correlation of data

Stress is an inevitable and important part of being a medical student. Present study explores perceived stress among undergraduate medical students and the correlation of stress with learning strategies and academic performance.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Medical College Kolkata, India. The target population was undergraduate medical students from phase II and III. Participants’ learning strategies was measured using the modified Approaches to Learning Medicine (mALM) questionnaire. The stress level of the students was determined by Perceived stress Scale (PSS 10). Academic performance was measured in terms of percentages scored in the last MBBS examination. Data were analysed using SPSS version 21. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables and measures of central tendency and dispersion was calculated for continuous variables. Differences of mean were tested by independent samples t-test. Correlation was tested by Pearson correlation test.

There were 136 students enrolled in the study; and 129 (94.8%) students scored above 60% in their last MBBS examination. Mean PSS score of the participants was 19.4± 4.17. One hundred and twenty-three (90.4%) students were found to have moderate stress. Deep learning approach was significantly more for MBBS Phase III students (p=0.003). However, perceived stress had no significant correlation with either learning strategy (p=0.916) or academic performance of students (p=0.309).

Perceived stress was found to be high among undergraduate medical students in the present study. However, any particular learning style or academic performance was not found to be associated with stress.

One of the most important components in radiotherapy with external surrogates is utilizing consistent correlation model to estimate tumor location as model output on the basis of external markers motion dataset. In this study, imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) was proposed to process and optimize motion dataset for correlation model. The simplicity of correlation model based on this algorithm may result in less targeting error with the least computational time.
A correlation model based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was utilized with database of 20 patients treated with CyberKnife Synchrony system. In order to assess the effect of proposed data optimization algorithm, two strategies were considered. The correlation model was used with and without implementing ICA. Then, targeting error of ANFIS model was compared at two strategies using statistical analysis.
The results showed that implementing the proposed algorithm on ANFIS model could remarkably improve the performance accuracy of ANFIS correlation model by eliminating unnecessary and noisy inputs and making the model simpler. Moreover, model simplicity factor could highly reduce model computational time, which is attractive for clinical practice.
ICA was proposed as data optimization algorithm on motion dataset of patients treated with external surrogates’ radiotherapy. Our proposed algorithm could highly optimize the input motion dataset of correlation model for estimating tumor position by selecting enough data points with high degree of importance. The final results showed an improvement of targeting accuracy of correlation model, as well as a significant reduction at model computational time.

Globally, stroke is one of the leading causes of deathanddisability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). The red cell distribution width (RDW) is a readily available and inexpensive test which is done routinely as a part of complete blood countin these patients.

In this study, we tried to correlate the RDW with severity of acute ischemic stroke(AIS).

Patients presenting to emergencydepartment (ED)within 24 hours of the onset of clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of AIS were assessed for Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score followed by non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) scan. RDW value for all the patients who were included in the study were co-related with the severity of the stroke.

The median (IQR) RDW in the patients with minor stroke on the basis of GCS was 13.5 (13.3-13.5), moderate stroke was 13.8 (13.5-14.4) and with severe stroke was 15.4 (15.1-15.6) (p < 0.001). The median (IQR) RDW in the patients with minor stroke on the basis of NIHSS score was 13.4 (13.2 –13.6), moderate stroke was 13.8 (13.5-14.3), and moderate to severe stroke was 14.7 (14.5-15.3) and with severe stroke was 15.5 (15.1-15.7) (p < 0.001). The median RDW in patients who were alive was 13.8 (13.5 -15.1) and in patients who expired was 15.5 (14.5 -15.7) (p = 0.048).

Based on the findings of this study,RDWindex has statistically significant correlation with the severity of AIS. So it can potentially be an important parameter to predict the prognosis of AIS patients.

Electrolyte disorder is a prevalent complication in multiple trauma patients; nevertheless, the role of chloride has been rarely addressed in literature when evaluating serum electrolytes.

The present study was conducted to determine the correlation between serum chloride changes and hospital mortality in multiple trauma patients.

The present cross-sectional study measured serum chloride levels in 100 multiple trauma patients upon their admission to the emergency department and 24 hours later. All these patients were followed up in terms of hospital mortality using their medical records. Exact logistic regression was used to measure the effects of independent variables on hospital mortality in the patients.

Hospital mortality was found to be 15 (15%), and the mean serum chloride level to be 106.37±4.53 mmol/l upon admission and 112.18±6.16 mmol/l 24 hours later. Although the univariate analysis suggested that serum chloride levels were independently associated with mortality 24 hours after admission (P=0.005), this correlation was insignificant in the multivariate analysis.

The present study rejected the hypothesis suggesting the potential role of serum chloride levels in predicting hospital mortality in multiple trauma patients.

The importance of continuous monitoring along with rapid and accurate notification of changes in blood components such as hemoglobin concentration, especially in acute situations, encourages researchers to use non-invasive methods for measuring.

This study was aimed to investigate the correlation between hemoglobin concentration and photoplethysmogram (PPG) and the possibility of measuring it by an optical method.

In this applied study, a PPG signal was simultaneously recorded at four different wavelengths for thirty subjects who were referred to the laboratory for a hemoglobin concentration test. After calibrating the special recording probe with a standard pulse oximeter system and applying the required preprocessing on the obtained signals, the peak-to-peak value of PPG signals was extracted. Finally, the correlation between the peak-to-peak value of the signal at a certain wavelength and hemoglobin concentration was analyzed using Spearman and Pearson correlation for determining the process of changes in the data.

The results demonstrated that based on the normal distribution of data at 590 nm wavelength, there is a significantly negative correlation between a function of the signal peak slope and the hemoglobin concentration, with a Pearson coefficient of -0.787 (p<0.01). In addition, the investigation of rank correlation indicated a significantly negative correlation of -0.842 (p<0.01) using Spearman correlation analysis.

Considering the high correlation between hemoglobin concentration and PPG signal characteristics, optical methods can be used to develop a rapid, precise, clean and inexpensive method to measure hemoglobin concentration.

All the trauma scoring systems (TSSs) have some limitations, and none is useful for patient monitoring. Recently, investigators have tried to modify the TSSs to improve their use.

This study was conducted to determine whether any correlation exists between dysoxia metabolism markers (DMMs), including venous base deficit (BD) and HCO3 level with different TSSs.

In this cross‑sectional study, all multiple trauma patients admitted to the emergency department were eligible. Blood samples for venous blood gas analysis were taken at the onset of resuscitation process. TSSs, including trauma index (TI), abbreviated injury score (AIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and Trauma Score‑ISS (TRISS), were calculated for the patients. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test was applied to find the association between the independent variables.

A total of 285 patients with a mean age of 33.37 ± 15.29 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of which, 211 cases (74.0%) were male. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a correlation between TI and HCO3 level (P = 0.0001, r = −0.37) and also TI and BD (P = 0.0001, r = −0.47). Furthermore, there was an indirect correlation between AIS and ISS with HCO3 and BD levels and the direct correlation between RTS and TRISS with HCO3 and BD levels.

It is likely that there is a statistical correlation, although weak, between TSSs with DMMs, including HCO3 and BD level.

Early diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is crucial in clinical medicine. Many para-clinical measurements are used to diagnose PTE. The present study was conducted to evaluate platelet indices in terms of diagnosing PTE. The present case-control study was conducted between September 2015 and September 2016 with 173 patients suspected of PTE in the emergency wards of Shahid Madani Hospital and Imam Reza Hospital affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The patients’ platelet indices were checked upon admission and they were evaluated in terms of diagnosing PTE. Platelet indices included mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit (PL-CR). PTE was diagnosed in 125 out of the 173 patients. Platelet indices were also compared between two groups. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in term of demographic variables (P>0.05). MPV was found to be 10.38±8.59 in the case group and 9.46±1.11 in the controls (P˃0.05). PDW was also found to be 12.86±5.57 in the case group and 12.32±2.48 in the controls (P>0.05). Moreover, PL-CR was found to be 22.59±7.32 in the case group and 21.97±8.16 in the controls (P>0.05). According to the obtained results, platelet indices do not increase in PTE. They cannot be therefore used to diagnose PTE in suspected patients.

The aim of this study was to compare the Persian version of the wechsler intelligence scale for children - fourth edition (WISC-IV) and cognitive assessment system (CAS) tests, to determine the correlation between their scales and to evaluate the probable concurrent validity of these tests in patients with learning disorders. One-hundered-sixty-two children with learning disorder who were presented at Atieh Comprehensive Psychiatry Center were selected in a consecutive non-randomized order. All of the patients were assessed based on WISC-IV and CAS scores questionnaires. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the data and to assess the concurrent validity of the two tests. Linear regression was used for statistical modeling. The type one error was considered 5% in maximum. There was a strong correlation between total score of WISC-IV test and total score of CAS test in the patients (r=0.75, P<0.001). The correlations among the other scales were mostly high and all of them were statistically significant (P<0.001). A linear regression model was obtained (α=0.51, β=0.81 and P<0.001). There is an acceptable correlation between the WISC-IV scales and CAS test in children with learning disorders. A concurrent validity is established between the two tests and their scales.