edris hoseinzadeh

  This study aimed to investigate students' satisfaction with their field of study and the related factors at Saveh University of Medical Sciences.

A descriptive and analytical study was conducted among students from various medical sciences disciplines at Saveh University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Participants were selected using stratified random sampling from all fields of study and entrance examinations. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire on general health and a field satisfaction questionnaire developed by researchers. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, mode, etc.) and inferential statistics (Spearman correlation coefficient and independent t-test) were employed for data analysis.

The mean score for satisfaction with the field of study was 57.1, indicating an average level of satisfaction. Mental health, with a mean score of 87.7, reflected mild disorder. There was no significant relationship between students' satisfaction and their mental health (p = 0.855); however, a positive relationship was found between academic satisfaction and students' degree programs (p = 0.012). 

Given the findings regarding the relationship between academic satisfaction and students' mental health, as well as their academic progress, it is essential to enhance advisor support at universities. Consideration of student demographics and recruitment processes is also crucial. Furthermore, fostering mentorship and encouraging family engagement with the educational system will benefit students during their academic journeys.

 This research addresses gaps in waste management practices and promotes sustainable waste management initiatives at the university level.

 This study investigates the factors influencing source separation intention to improve waste management at Saveh University of Medical Sciences. A total of 130 questionnaires, consisting of 11 multipart questions, were distributed to students through face-to-face interviews using simple random sampling. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (IBM Corporation, USA). Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted, Qualitative indices were presented as percentages, while quantitative indices were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Data analysis was performed using Student’s t-test, correlation coefficient, and Fisher’s exact test. The significance level for all statistical tests was set at 0.05. The questionnaire’s validity was assessed through face validity, and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, which yielded a value of 0.884.

 The results of the current study indicate that a majority of students at Saveh University of Medical Sciences are willing to participate in source separation of waste, as reflected by a mean score of 7.58 out of 9. However, the study identified several barriers to effective implementation, including insufficient awareness (mean score of 4.92 out of 9), inadequate planning within the university (mean score of 2.48 out of 9), and a lack of official activities to educate students about source separation (mean score of 2.37 out of 9). To address these challenges, participating students suggested organizing exhibitions of recyclable products at the university level (mean score of 6.16 out of 9) as an effective method for communication and education. In addition, the study found a statistically significant relationship between participants’ awareness of source separation and their level of participation, with a P = 0.01 and a correlation coefficient of 0.24. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing awareness and educational initiatives to improve student engagement in waste separation practices.

 Students’ trust in university management regarding source separation is low, primarily due to insufficient education and a lack of visible commitment. To address this issue, the university should prioritize awareness campaigns, emphasize the importance of environmental preservation, and highlight the impact of even small individual actions. Implementing these measures can significantly enhance student participation in waste separation programs.

Due to the advantages of organic metal hybrids in the destruction of various environmental pollutants, the aim of this study is to modify the structure of the carbon substrate and improve the properties of organic metal hybrids in order to photocatalytically destroy organophosphorus toxins (malathion) and the antibiotic tetracycline.

In this research, an easy and effective ultrasonic method was used to synthesize carbon-based metal oxide / graphene oxide / metal organic framework (UiO-66) nanocomposite and various metal oxides including zinx oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide and cobalt oxide in nanocomposite structure were used to compare their photocatalytic activity. The products were identified by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity of synthetic nanocomposites was investigated by degradation of tetracycline and malathion under visible light.

The results showed that the presence of graphene oxide and UiO-66 improved the photocatalytic properties of metal oxide and the removal efficiency increased to 100%. In this study, the effect of metal oxide, dosage of metal oxide / graphene, initial pH of the solution and the presence of various scavengers on photocatalytic properties was investigated. Using LC-MASS analyzes, the formed intermediates during degradation of pollutants were identified.

The results showed that metal oxide / graphene oxide / UiO-66 has the highest efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of organophosphorus toxins (malathion) and the antibiotic tetracyclin

The mission of universities is to respond to the needs and expectations of the society and their students. This study aimed to assess the level of satisfaction with educational and research processes in students of Saveh University of Medical Sciences (SUMS). 

This descriptive-analytical study with cross-sectional design was conducted on 80 SUMS students in the academic year 2022-2023. A researcher-made questionnaire with 71 items and 9 domains was used to measure student satisfaction with various aspects of educational services. Obtained data were analyzed in SPSS v.22 software using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage), Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The significant level was set at 0.05 for all tests.

The mean age of the students was 21.28±3.12 years. Among participants, 64% (n=73) were female. The duration of study at the university for 34.2% of the studied students was less than one year; for 28.1%, 1-3 years, and for the rest was more than 3 years (37.7%). Overall satisfaction with educational processes in all areas was at a high level, except for “practical and experimental courses”, “student evaluation”, and “research workshops”. The Mann-Whitney U test results showed a significant difference in the level of satisfaction with the services provided by the Office of Academic Affairs process based on gender (P=0.038). The Kruskal-Wallis test results showed a significant difference in the level of satisfaction with “counseling and guidance of advisors” (P=0.04), “student evaluation” (P=0.009), “library” (P=0.001), and “internship and apprenticeship” (P=0.003) based on the fields of study.

The “student evaluation”, “practical and experimental courses”, “internship and apprenticeship” and “research workshops” at SUMS need to be improved.

The increase in population growth, industries and living standards have caused an increasing need for drinking water in many countries. The reuse of treated water and wastewater is one of the most important options to deal with water shortage. To ensure the correctness of this work, it is necessary that the health risk assessment be reassessed during use so that consumers do not face serious problems. In this regard, the assessment of health risks assessment for the water recovered from the backwashing wastewater of the Saveh water treatment plant was investigated.

To reuse the backwash wastewater from the Saveh water treatment plant, the processes of primary sedimentation and coagulation (in the form of a test jar) were investigated. Metals and heavy metals like iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) were examined to evaluate health risks. The initial settling time was 1 hour, the coagulant used was FeCl3 made in Iran, and heavy metal contents were also measured with an Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device.

The value of HRIs for Al, Fe, As, Pb and Cd in the treated spent filter backwash water (SFBW) with primary sedimentation and coagulation was less than “1” and indicates the absence of risk.

The treated backwash wastewater treated with primary sedimentation and coagulation processes as well as raw water of the Saveh have no harmful effects in terms of heavy metals, and its reuse will not pose a risk to the health of the consumer.

This study aimed to evaluate the status of antiphospholipid antibodies (APL) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. This case-control study was conducted at Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences from 2020 to 2022. Participants were divided into two groups: COVID-19 (n=35 recovered cases) and non-COVID-19 (n=34). The study assessed anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) including IgM, IgG, and antibodies against β2-glycoprotein (anti-B2GPI). Additionally, the lupus anticoagulant (LAC) test was conducted on patients not using anticoagulant medications. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed for ACA and anti-B2GPI testing, while the LAC test was conducted using a fully automated coagulometer. The mean LAC among participants was 33.8 ± 7.53s for females and 36.39 ± 5.54s for males. Results of antibody tests indicated that ACA IgM was positive in 2 out of 33 cases, with none in the non-recovered COVID-19 and COVID-19 patients (P value = 0.15). Furthermore, the LAC test showed positive results in 5 and 2 patients in the case and control groups, respectively (P value = 0.26). Correlation analyses of LAC with other antibodies revealed no significant associations for non-COVID-19 patients, while a significant association was observed between LAC and β2GPI IgG and ACA IgG (r = 0.52; P <0.001 and r = 0.51; P <0.001, respectively). Negative correlations were found between LAC and ACA IgM and hospitalization in the case group (r = -0.22 and r = -0.04, respectively). For the control group, negative correlations were observed between LAC and β2GPI IgM, ACA IgG, and ACA IgM (r = -0.25, r = -0.03, and r = -0.03, respectively). Additionally, Anti-β2GPI IgG and anti-β2GPI IgM tests were positive in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups (two positives in total) (P value = 0.98 vs P value = 0.31). We recommend routine testing for aPL antibodies in recovered COVID-19 patients to assess their normal condition. Our findings suggest that APS antibodies in COVID-19 patients can serve as a negative prognostic indicator, guiding decisions on the need for intensive care based on antibody levels.

This study assessed the effect of various agitation timings on bioethanol production from cassava peels (CP) using separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF) technique.

The milled CP was divided into three groups each of 20 g and subjected to two-stage hydrolysis carried out at 100 oC for 60 min and 50 minutes, respectively. Experimental layouts were Sample 1 (B1) [0 hours i.e., no shaking], Sample 2 (B2) [3 hours shaking with an electric shaker at 200 rev/min-1], and Sample 3 (B3) [6 hours shaking at 200 rev/min-1]. Fermentations were carried out at 30 oC for 72 days. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one–way ANOVA, and New Duncan’s multiple range test at P = 0.05.

The TSS and pH readings of the treatment groups before and after fermentation were: B1 – TSS (27.15 ± 0.15, 17.25 ± 0.07 oBx), pH (5.50 ± 0.00, 4.53 ± 0.04); B2 – TSS (27.32 ± 0.08, 14.78 ± 0.12 oBx), pH (5.50 ± 0.00, 4.74 ± 0.06); and B3 – TSS (27.17 ± 0.07, 10.24 ± 0.08 oBx), pH (5.50 ± 0.00, 4.77 ± 0.05) (P < 0.05). The mean fermentation efficiency (FE) and ethanol productivity (EP) were B1 (15.17 ± 0.07%, 0.122 ± 0.001 gL-1h-1), B2 (15.70 ± 0.18%, 0.126 ± 0.002 gL-1h-1), and B3 (18.80 ± 0.14%, 0.151 ± 0.001 gL-1h-1) (P < 0.05). All treatment groups attained the maximum ethanol yields at 72 hours of fermentation (P < 0.05). Agitation at 200 rev/min-1 for 6 hours gave the optimal FE (%), EP, and ethanol yield.

The established condition improved the Bioethanol quality and yield of CP. Thus, optimizing bioethanol production from CP would help enhance sustainable biofuel production without affecting food security.

In recent years, resistance to antibiotics and the emergence of different strains of resistant bacteria have been of grave concern to the World Health Organization and all those working in the field of health. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and pattern of bacterial antibiotic resistance in blood culture samples of hospitalized patients in Besat Hospital in Hamadan.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 10 years on all patients referred to Besat hospital in Hamadan with sepsis symptoms.

In this study, 1790 patients with positive blood culture were studied. The mean age of the patients was 24.81 years. 58.9% of the subjects with positive blood cultures were male. The majority of patients (38.4%) were hospitalized in the ICU. 48.8% of gram-negative bacteria and 49.1%-gram positive were reported. The most common isolated bacteria were staph aureus, Escherichia coli, Epidermidis staph. The highest resistance was to cefixime (70.6%) and cefpodoxime (67.5%) and the highest susceptibility to vancomycin (98.5%), piperacillin tazobactam (71.7%) and meropenem (70%).

The resistance of bacteria to available antibiotics in Besat Hospital in Hamadan is considerable and worrying and shows a serious risk of antibiotic resistance in Hamadan city, so it shows the necessity of serious interventions and reviewing the prescribing and consumption of antibiotics.

Lighting affects humans in many ways, including intelligence, body temperature, and sleep patterns. This study aimed to evaluate lighting satisfaction, mental task load, visual fatigue, and sleep quality in students. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 students of Saveh Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran, in 2020. The data of their levels of lighting satisfaction, mental task level, visual fatigue, and sleep quality were collected using standard questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS Software version 21. The quantitative variables were reported in mean and standard deviation and qualitative variables in frequency and percentage. A chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables. In addition, the independent t-test was applied to compare the sleepiness score according to the relevant variables and the Pearson correlation test was utilized to investigate the relationship between sleepiness and sleep quality scores. The significance level was less than 0.05 for all statistical tests. The results indicated that the students’ satisfaction scores with current lighting were indifference. Visual fatigue was low, and sleepiness was mild. The students' subjective task load and sleep quality were moderate and low. There was a significant inverse relationship between visual fatigue and lighting satisfaction (P < 0.001). In addition, visual fatigue and task load had a significant direct relationship (P < 0.001). The average number of hours of sleep per night was 6.72 hours for students, which was less than the normal recommended amount. The average sleep quality was 11.06, which was low in the population. According to the results, the students’ mental task load and sleep quality were medium and low. It seems necessary to pause and rest between training, increase the variety of educational activities, appropriate training, and lighting intervention.

Antibiotics are emerging contaminants that enter in to the human environment (water, soil, and food) via pharmaceutical and hospital wastewater. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic removal methods from wastewater in order to comparing and describe various methods.

  Due to the lack of adequate and enough information on the side effects of antibiotics in the environment, various articles were searched using scientific search engines and data base, such as Google scholar, Pubmed, SID, Elsevier, Springer and the WHO web site which collected with key words of removal methods, antibiotics, water and wastewater.

Physical, biological and chemical oxidation methods have been employed for antibiotics removal. Combined methods with some of the above methods, are also being developed. The physico-chemical methods are ozonation, proxone, photocatalytic reactors. Physical processes include zeolite adsorption, activated carbon, and membrane processes which are more useful due to the lack of formation of by-products and free radicals. Biological methods, including various anaerobic and aerobic methods utilize microorganism for removal of pharmaceuticals. Electrochemical, nanotechnology and other combinational methods can be mentioned. Biological methods Due to antibiotic damage on the water and wastewater treatment system, toxic effects on the microbial species and chemical oxidation method due to high costs and complexity are not recommended.

In general, the use of advanced water and wastewater treatment methods, as well as combination methods such as electrochemical, bio-electrochemical systems and advanced oxidation with biological degradation or adsorption, have a better efficiency for the removal of antibiotics, that requiring further testing and application in large scale.

One of biological wastewater treatment methods that utilizes to both digesting waste activated sludge and methane production is anaerobic digestion (AD). It is believed to be most effective solution in terms of energy crisis and environmental pollution issues.

In this study the sludge was digested anaerobically sampled from a full-scale WWTP, located at south of Tehran, Iran for evaluation. To study the microbial community within the sludge the MiSeq Sequencing method utilized. Based on our field data and microbial community data, a schematic diagram of probable leading pathways was made in the studied digester.

At first, the community variety in the bulk sludge and richness were enhanced followed by loading increasing. Meanwhile, the loading change enhanced the community richness and variety of the sludge. By comparing the rank-abundance distributions, a shallow gradient would show high evenness since the abundances of diverse species are alike. The results showed all the communities were extremely diverse and 15 phyla were distinguished in the sludge sample. The dominant phyla of the community were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and quantity of the two phyla were 21% and 11%, respectively. Anaerobaculum, Acinetobacter, Syntrophomonas, and Coprothermobacter were the chief genera for the microbial communities and the sum of four genera were 7%, 3%, 3%, and 2%, respectively.

It was shown that syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacterias (SAOBs) metabolized acetate through hydrogen trophic methanogenesis in the digester. Generally, the findings may be useful to help the wastewater operators to utilize an effective method that able to treat waste sludge plus methane production, simultaneously.

the aim of this study was to determine the quantity and quality of indoor and outdoor air fungus bioaerosols in Khorramabad day care child centers.

A total of 180 air samples were collected from 10 centers in 2018. The samples included 7 indoor and 2 outdoor sampling points. The total number of children was 580. Sampling of fungal bioaerosols was performed by the ZEFON pump (ZEFON factory, USA) with a flow rate of 28.3 L/min. The Sabouraud Dextrose Agar containing chloramphenicol was used as the culture medium. Relative humidity and temperature were measured by a Hygro-Thermometer (TES-1360A- Taiwan-made Humidity and temperature meter).

The results showed that 96.1 % of the samples were positive and had grown colonies. The highest amount of fungal agents in the indoor air and outdoor air were 175.58 CFU/m3 and 274.56 CFU/m3 in May, while the lowest rates were 3.4 CFU/m3 and 7.8 CFU/m3 in July, respectively. Aspergillus niger and Mucor were the most highly abundant fungus genera, while Fusarium was the lowest one. In all samples, the I/O (indoor/outdoor) ratio was more than 1; so, fungal bioaerosols in indoor environments were dominant than the outdoor fungal bioaerosols. The relationship of fungal bioaerosols with RH and T)°C( was significant (P-value = 0.001).

Generally, the amount of contamination is considerable in the studied day care child centers. Therefore, ventilation modification is recommended by a purifier filter. Moreover, the ventilation conditions and favorable air standards should be monitored continuously by supervisory authorities.

High concentration of inhalable airborne particles can increase the risk of lung disease in exposed people. This study aimed to determine the respirable particulate matter (PM5) concentration in traditional bakeries of Saveh in 2020.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 25 bakeries where the samples were collected by cyclone and teflon filter equipped by air sampling pump. Later, the respirable particulate matter concentration was measured using gravimetric method. The collected PM5 was scanned using a FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) with regard to flour dust. In addition, size and shape of the collected PM5 were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Findings showed that the Lavash bakery had the highest PM5 concentration (9.15 mg/m3) in comparison with two other bakeries (Sangak and Barbari). However, an inverse relationship was observed between RH and particle concentration. In addition, the results demonstrated that increasing RH decreased the particle concentration, but the relationship was not significant(P = 0.052, Spearmanchr('39')s rho = -0.393). Furthermore, Lavash bakery had the lowest average size of PM5 (0.63 ± 0.32 μm). However, the FTIR scans confirmed that the flour dust had the predominant amount of PM5.

Based on the findings, the density of respirable PM5 has a high level in Saveh bakeries and workers  are exposed to high levels of PM.

In almost all developed and developing countries, ATMs, as a very convenient tool for banking services, are widely used. As ATMs are among the equipment consuming a large number of papers, the present study was done to determine the amount of paper consumption from Saveh ATMs Banking Systems in 2020.

In this cross-sectional study, all of the banks and a number of Saveh ATMs are studied by capitation sampling method. In this regard, the required data for each bank is collected by using a research-made checklist. Furthermore, type and rate of paper consumption for each bank ATM collected. The obtained data, then, is managed by Excel software and is presented by using suitable statistics indices.

The obtained results show that Melli and Saderat banks have the most numbers of ATMs devices in Saveh.  According to the results, the average paper production weight was 76.5 g for each ATM system per day. The highest transaction rates obtained during 10-13 and 20-21 o’clock in which the paper consumption rate for the former.  In addition, the most paper consumption was on Saturday, Sunday, and Tuesday of August, February, and March.

Based on the results, the consumption rate of ATM paper is remarkably high; therefore, it can be considerable issue environmentally and economically.

In order to properly grow the body, the production of thyroxin hormones and Etc. are highly dependent on iodine level. This study was conducted to measure the iodine level in edible salts consumed by food supply centers and training operators to evaluate their performance. This semi-experimental study was carried out in Qom city during the period of 2017-18 and the results were compared with the standards of the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Available data were managed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS v.16. Of the 6770 Idiometric measurements, 93% of the edible salts were refined iodized. The iodine level was in acceptable range (30-50 ppm) for 91% of samples, while 2% of samples had higher iodine content than the acceptable level (50 ppm). Statistically, there was a significant relationship between age (P˂0.021), gender (P˂0.037) and education vendors (P˂0.001) and the level of knowledge of the trained operators for packaging type (P˂001), salt prices (P˂0.001) and storage conditions (P˂0.031) topics and also, a significant relationship found between the supervision of health authorities on expiry date (P˂0.003) and fraud checking (P˂0.020) and as well as training showed a significant value on practice of the instructors (P˂0.001). According to the results, 93% of edible salts, were refined iodized. Therefore, the success of the salt iodizing program requires increasing the awareness of the operators and monitoring them continuously.

Field hospitals (FH) can be mobile or fixed. The main goal of FHs is providing health care and preventing injuries caused by disasters or providing emergency medical operations. However, preparing a safe and fast-erupting structure and facility is very important.

In this systematic review study, field hospitals are reviewed.

In the present study, a systematic reviewwas performed following the PRISMA guideline. To identify the articles, MEDLINE, web of science, Google scholar, PubMed, Persian journals and databases were searched to find related papers.

After full text screening as the final screening step, 20 papers were entered in the study. Findings showed that structures used for establishing a FH are usually tents, using vehicles (trucks and buses), pre-fabricated steel, and concrete structures. The FHs were used for war and earthquake disasters. Conex, tent, steel, and concrete structure are the most used structures for FH in wars, while tents are the most common structure used for natural disasters.

The present study reviewed available reports on FH to collect useful data that should be focused on establishment of an FH suitable for a disaster. Furthermore, this study provides a list of the most important indexes that must be considered in proposing a type of FH. Tent structure was the most common structure for the establishment of FHs.

Today, nanoparticles with the development of nanotechnology and its applications in various industries are highly regarded. These compounds are available in a variety of natural and chemically modified species. Due to unique features such as high surface to volume ratio, special surface area, creating quantum effects, increased reactivity of the surface and its specific chemical and physical properties have been developed as antimicrobial agents. Nanoparticles reacted with thiol group (-SH) protein, reduce membrane permeability, the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from the cell membrane, DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, changes in gene expression and cellular morphology change that ultimately lead to cell death. By choosing the right combination of two nanoparticles together, we can be used to expand the scope of performance, reduced toxicity and effectiveness. On the other hand, along with the many benefits and applications of nanoparticles, the results of toxicological studies of these compounds in the environment can cause risks for people and other organisms. Nanoparticle penetration in the brain, effects on the central nervous system and blood circulation system, Chromosomal disorders, delay in coming out of eggs, changes in the composition of microbial populations, inhibition of photosynthesis and reduced root growth are examples of the environmental impacts of these compounds. According to research done in this area and the concerns of the results of available studies, firstly, training should be given to people who work with these compounds, second choice for safe disposal of these compounds thought and reused if recycled. To be able to produce green combinations (biocompatible) in order to maintain and sustain the environment.

Head lice infestations or Pediculosis cases reported each year amond primary school students and sometimes dormitory students of all socioeconomic statuses. Available reports show each year about 6 to 12 million children infestated by Head lice in the United States that is considerable populations.
As the head lice infestations occurs in Irans as same as other countries, updating of the knowledge of pediculosis, diagnosis methods and effective treatment is essential. However, our aim to present an ove review on available treatment methods for pediclusis that proved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration. We found these informations useful to be presented to patients or students to ptomote and update their information.

Bed bugs that are wingless hematophagous ectoparasites from approximately 65 million years ago co-existed with human. Based on current information as the bed bugs have not sylvatic cycles, so do not transmit diseases. The incidence of bed bugs was highest until World War II, but by using synthetic chemical insecticides, such as DDT and Malathion, they reduced and controlled. Available global reports show a resurgence in bed bug populations during the past 15 years. Also, many reports show influenced population knowing little or nothing about bed bugs. We found bed bug prevalence in Iran especially in public places such as dorms, hotels and etc. We tried to provide a mini review on the epidemiology, life cycle, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment methods of bed bugs.

The Electrochemical process has high performance efficiency in nitrate removal. And the process may change the values of the residual chlorine dosages, hardness and alkalinity alongside nitrate removal. In this study, the changes of these parameters during the electrochemical denitrification process were studied.
This experimental study was performed on synthetic wastewater in a reactor with an effective capacity of 3.5 L having carbon cloth and stainless steel mesh electrodes and powered by direct current (DC). The initial nitrate concentration was fixed in range of 50-150 mg/L in experiments. Moreover, the impacts of applied current density (5-60 mA), NaCL dosage (0.5-2 g/L) and initial pH (4, 7 and 9) on the changing free residual chlorine, hardness and alkalinity over the electrochemical denitrification process were studied.
A relative decline was observed in the levels of alkalinity and calcium hardness by the contact time of 60 min with increasing NaCl dosage. The amounts of all parameters leveled off with rising contact time. Free residual chlorine was detected at 2 g/L of NaCL dosage and initial PHS of 7 and 9. In pH of 9, residual chlorine decreased to zero by increasing contact time from 60 to 120 min, while, in pH of 4, residual chlorine was generated after 40 min of contact time. The residual chlorine at the end of the electrochemical denitrification was achieved only at the initial pH of 9 without NaCl addition.
According to the obtained results, the proposed electrochemical denitrification process can remove nitrates, while other water quality parameters such as hardness and alkalinity remain approximately unchanged. Therefore, by this process the selective removal of nitrate can be achieved.

Liquid wastes such as wastewater are the main way of pollutants entrance to environment. Espe-cially in developing countries. Municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater contain easy biodegradable organic matter, organic and inorganic chemical substances, toxic and pathogens discharge into aqueous environments (lakes, rivers, oceans). There are wide ranges of treatment systems that can be used to treat wastewater. The conventional wastewater treatment systems have some weakness such as high capital cost, high energy consumption, need to expert operation and sludge disposal, while natural wastewater treatment methods because of low energy consump-tion, environmental friendly, easy operation etc., are considerable to use. Constructed wetlands is one of successful natural wastewater treatment system. Constructed wetlands is an artificial wetland created for the purpose of treating municipal or industrial wastewater, greywater or stormwater runoff. Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wet-lands are a class of wide use constructed wetlands. This class of wetlands is able to treat both municipal and industrial wastewater successfully. In this paper we tried to describe this class of wetlands, the components, treatment mech-anisms, efficiency of worldwide operating examples, advantages and limitation, as well as the carried out research with this treatment system. The review of literatures showed horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands can be efficient and trustworthy system to treat municipal and industrial wastewater naturally.

Ibuprofen (Ibu) is an over use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that present in the environment and has been detected in many water sources and in wastewater. An evaluation done by the World Health Organization (WHO) showed Ibu can be one of endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). One of most common contaminant in ground water is nitrate, too. Nitrate in groundwater may be caused by point sources such as sewage disposal systems and domestic animal facilities, non-point sources such as fertilizers, decomposing plants, parks, golf courses, lawns, atmospheric deposition and gardens, or naturally occurring sources of nitrogen. Excess nitrate in drinking water may cause methemoglobinaemia also called a blue-baby disease, in new-born infants. At present study, we tried to present how nitrate can be reduced in presence of Ibu as a pharmaceutical in bioelectrical reactors (BER). In this way related litrattures and mechanism reviewed and discussed.

Health impact assessment (HIA) is used for identification activities and policies that have significant effects on human health. In addition to large projects and plans, it could be contain different fields. The aim of present study was to do a systematic review on available performed HIAs in Iran to express position and pathway which HIA has been passed.
This study is a systematic review which tried to collect all information from scientific databases. We used both English and Persian databases to find any document.
Total obtained items were 181 documents which related items with our topics were 95. The number of items in air pollution, occupational cases, petrochemical, noise pollution, urban subjects, health, principles of HIA, and other fields were 48, 7, 2, 2, 9, 3,14 and10, respectively.
Health Impact Assessment (HIA) has been required for large development projects by the fifth development plan, however, there is a need to HIA by another fields such as air pollution and urban subjects as they have effects on human health. Presenting such assessment before presentation national health standards requirement of Iran indicates this fact. Thus, we expect from politicians and decision makers to address these issues and apply HIA by other fields alongside assessment of national development projects and plans. By doing so, we can bridge the gap between knowledge and action which may result in health promotion in the society.

Water wells is one of the most important water resources to supply water for village and town areas. Aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of domestic water wells there are in villages located in Rumeshgan.
This cross-sectional study was performed in 2014-2015. Sampling was performed using sterile sampling bottles. The MPN (most probable number of coliform/100mL) and standard IMVIC test utilized as microbiological indices to evaluate water quality. Sampling and sample transportation and sample analysis were done according to water and wastewater standard methods.
Based on obtained results positive samples were as following: 27 samples with E. coli¡ 24 samples with klebsiella pneumoniae ¡ 24 samples with klebsiella oxytoca¡ 21 samples with Enterobacter bacteria¡ 36 samples with citrobacter freundii¡ 34 samples with citrobacter koseri and only 3 samples were free of microbial contamination. The pH value for all samples was in standard range. The mean value of water conductivity for studied wells was 951 µS/cm.
The results of the study showed that the level of water contamination in sudied domestic water wells was very high. Therefore¡ using and drinking water from domestic water wells can pose a great threat and risk of waterborne epidemics by bacterial pathogens. Water supplying authorities should consider suitable disinfection¡ education and monitoring of water quality for the provision of contamination free drinking water to prevent waterborne disease outbreaks.

Mechanizing and optimizing the solid waste collection and transportation systems can be af-fected on the environmental effects and handling costs. To reduce the adverse effects and to optimize the solid waste management, it is necessary the existing system such as Noorabad solid waste collection systems be evaluated and better condition be suggested.
This study was conducted in the North West of Lorestan province, Noorabad. Some part of data was obtained from field studies. Real-time data was collected from existing routes in the city using a stop-watch. By mathematical and software (Excell), collected data were analyzed. Then, according to the local information such as population density, waste generation capita, routes and also the application of mathe-matical relationships, the optimum routing vehicle was designed.
Referring to results, the optimize way was selected and the results showed the vehicle costs and shift workers have been reduced about 25 and 50%, respectively. The result of present study is suggested that the 78 storage tanks with a volume about 550 and 660 liter for residential and commercial areas.
Based on the results of present work, it can be asserted that where are the optimum rout of collection system regarding to reduce the handling costs and time and higher level of servicing.