Mechanism of antibacterial action and toxicity of metallic nanoparticles

Today, nanoparticles with the development of nanotechnology and its applications in various industries are highly regarded. These compounds are available in a variety of natural and chemically modified species. Due to unique features such as high surface to volume ratio, special surface area, creating quantum effects, increased reactivity of the surface and its specific chemical and physical properties have been developed as antimicrobial agents. Nanoparticles reacted with thiol group (-SH) protein, reduce membrane permeability, the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from the cell membrane, DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, changes in gene expression and cellular morphology change that ultimately lead to cell death. By choosing the right combination of two nanoparticles together, we can be used to expand the scope of performance, reduced toxicity and effectiveness. On the other hand, along with the many benefits and applications of nanoparticles, the results of toxicological studies of these compounds in the environment can cause risks for people and other organisms. Nanoparticle penetration in the brain, effects on the central nervous system and blood circulation system, Chromosomal disorders, delay in coming out of eggs, changes in the composition of microbial populations, inhibition of photosynthesis and reduced root growth are examples of the environmental impacts of these compounds. According to research done in this area and the concerns of the results of available studies, firstly, training should be given to people who work with these compounds, second choice for safe disposal of these compounds thought and reused if recycled. To be able to produce green combinations (biocompatible) in order to maintain and sustain the environment.