing in Mashhad. A total of 30 participants were selected as the statistical sample and randomly assigned into two groups: experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). The amount of plantar pressure distribution and the height and structure of the lumbar discs L4-L5 and L5-S1 were measured using a plantar pressure scanner and an MRI, respectively, before and after an 8-week intervention. The training program consisted of 45 to 60 minutes of corrective exercise, three sessions per week for eight weeks. During this period, control group participants did not take part in any regular exercise programs. Significance level was set at P≤0.05.

 At the end of eight weeks of intervention, there were significant differences in pressure distribution of the right foot (P<0.001) and left(P<0.001), lumbar disc height L4-L5(P=0.02), lumbar disc height L5-S1(P=0.04), L4-L5 lumbar disc protrusion(P=0.02), and L5-S1 lumbar disc protrusion(P=0.01) between the experimental and control groups.

 In general, the results of the present study showed that corrective exercises can improve plantar pressure, increase height, and reduce protrusion of the L4-L5 and S1-L5 lumbar discs. Therefore, people with back pain caused by disc herniation can benefit from this corrective exercise program to improve their condition.

 Abnormal posture and alterations in movement and muscle activity patterns have been reported in people with upper cross syndrome (UCS). These changes can lead to imbalance in muscle activation, altered movement patterns, and biomechanical changes. The present study aims to investigate the effect of corrective exercises on posture, upper extremity muscle activity, and shoulder kinematics in male handball players with UCS.

 This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 male handball players with UCS who were randomly divided into exercise (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The variables including upper extremity muscle activation patterns, shoulder kinematics, forward head posture, forward shoulder posture, and kyphosis were evaluated before and after intervention. Should kinematics and activation patterns of upper extremity muscles (supraspinatus, lumbar erector spinae, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major) were recorded using electromyography and motion analyzer. The angles of forward head and forward shoulder were assessed using photographic method taken from lateral view, and Kyphosis angle was measured using a flexible ruler before and after exercises. The exercise group performed the comprehensive corrective exercises for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week), but the control group did not receive any intervention. To analyze the data, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test were used. The significant level was set at 0.05.

 Forward head posture (P=0.001), forward shoulder posture (P=0.003), and kyphosis (P=0.002) showed significant improvements in the exercise group compared to the control group from pretest to post-test phase. In the preparatory and throw phases (slow and fast throwing), higher activities of supraspinatus, lumbar erector spinae, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and pectoralis major were observed in the exercise group compared to the control group (P=0.05). Moreover, in the preparatory and throw phases, higher range of motion of shoulder flexion, forward flexion of shoulder, internal rotation of shoulder, external rotation of shoulder, and shoulder abduction were observed in the exercise group compared to the control group (P=0.05).

 Corrective exercises can significantly alter shoulder kinematics and upper extremity muscle activity patterns in male handball players with UCS, which can be used in future studies to prevent UCS in handball players during throwing the ball.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the uniform effect of feedbag correction exercises on pain, motor range and angle angel of girls with ahead.

The statistical sample of the present study includes 30 people, 15 women with head forward problem were considered as experimental group and 15 women without head forward problem were considered as control group. NASM head-forward corrective exercise protocol was used as a feedback corrective exercise protocol. This protocol includes four sections of restraint techniques, stretching techniques, activation techniques, and cohesion techniques, which were performed in a period of 45 minutes in each stage of the exercise. After the initial evaluations and measurements, the experimental group did its exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. During this time, the control group did not do any activity related to corrective exercises and did not use any medicine to reduce pain. Again, pain and performance measurements were taken after the protocol.. The Shapirvillek test was used to determine the normal distribution of the research variables and for statistical analysis of the research hypotheses, the covariance analysis test (ANCOVA) was used. The confidence interval for all hypotheses was 0.05 p <0.05.  

The results of the covariance test indicate a significant effect of feedbag correction exercises on pain, motor range and angle angle of girls with forward head complications (P. 0.001). 

In general, the results of this study showed the effect of feedback corrective exercises on reducing neck pain, motor range and angle angle of girls with forward head complications. On this basis, it seems that the exercises of this study can be effective in improving the motor performance of girls with the forward head

Postural disorders disturb muscle activity and lead to joint dysfunction. and since maintaining the function of the joints requires precise coordination and timely action of muscles, as a result of a change in the level of muscle activity, movement disorder is created. From the present study The effectiveness and durability of eight  week corrective exercise program with kinesiotaping and physioball on Angle of Kyphos and Forward Head posture in boy students  with upper crossed syndrome.

This semi-experimental research was conducted with a pre-test post-test and one-month follow-up design on 45 adolescent boys with upper cross syndrome, The subjects were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The data were analyzed in SPSS version 25 software using, and to compare intra-group and inter-group changes in two groups, dependent t-tests and one-way analysis of covariance tests were used, respectively. a confidence level of 0.05 (P<0.05) was considered.

In the corrective exercise group with kinesiotaping, there was a significant improvement in the angle of  kyphosis in the post-test 43 ± 4.67(P<0.001)  ,durability (P<0.001),  and forward head posture in the post-test 44.4 ± 4.8(P<0.001)  ,durability (P<0.001). Similarly, in the corrective exercise group with physioball, there was a significant improvement in the angle of kyphosis in the post-test 42.06 ± 5.17(P<0.001)  ,durability (P<0.001),  and forward head posture in the post-test 43.13 ± 4.24  (P<0.001)  ,durability (P<0.001).  

Considering the significant effect of both exercise programs on improving the angle of kyphos and forward head Posture, it is suggested to all the people who are in some way related to the health of the society to use the results of this research.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is one of the spinal deformities with unknown causes that contributes to 80-85% of scoliosis cases. This study aims to evaluate the effect of an integrative corrective exercise program on the severity of scoliosis in girls with AIS.

This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest/follow-up design. Thirty-two girls (Mean age: 13.97±2.25 years; mean height: 153.97±7.978 cm, mean weight: 52.03±6.23 kg) with AIS (C-shaped thoracic deviation in the frontal plane) participated in the study. They were randomly divided into the exercise and control groups. The Cobb angle was measured by the radiography method. All measurements were performed before, immediately after, and 12 weeks after the exercise. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine within-group differences, and analysis of covariance was used for between-group differences.

The mean Cobb angle at the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases were 15.8, 16.60, and 16.85 degrees in the control group and 16.04, 11.26, and 11.01 degrees in the exercise group, respectively, indicating a significant improvement in the Cobb angle in the exercise group compared to the control group over time (P<0.05); this improvement maintained for 12 weeks.

The integrated corrective exercise program, by using selected exercises, can reduce the degree of Cobb angle in females with AIS. The use of this program is recommended for adolescents.

Postural deformities are more common in individuals with visual impairments than people with normal vision. The aim of the present study was to review the studies which have investigated the postural deformities and the effects of training programs in visually impaired individuals.

Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar Databases for articles published in English language and Medlib, Sid, Noormags, Magiran, and Google scholar for articles published in Persian language as well as the reference lists of the relevant articles were systematically searched. Articles published in English language were searched using combinations of the following keyword groups: (1) posture, mal-alignment, body deformity; and (2) blindness, visual impairment; and (3) corrective exercise and training. The “AND” operator was used between the 2 or the 3 keyword groups, while the “OR” operator was used within each keyword group. The search period covered years from January 2000 to August 2022. The studies having assessed the postural deformities in visually impaired individuals or having investigated the training programs effects on these deformities were included in the study.

Twenty studies regarding the assessment of posture in individuals with visual impairments and nine studies regarding the effects of training programs on posture of these individuals matched the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. The results of reviewed studies supported the hypothesis that the postural deformities are more common in visually impaired individuals than people with normal vision. The postural deformities in head and neck, shoulder girdle, vertebral column, and lower extremities are usually observed in people with blindness or low vision. The results also showed that training programs could have a positive effect on the postural mal-alignments of this population.

The present review indicates that postural deformities (head and neck, shoulder girdle, vertebral column, and lower extremities deformities) are more common in visually impaired people than people without vision impairments. The results also shows the positive effects of training programs on the postural deformities of this population. Nevertheless, more research are needed to be done by employing more precise investigation tools, control group, longer training programs, and a larger sample size consisting of subjects that are all of the same age range, gender, vision impairment levels and onset, and daily physical activity levels.

Background and Aims:

 Nowadays, the musculoskeletal disorders and postural problems due to inappropriate postural habits and uninterrupted repetitive movements are important issues in sports medicine. Recently, the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM)’s corrective exercise protocol has received attention from scholars. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a corrective exercise program based on NASM’s protocol on the forward head angle and cervical joint position sense.

Methods :

This is a quasi-experimental study. Participants were 30 female college students, aged 18-25 years with a forward head angle > 46 degrees, who were randomly divided into two groups of control (N=15, age=20±2 years, height=1.59±3.03 m, weight=58.13±5.08 kg, BMI=22.71±1.41 kg/m2) and exercise (N=15, age= 20.53±1.55 years, height=1.60±0.02 m, weight=60.53±4.10 kg, BMI=23.61±1.20 kg/m2). The exercise group performed corrective exercises for eight weeks, three sessions per week, each for 30-70 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The lateral photography method was used for measuring forward head posture. The cervical joint position sense was assessed using the target angle repositioning error test before and after corrective exercises. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and analysis of covariance. The significance level was set at 0.001.

Results:

 Eight weeks of corrective exercises reduced the forward head angle and target angle repositioning error in the exercise group compared to the control group (P≤0.001).

Conclusion:

 Corrective exercises based on NASM’s protocol seem to reduce the forward head angle and improve the cervical joint position sense. Therefore, correctional treatment specialists and therapists are recommended to use the program to improve the forward head posture and cervical proprioception in women with this postural deformity.

 In previous studies, different results have been reported regarding the effect of corrective exercises on improving scapular dyskinesis and its related symptoms. The present study aims to investigate the effect of eight weeks of selected corrective exercises on strength and range of motion (ROM) of shoulder rotation in male boxers with scapular dyskinesis.

 This is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted on 30 male boxers in Guilan province of Iran including 15 in the control group (age: 24.05±3.80 years; weight: 73.54±5.52 kg; height: 177.18±5.08 cm) and 15 in the exercise group (age: 25.01±4.05 years; weight: 74.14±6.31 kg; height: 176.69±5.14 cm). The boxers in the exercise group performed selected corrective exercises for 8 weeks (strengthening the serratus anterior and middle retractors and stretching the pectoralis minor). Diagnosis and severity of scapular dyskinesis was measured by the lateral scapular slide test. The ROM of shoulder rotation was measured using a manual goniometer, and the shoulder rotation strength was assessed using a manual dynamometer. All tests were performed in pre-test and post-test phases. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-test and analysis of covariance. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The selected corrective exercises had a significant effect on improving scapular dyskinesia and the external rotation strength of the shoulder in the exercise group compared to the control group (P≤0.05), but had no significant effect on improving the internal rotation strength of the shoulder and the ROM of shoulder rotation (P>0.05)

 The selected corrective exercises can improve scapular dyskinesis and increasing the external rotation strength of the shoulder in male boxers with scapular dyskinesis. Therefore, trainers, athletes and therapists can use these exercises to reduce the symptoms related to this disorder and improve performance of boxers with scapular dyskinesis.

Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is one of the most important risk factors for overhead-throwing athletes and adversely affects the biomechanics of the Glenohumeral joint during overhead-throwing motions. The aim of this study was to review all the articles performed in the field on the effect of corrective exercises on pain, function, proprioception, and muscle activity in people with GIRD

Reputable domestic and external electronic databases such as Sid, Magiran, Noormags, Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, Trip Database, and Scopus were searched in all years through relevant keywords. A total of 444 studies were reviewed, of which 7 articles were accepted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria’s. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of selected articles.

2 examined the effect of stretching exercises, 2 examined the effect of rotator cuff exercises, 1 examined the effect of throwing exercises augmented, 1 examined the effect of facial manipulation, and 1 compared the effects of Kinesio Taping and stretching in people with GIRD. The results suggested that corrective exercises were effective in reducing pain and improving function, proprioception, and muscle activity in people with GIRD.

A corrective exercises proposed to improve muscle activity, function, and proprioception and reduce pain in people with GIRD.

Upper Crossed Syndrome (UCS) is a musculoskeletal disorder leading to postural deformities such as forward head posture (FHP), rounded shoulder posture (RSP) and hyper kyphosis. This abnormality has spread among people in the community due to modern lifestyle and excessive use of communication technologies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the eight -week comprehensive corrective exercises carried out in water on forward head, rounded shoulder, and hyper kyphosis as well as pain correction in men with UCS.

In the current randomized controlled clinical trial, The minimum number of samples was determined using G.Power 3.1 sample size estimation software, 30 people. After initial screening 200 students using the posture screen, including a possible drop of 5% in the research process, 34 men with upper crossed syndrome, with mean age of 23 ± 0.80 years, weight 71.61 ± 2.2 kg, height of 171.75 ± 1.24 Cm And body mass index of 23.60 ±.67 Kg / m2), they were purposefully selected. These individuals were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n = 17) and control (n = 17). The case group experienced comprehensive corrective exercises carried out in water for eight weeks and the control group received no intervention during this period. Before and after the intervention, measurements were performed to measure the forward head and rounded shoulder angles by imaging and angular analysis was done by AutoCAD software and kyphosis angle was determined by flexible ruler. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and the significance level was considered 0.05. Paired t-test was used to compare within the group and independent t-test was used to compare the mean differences between the groups.

The results showed that the experimental group had significant improvement in in terms of the kyphosis (P= 0.001), FHP (P=0.001) and RSP (P=0.001).

According to the results, Eight weeks of corrective exercises in the water environment can be significantly effective in reducing the angle of the head forward, round shoulder and hyper kyphosis in people with upper cross syndrome, and it can be recommended to specialists as a treatment.

 Movement impairment is common among overhead athletes and can make them susceptible to shoulder injuries. This study aims to invesigate the effect of an eight-week corrective exercise program based on Sahrmann’s approach on scapulohumeral rhythm, isometric strength of shoulder girdle muscles, and functional stability in volleyball players with scapular downward rotation syndrome (SDRS).

 The is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design. Participants were 34 volleyball players with SDRS who were randomly divided into two equal groups of training (n=17) and control (n=17). Participants were selected based on observance of SDRS under the scapular dyskinesis test (SDT) in both flexion and abduction states, Kibler’s lateral scapula slide test (LSST), and scapulohumeral rhythm assessment. Before exercises, range of motion (ROM), isometric strength of shoulder girdle muscles, scapulohumeral rhythm, and functional stability were evaluated in both groups. Then, the training group performed the corrective exercises for eight weeks, three sessions per week. The control group performed no exercise and had their daily activities. At the end of training, post-test assessments were codncuetd in both groups. For the evaluation of isometric strength and ROM, a manual dynamometer and a goniometer were used, respectively. Scapulohumeral rhythm was measured at 4 positions (0, 45°, 90°, and 135°) with two inclinometers, and the Y-Balance Test Upper Quarter was used to measure the functional stability of the upper extremity. Paired sample t-test was used to compare the pretest and posttest means, and independent t-test was used to compare the differences between the two groups. The significance level was set at 0.05.

After 8 weeks of training program, there were significant increase in the strength of the isometric strength of shoulder external rotaion (P=0.003), upper trapezius (P=0.001), middle trapezius (P=0.027), lower trapezius (P=0.001), and serratus anterior (P=0.002) as well as scapulohumeral rhythm at 0-45° (P=0.012), 45-90° (P= 0.025), and 90-135° (P= 0.037) abduction; the ROM of the shoulder flexion (P=0.002), abduction (P= 0.001), internal rortation (P= 0.001) and external rotaion(P= 0.004); and pectoralis minor muscle length (P= 0.001) compared to pre-test scores in the training group. Moroever, the functional stability of the upper extremity after training program increased significantly in the training group (P=0.001), but the training program had no significant effect on the strength of shoulder internal rotaion (P=0.165), rhomboid muscule strength (P=0.283) and supraspinatus muscule strength (P=0.214). In the post-test phase, between group comparison showed a significant difference in scapularhumeral rhythm, functional stability, ROM, pectoralis minor length, and strength of trapezius, serratus anterior, and strength of shoulder external rotation between the control and training groups (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the strength of supraspinatus and rhomboid muscles and strength of shoulder internal rotation (P>0.05).

 Eight weeks of corrective exercise program based on Sahrmann’s approach can improve the functional stability of the upper etermity, the scapulohumeral rhythm, and isometric strength of shoulder girdle muscles in volleyball players. This exercise protocol is recommended as an effective method to improve alignment and performance in athletes with SDRS.