مجله تولید و فرآوری محصولات زراعی و باغی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1393)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of nitrogen and irrigation on yield and yield components of safflower. Three nitrogen rates (0, 50 and 100 kg ha-1) under three irrigation levels (100% as control; 80% as mild limited irrigation, and 60% of crop water requirement as severe limited irrigation) were investigated using a factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Nitrogen application led to a significant increase in leaf chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency, leaf relative water content, leaf proline content, leaf area index, shoot dry weight,, number of buttons per plant, number of grains per button, grain weight, grain yield, harvest index and water use efficiency. Photochemical efficiency, leaf relative water content, leaf area index, shoot dry weight, number of buttons per plant, number of grains per button, grain weight, grain yield, harvest index were decreased and leaf chlorophyll content, leaf proline content and water use efficiency were increased as the level of soil moisture was decreased. The highest amount of grain yield was obtained with application of 100 kg/ha nitrogen under irrigation regimes of 100 and 80% crop water requirement. While, the highest value of water use efficiency was obtained with application of 100 kg/ha nitrogen under irrigation regimes of 80 and 60% crop water requirement. According to the results obtained in this experiment, the application of 100 kg/ha nitrogen under irrigation regime of 80% crop water requirement seems to be appropriate to achive highest values for both safflower grain yield and water use efficiency.

In order to investigate the effect of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of sweet corn, a field study was conducted in 2011 cropping season in Agriculture Experiment Station of College of Agriculture, University of Guilan. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Treatment consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg N ha-1) and integrated N of chemical and biological (23 kg N ha-1 + 1 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost, 46 kg N ha-1 + 2 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost, and 69 kg N ha-1 +3 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost) and organic sources (2, 4 and 6 ton ha-1). Effect of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on fresh ear yield, grain yield canned, grain protein amount and dry matter digestibility percent had significant. With increscent nitrogen at treatments nitrogen fertilizer, organic ant integrated farming yield fresh ear, grain yield, grain protein amount and dry matter digestibility percent increased. Maximum yield fresh ear was obtained with 69 kg N ha-1 + 3 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost with an average 14595.9 kg ha-1. Maximum forage yield and dry forage yield obtained with an average 18619.5 and 3593 kg ha-1 at treatment with 69 kg N ha-1 + 3 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost. Results of this research showed that the best grain yield and quality, and forage yield and quality of sweet corn were obtained in integrated farming and organic methods in Rasht region conditions and same climatology conditions.

In order to study the effect of soil nitrogen content and water hardness on glyphosate efficacy on common lambsquart control, an experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement with three replications in 2011 at the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Experimental treatments were included soil nitrogen content at 5 levels (0, 50, 90, 200 and 300 mg/kg soil), glyphosate doses at 7 levels (0, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 % dose guideline glyphosate for common lambsquart), calcium carbonate concentration in water as index of water hardness at 5 levels (0, 100, 300, 600 and 1200 ppm). Spray was done at 8-10 common lambsquart leaf stage. 30 days after glyphosate spray, plants survival and shoot dry matter was measured. Results showed, herbicide rate, soil nitrogen content and water hardness had significantly affect (P<0.01) on growth and survival of common lambsquart. Increasing herbicide doses decreased common lambsquart survival and growth in pure water spraying. Increasing water hardness decreased glyphosate efficacy in control common lambsquart and increased glyphosate ED50 parameter. The lowest (1453.17 gr. a.i ha-1) and the highest (3424.45 gr. a.i ha-1) glyphosate ED50 for common lambsquart was observed in 0 and 1200 ppm of water hardness. Increasing soil nitrogen content from 18 to 300 (mg/kg soil) increased glyphosate efficacy in common lambsquart and glyphosate ED50 decreased from 3217.03 to 1612.58 (gr. a.i ha-1).

This experiment was conducted in the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan in 2010 as an RCBD based split plot experiment with three replications. In this experiment five different amounts of soil moisture (Irrigation after depletion of 45, 55, 65, 75 and 85% of field capacity moisture) and two soybean cultivars (Gorgan-3 and Williams) was considered as main and sub plots, respectively. Results of ANOVA showed that moisture regime by cultivar interaction had significant effect on seed yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed oil percent. Mean comparisons revealed that increasing soil water depletion resulted to decrease in seed yield, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Also, it resulted to decrease in grain yield of both cultivars, which was approximately 63% for Gorgan 3 and 2% for Williams. However, maximum (1667kg/ha) and Minimum (384kg/ha) seed yield were recorded for Gorgan 3 and Williams in 45% and 65% soil moisture regimes, respectively. The highest seed oil percentage was recorded for cultivar Williams which grown in 75% soil moisture while the lowest was for Gorgan 3 which grown in 55 % soil moisture regime. Seed protein also was affected by soil moisture regime, significantly with the highest (22.49%) and lowest (22.04%) in 55 and 85% soil moisture regimes, respectively. In this experiment Williams had low sensitivity index and high tolerance index while Gorgan 3 had high geometric mean productivity and mean productivity. Overall, Gorgan 3 had the highest seed yield in all soil moisture regimes. Its yield reduction percent was greater in drought stress prone treatments, in comparison with cultivar Williams which shows greater seed yield stability of the indeterminate Williams cultivar.

In order to evaluate the effect of concentration and time of foliar spraying of nitrogen fertilizer as complementary of soil nutrition on dry matter remobilization and seed and oil yield of rapeseed (Hyola401), an experiment was conducted in complete randomized block design with 16 treatments and three replications in two years (2008-2010) in Rice Research Institute of Iran (Rasht). In this experiment, nitrogen concentration (from urea source) at two levels (5 and 10 ppm) and application time in seven levels including 1-seedling stage at 6-8 leaves 2: beginning of stem elongation, 3: prior to flowering, 4: 6-8 leaves + stem elongation, 5: 6-8 leaves + prior to flowering, 6: stem elongation+ prior to flowering, 7: 6-8 leaves + stem elongation+ prior to flowering plus two control treatments including zero nitrogen fertilizer and conventional fertilization (180 kg.ha-1) at seed sowing, stem elongation and prior to flowering in equal rates, were considered. Results showed that foliar application of nitrogen (10 ppm) in 6-8 leaves+stem elongation+prior to flowering stage had the highest dry matter remobilization (612.2 g.m-2), current rate of photosynthesis (3074 g.m-2), and grain yield (3686.2 kg.ha-1). Calculation of regression coefficients showed that dry matter remobilization had linear and positive relationship with grain yield (r2=0.95**). According to the results of the present experiment, it seems that foliar application of nitrogen (10 ppm) at 6-8 leaves + stem elongation+ prior to flowering stage and stem elongation+ prior to flowering stage increases dry matter remobilization, seed and oil yields.

In order to evaluate morpho-physiological responses of hybrid corn KSC750 to water stress at various stages of growth, a field experiment was conducted at the Pasargad region (northwest Fars) in 2010. The experiment carried out as a randomized complete block design, with 3 replications. In this study, corn growth period was divided into three phases: the establishment of plant to tasseling (phase I), tasseling to dough development (phase II) and dough development to ripening (phase III). Treatments were consisted of control, irrigation cut off after dough development, water stress of 75 percent of FC during vegetative phase and after dough development, water stress of 75 percent of FC during whole growth phase, water stress of 50 percent of FC during vegetative stage and after dough development and water stress of 50 percent of FC during whole growth phase. Results showed that mild drought stress (75% FC) at vegetative phase was not significantly effected growth and yield of corn. However, application of drought stress during the whole growth period significantly reduced morphological parameters as well as yield and yield components. Based on these results, flowering and grain filling stages were identified as more sensitive stages to drought stress in corn. Moreover, irrigation cut off after dough development terminated to a satisfactory yield. The results indicated that, overall, under Pasargad region and similar agro climatic conditions, it would be possible to save water to 75 percentage of corn water requirement through application of deficit irrigation after dough development stage.

In order to evaluate the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) PGPR(on salt tolerance in vegetative and reproductive growth stages of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), a randomized complete block design with a factorial combination of bacterial inoculation and salinity, each in three levels, and four replications was conducted in experimental glasshouse of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. Bacterial inoculation treatment included control (non inoculation), inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens strains 12 and 52 and salinity stress treatment included (electrical conductivity of 1 (control), 6 and 12 dS.m-1 in soil). Results showed that leaf area decreased with increase in salinity, but Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 12 significantly increased leaf area. Both strains significantly increased leaf chlorophyll index at mid grain filling stage comared to to uninoculated control. Finally, grain number per capitol, grain yield per plant, mean grain weight, oil yield, and biological yield decreased with increasing in salinity level, but capitol number per plant and harvest index remained unchanged. Two bacteria strains applied in this study increased only oil concentration in control level of salinity and were uneffective on other yield components. It seems that bacterial inoculation may improve some vegetative indices of safflower but its impact on yield needs to be further studied.

To investigate the effect of polyethylene mulch, and manure on yield and yield components of cantaloupe, a two-year study (2007-2008) was carried out at Ardestan Agricultural Research Station by using split plot randomized based on complete block design with four replications. Three polyethylene mulch levels including clear polyethylene mulch, black polyethylene mulch and control treatment were assigned as main plots and three manure application including 30 t ha-1 of cow manure, 8 t ha-1 of chicken manure, and control treatment, were assigned made up of subplots. The results showed highest levels of sales yield, in condition of lack of soil cover, clear polyethylene mulch, and black polyethylene mulch respectively with 35700, 45800 and 43500 kg ha-1 was obtained by using 30 t ha-1 of cow manure. Soluble solids in fruit, with consumption of 8 t ha-1 of chicken manure or 30 t ha-1 of cow manure increased compared to control treatments, respectively, 11.8 and 12.3 percent. Two clear and black polyethylene mulch treatments by using 30 t ha-1 of cow manure were the highest amounts of earliness index with 47.5 and 46.5 percent, respectively. The results showed that the use of manure with polyethylene mulch (clear or black), in addition to producing higher yield could play an important role in early ripening and thus higher income for farmers.

Citrus fruit quality preserve the post harvest cause marketability increased. In this research, the effect of putrescin and gibberellic acid concentrations on storage life of sweet orange fruit (Hamlen cultivar) was studied to in factorial design (3*3*6=54)based on randomized complete block with six replications. Putrescin at three concentrations(0, 1 and 2 mM) and three level of gibberellic acid (0, 50 and 100 mg/L) were sprayed on the tree at the physiological maturation stage and two weeks pre harvest. Fruit firmness, marketability, vitamin C, total acidity, total soluble solids (TSS) and ratio of total soluble solids (TSS) to total acidity were evaluated. The results showed that putrescin spraying at 1 mM significantly prevented fruit softening and preserved fruit firmness. Also putrescin treatment (1 mM) preserved ideal marketability and was superior than other treatments. Gibberellic acid significantly preserved total acidity and total soluble solids. The interaction of gibberellic acid and putrescine also preserved significantly vitamin C. Therefore, the application of putrescine at 1 mM and gibberellic at 100 mg/L was recommended for preserve marketability, appearance and quality of citrus sinensis cv. Hamlen.

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental factors affecting growth, development and production of crop plants. Drought tolerance in germination and seedling growth stage is very important especially for crop production in dry regions. Sufficient genetic diversity in cultivated species of safflower is limited and seems to be of potential benefit in search of wild species. In this study drought tolerance of three Crathamus species and their respective F2 hybrids (direct and reciprocal from paired crosses) was evaluated under four levels of osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol (0, -5, -10 and -15 bars) using a factorial experiment based on the completely randomized design with three replications. Increasing water stress levels caused significantly more reductions in the germination, root length, shoot length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and seedling dry weight of cultivated genotypes as compared with wild species C. palaestinus (Cp), C. oxyacanthus (Co) and their F2 progenies indicating that wild species sustained more moisture stress tolerance than cultivated species. Results of drought tolerance indices (such as TOL and STI) also confirmed that wild species and F2 progenies had more drought tolerance in germination stage. Biplot analysis, according to principle component analysis (PCA), indicated that C. tinctorius was the most sensitive and the hybrids of C. oxyacanthus × C. palestinus were the most drought tolerant genotypes which can be due to heterosis. Results also showed that the F2 hybrids from crosses between cultivated species (C. tinctorius) and wild species (C. oxyacanthus and C. palestinus) had high tolerance to drought stress and can be used for developing drought tolerant genotypes in inter-specific hybridization breeding programs.

To evaluate the effect of spraying with methyl jasmonate on some morphological characters and flower dry weight of chamomile under salt stress an experiment was conducted at greenhouse. The experimental design was as factorial based on a randomized complete block design. Spraying with methyl jasmonate at five levels including, 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 μM and salt stress applied at four levels including 2.1, 6, 10 and 14 dS/m by adding NaCl to each pots soil. The results showed that spraying with methyl jasmonate and salinity stress had significant effects (P≤ 0.05) on all measured traits. Application of methyl jasmonate in 75 µM and salinity in 6 dS/m leads the highest leaf area, S/R ratio, flower dry weight, length of shoot, biomass, stem diameter, branch numbers. The lowest, root length was recorded in 75 µM and 14 dS/m salinity treatment. According to the results, mild salinity (6dS/m) and low levels of methyl jasmonate in German chamomile had positive effects on morphological traits and flowers performance.

Salvia reuterana Boiss of the Labiatae family is naturally distributed in many parts of Iran. Recent pharmacological studies have confirmed some medicinal properties of S. reuterana including antibacterial, carminative and anti-oxidant effects. In order to domestication of this valuable plant, morphological diversity were studied among seven S. reuterana population (Absard, Delichai, Shahmirzad, Chashm, Anjileh, Atashgah and Kasva) and S. palaestina population (Roodbarak) by using of 29 morphological treats and essential oil content. Treats including length of flowering stem, leaf length and width, collar diameter, length of calyx teeth, calyx diameter and sub stems length have shown highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation which demonstrate high diversity of mentioned treats among population. Some treats correlated with each other including plant height with flowering stem length and calyx length and diameter, essential oil content with plant height and flowering stem length. Based on all studied treats cluster analyses, in 12 unit distance were classed into four major groups. In order to essential oil extraction plant materials were subjected into Clevenger apparatus for 4 hours. Essential oil percentage was varying among evaluated population between 0.2-0.36 (v∕w). Plants grown in Chashm habitat have shown fallowing desirable treats; maximum plant height, highest leave length and width, maximum sub stem length and highest essential oil quantity in compare with other population.

To evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on soil physical and chemical indices, yield and its components of two rice cultivars, an experiment was arranged in Rice Researches Institute of Guilan Province during 2009. The experiment design consisted of four randomized complete blocks in a factorial arrangement having 16 treatments in every block. In this research, two factors were evaluated: first, two cultivars (Khazar and Hashemi) and second, eight levels of seed inoculation with PGPB (P.fluorescens strain 168, P.fluorescens strain 93, P.fluorescens strain 177, P.fluorescens strain 136, P.fluorescens strain 103, P.fluorescens strain 169, P.fluorescens strain 4 and control (without inoculation)). Investigated characteristics consisted of: soil minerals, no.microorganisms in soil, grain yield, number of seed per panicle, number of seed per plant, 1000-seed weight, biological and economic yield. In this experiment, effect of cultivar and bacteria were significant in the most of studied characteristics, but effect of cultivar*bacteria (except yield components) wasn’t significant. The results of experiment showed that inoculation with bacterial strains had a stimulating effect on growth and development of rice cultivars. In this experiment, Khazar had positive effect on the most of studied characteristics in compared with Hashemi. Between bacterial different strains, seed inoculation with 168, 177 and 93 strains in compared with other strains increased evaluated characteristics significantly. Seed inoculation with PGPB improved studied characteristics and microorganisms in soil, too.

In order to study the effect of sowing date on grain yield and grain-filling duration of triticale cultivars, an experiment was conducted based on strip-plot experiment with four replicates at Ramin Agricultural Research and Educational Center (RAREC) during 2009-10. The sowing date treatments were November, 10th (Aban, 20th) and December, 4th (Azar, 14th) and the cultivars include: ET. 79-3،ET. 79-4،ET. 79-17،ET. 82-8،ET. 82-15،ET. 82-1،ET. 83-20،ET. 84-5،ET. 84-8،ET. 84-15،ET. 85-7، ET. 85-9, and Govanilo -91. Results showed that the sowing date had significant effect on the duration from planting to tillering, the duration from planting to spiking, and the amount of chlorophyll. There were significant differences between the cultivars for plant height, spike height, the duration from planting to spiking, and the amount of chlorophyll. The first sowing date with 34. 13-day duration of grain-filling had lower filling rate in comparison to the second sowing date. In the second planting date, due to more heat, the during of grain-filling period was reduced to 25. 5 days. Nevertheless, as a result of the proper temperature at the region, grain-filling rate increased to 1. 51 mg/day. Therefore, in order to increase the grain-yield and 1000 –seed-weight, one possible way is to use the cultivars which, along with the heat-stress tolerance, are capable of increasing the duration of grain-filling through increasing their photosynthesis. As a result, ET. 79-3, ET. 82-16, and Javanilo-92 cultivars in late-sowing time (Dec, 4th) and ET. 84-5 and ET. 79-17 in early-sowing (Nov, 10th) showed to have maximum grain yield.

The objective of this study was determining the most limiting plant growth factor in the wheat root zone dominated by illite in clay fraction and a high specific surface with ample ammonium acetate extractible potassium. A completely randomized block design with 4 replicates was used in Seyed Miran Research Farm (Gorgan) during 2009-2010 growing season. Treatments were mineral fertilizers (to achieve different levels of yields), gypsum (1000 Kg/ha calcium), calcium chloride (1000 Kg ha-1 Ca), urea (93 Kg ha-1 N) and potassium chloride (105 Kg ha-1 K) combined, gypsum (1000 Kg ha-1 Ca) and potassium chloride (105 Kg ha-1 K) combined, calcium chloride (1000 Kg ha-1 Ca) and potassium chloride (105 Kg ha-1 K) combined and control. Wheat cultivar (N-80-19) was planted in experimental site at 2009/12/9. The results showed that potassium is the most limiting plant growth factor in the site of the experiment. Electric diffuse double layer is expected to be truncated with a high specific surface soil in this area minimizing the soil solution-diffuse double layer interface for rapid potassium diffusion. The highest yield grain and straw with urea and potassium chloride showed a greater effect on plant and soil potassium concentrations. A greater potassium diffusion rate may be achieved as a result of greater concentration gradients between the exchange sites and soil solution by potassium fertilization and more potassium excess. Ammonium from urea diminished potassium fixation with illite and increased potassium root uptake.

Soil accumulation with toxic metals and their transmition into agricultural products as a world problem is ever expanding. Cadmium (Cd) content of soil has increased due to luxury consumption of phosphorous fertilizers application which enters human food chain. In present study which was conducted in college of agriculture, Kerman University in 2010, the effects of chemical treatments; namely salicylic (SA) at 0.1mM, silicon (Si) at 5 mM and SA+Si (0.1 mM and 5 mM) was studied on growth and development and cadmium accumulation in potato tubers grown under cadmium stress (0 and 12 mg/kg soil) in a pot experiment, using a factorial experiment with three replications. Compared with control treatment (No Cd), Cd decreased relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic and plant growth parameters. It also increased leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) and Cd accumulation in tubers. All chemical treatments improved plant performance under Cd stress and non-stress conditions and the effect of SA+Si was more pronounced for most recorded parameters. However, under Cd stress, combination of SA+Si increased tuber number (81%), tuber fresh weight (112%), chlorophylls (50%) and decreased MDA (50%) and Cd accumulation in tubers (85%), relative to corresponding control and therefore, this treatment (SA+Si) can be commercially used to improve plant performance and reduce tuber Cd contents under field conditions.

Drought is one of the most important stresses for crops that do not have same effects on growing stages. Recently, drought involved many various agriculture crops such as Date palm tree. This experiment carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and five replications, in order to determine the critical and sensitive stages of date palm growth to water stress. The treatments were: 1) irrigation in whole of year 2) irrigation in whole of year without rest stage 3) irrigation in whole of year without pollination stage 4) irrigation in whole of year without fruit set to Kimri stage 5) irrigation in whole of year without Khalal stage 6) irrigation in whole of year without Rotab and Tamar stage. In harvest time, sample from 30 trees analyzed to determine different quality and quantity characteristics of fruit. Vegetative growth indices were measured every year. The four years results showed that the effects of treatments were significant in 5 percent level on leave and leaflet width, fruit diameter and shape and they were significant in 1 percent level on tree perimeter, leaflet number and length. Yield and other indices have not significant different. In conclusion, Khalal and pollination stages have sensitive least and most to water stress respectively. conditions

In this study, the difference between the resistance of wheat plants (c3) and maize (c4) the salinity was investigated. Research on environmental stresses (Hakimi, 2008) show thatstresses are considered as Limiting factors in crop production.and some phenolic compounds such as salicylic acid are used to improve or alleviate the negative effects of stress. In this study, plants were grown in plastic pots and the plants treated with salicylic acid, after two weeks and seven days later salinity was exerted.The effect of salinity treatmenton both plants, for some morphological and biochemical characteristics were studied. In biochemical tests, lipid peroxidation under salinity and salicylic acid treatments has increased for weat which represents the effect of salinity on the plant and the activetion of the defense mechanism, Howweverthese factors have reduced formaize. Moreover, the increase in total chlorophyll and flavonoids in wheatchlorophyll in wheat and maize shows the role of these pigments in quenching hydrogen peroxide and other active Oxygen types. This increases has not been concideralle in maize. The effect of treatment on the weight of … and root of both plants differed under the investigated concentration.

The efficiency of cross-breeding programs mainly depends on the choice of the progenitors and the knowledge on the transmission of traits that breeder wants to improve. In the present study heritability rate of 65 traits related to different parts of vegetative, reproductive, nut and kernel in 12 populations (320 progenies) derived from controlled crosses of 13 local and foreign almond genotypes and cultivars were assessed. Results obtained from parents evaluation showed that ‘Shahrood-12’ was the latest blooming while ‘15/5’ and ‘A’genotypes were the earliest blooming than the other parents. Among the 12 studied populations, in total 46 superior progenies were chosen in terms of heritability of evaluated traits with emphasis on flowering time. Heritability of some important traits such as flowering time, leafing date and bearing habit were obtained as 0.70, 0.80 and 0.75 respectively. Also fitted regression line of these traits was significant at 1% probability level. Close relationship between flowering time and leafing date were obtained in evaluated progenies. Heritability of some nut traits such as weight, length, width, softness and hardness and shell thickness were obtained to be 0.77, 0.60, 0.69, 0.73 and 0.60 respectively and the fitted regression lines to these traits were significant at the 1% probability level. Heritability of traits related to almond kernel such as length, width, weight, shape, double kernel percentage and shriveling were estimated 0.75, 0.79, 0.76, 0.96, 0.55 and 0.54, respectively.

In order to evaluate effects of iron, zinc and manganese, and the methods of applying them on yield and yield components of sweet corn, an experiment was performed as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications at the Research Farm of Urmia University, during 2009-2010. Experimental factors were micronutrient fertilizers with four levels (control, iron, zinc and manganese) and micronutrient applying method with two levels (foliar and soil application). Results indicated that Interaction between experimental factors on plant height, ear diameter, grain size, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and protein percentage was significant. In most of these traits foliar application of Fe and Zn showed better results than foliar application of Mn. Also, by influenced of micronutrients applying method, foliar application was caused 13.25%, 5.38% and 24.84% increasing in numbers of grain per ear, grain yield and soluble sugar percentage. In additional soluble sugar percentage was influenced significantly by application of micronutrient elements. Based on the results, foliar application of micronutrient elements showed better results than soil application of them.

In order to study the effect of CaCl2 treatment on postharvest quality and storage behavior of peach fruit cv. Anjiri Maliki, the fruits were dipped in CaCl2 solution, at concentration of 0 as control and 60mM, in different temperatures (4, 8, 16, 32 and 64°C) for 5 minutes. The trial was carried out as a factorial experiment if frame of complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The fruits were stored at 2-3°C and 85-90% R.H for finally 28 days, and then the fruit parameters were measured weekly. Traits such as titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C, weight loss, tissue firmness and calcium concentration were determined. Results showed that in total storage period (four measurements times), treatment with CaCl2, at temperature of 64°C was the best treatment according to maintaining flesh firmness, maintaining TSS, preventing the degradation of ascorbic acid, reducing the TA changes, modulation of weight loss and increasing the amount of calcium content in fruits. Also thermal treatments at temperatures of 32 and 64°C, alone end without CaCl2, had significant effects on maintaining fruit firmness, TA and acid ascorbic and caused to modulation in weight loss. On the other hand the application of calcium chloride at temperatures of 4 and 32°C had significant effect on quality parameters.

1-Methylecyelopropene (1-MCP) is a new material which prevents the ethylene from reacting in quite low concentration and is easily consumed and does not exert negative effects on the human health and the environments. Therefore the effect of using zero concentration (Control), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 µL.L-1 of 1-MCP on the storage life (1°C) and shelf life (20°C) of the fruits under 90% humidity throuth the 27 and 3 days was studied respectivly. The study of storage life was done through the split plot in time within a complete randomized design and the shelflife within a complete randomized design both in 3 replications. The results of storage life experiment showed that the marketability, firmness, citric acid (TA), vitamin C and the the ratio of TSS/TA were protected desirable in 1-MCP treatment. Amount of appearance decay was significantly reduced.The pH of fruit extract and also the fewest anthocyanins in the treatment of 1 µL.L-1 of 1-MCP were seen. This observation depicts the positive and significant effect of 1-MCP over the reduction in the speed of physiochemical characteristics changes in the fruit tissue. The highest fruit color indices include brightness (L), color regions (a* and b*) and Chroma (C) were seen in 1 µL.L-1 treatment. Moreover, the result obtained from the study over the effect of 1-MCP on the shelf life of strawberries in 20°C showed that this substances relatively positive effect on the preservation of fruit and it seems that 1-MCP is able to keep the quality of fruits over longer periods of time in usual degrees of temperature.

Molecular mapping and construction of linkage maps in plants genome play important role in marker assisted selection and breeding programs of target traits. Eleven combinations of PstI and MseI primers were used to assign AFLP markers to the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) linkage groups in 107 doubled haploid (DH) lines. The results of AFLP analysis indicated that amplified fragments (66 polymorphic bands) length of the primer combinations varied between 100 and 1000 base pairs (bp). Out of the 66 AFLP markers, 9.0% showed segregation distortion in the DH population that discarded from the linkage analysis. Linkage analysis for AFLP markers showed that after eliminating deviated markers from 1:1 segregation ratio, number of assigned markers to B and A genomes were respectively 21 (43%) and 20 (41 %), and a number of 6 markers were assigned to D (12%) linkage groups. A number of 12 markers were not assigned to any of wheat linkage groups. Number of assigned markers to the wheat homeologous chromosomes of 1 to 7 were 6 (12.5%), 7 (14.5%), 4 (8.7%), 5 (10.4%), 9 (18.7%) and 12 (25%), respectively. The highest number of AFLP markers were assigned to chromosomes 7A (7 markers) and 1B (5 markers). Among the mapped AFLP markers, P06m19-7-4, P01m19-8-6, P04m18-9-5, P03m22-9-6, P08m22-11-4, P03m22-8-3, P04m22-9-4, P01m24-8-2, P01m24-8-4 were located on those regions of A, B and D linkage groups that saturated the low dense intervals in previously available map and therefore, showed a better coverage on wheat genome compared with other AFLP markers.

To study drought stress effect on grain quality properties of wheat, an experiment was conductedusing 169 recombinant inbreed lines (RILS) under water stress and non-stress condition and with two separated lattice designs. Grain yield, protein yield, protein content, volume of Zeleny sediment, grain hardness, water absorption, grain moisture content and grain dry matter were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among the lines for all traits. Moreover, comparison between two lines in two environmental conditions showed, the quality in bread wheat under drought stress conditions due to increment of protein yield is improved. Protein yield in both irrigation regimes has a significant and negative correlation with grain moisture and in the other hand, significant and positive correlation with the grain hardiness dry matter, Zeleny sedimentation and water intake in both conditions. The results showed that the identification of favorable quality characteristics in optimum and stressed conditions were possible and the lines with high grain quality can be used in breeding programs for improving of baking quality. Although some drought sensitive genotypes possessed a favorable baking quality but their grain yield was low.

Uncontrolled use of fossil fuels in industries and the transport sector has led to an increase in concentrations of gaseous pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and their derivatives and ozone (O3). In addition to dry and wet deposition of these gases has been the major route of influx in ionic form into the ecosystem. This investigation was evaluated the effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) with different pH (6.8 as control, 6.5, 6, 5.5, 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3 and 2.5) on germination, growth, elements, protein, photosynthetic pigments contents of Lycopersicon esculentum in hydroponic culture. Experiments were conducted at research laboratory of arak university in summer of 1391. Results were showed that from pH=6.8 until pH=5/5 significantly increased P and K and protein content, root and shoot dry and wet weight. SAR exposure with high acidity (pH=5/5 until pH=2.5) significantly suppressed germination, growth index, measured elements as P and K, protein and photosynthetic pigments, while significant increased sulphur contect from 150% to 550% compared to controls. Maximal amounts sulphur were measured in pH=2/5. Acid rain in low pH were decrease plant growth and make protein and incearsed sulphur content in leaf. As regards, low acidity promoted the growth of tomato plants and high acidity inhibit, Therefore, it is recommended that tomato plants cultures in soils with low acidity.