فصلنامه آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 52، زمستان 1398)

Infections with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes severely affect small ruminant health and compromise their productivity and reproductive performances and can be a major cause of economic losses in small ruminant production. High burden of infections with nematodes may lead to death; and under field conditions, most infections are usually mixed consisting of different species of nematodes. Sheep and goats are infected with gastrointestinal nematodes while grazing and the biology of the infective larvae on the pastures is important in planning effective control programs. In general, the development of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes is largely dependent on temperature, with development rate increasing at warmer temperatures, while moisture is also required for the development cycle to proceed. Temperature also influences grass growth and hence exposure independently of larval development and survival. East Azerbaijan province in terms of livestock animal population in particular sheep breeding is one of the most important provinces of Iran and due to the amount of rainfall is susceptible to worm’s contamination in livestock animal. In this survey, fecal samples of 5934 sheep in 19 cities in East Azerbaijan, from 2002-2009 were examined by the Clayton-Lane method. Briefly, a sample of feces, 1-5 g, was well mixed with water (about 30-50 ml) and strained through a sieve (1 mm mesh) to remove coarse fecal material. The mixture was sedimented for 10-15 minutes on the bench, or by light centrifugation for two or three occasions, until the supernatant was clear. The sediment was then mixed with a saturated solution of sugar in a centrifuge tube (15 ml volume) and centrifuged for one or two minutes at 500 g. The egg floated and coverslips were placed on the tubes in centrifuge and after 5 min the samples were examined for the presence of eggs at 100x and 400x magnifications under the light microscope and the number eggs of Nematodirus, Marshallagia, Trichuris, unknown nematodes parasite eggs and the whole of the nematode eggs were determined in these cities by their shape and size. These data were analyzed by the SAS software. The results showed that the Kaleibar was the most infested city and the Malekan had the lowest contamination to gastrointestinal nematode parasites. Marshallagia and Trichuris had the maximum and minimum quantities of means with 11.12±32.02 and 2.23±13.78, respectively. A study on the correlation between humidity in the second month and humidity average and fecal egg count showed that there is a positive and significant (p<0.01) correlation between them. Base on the results of this survey high humidity in regions and seasons are risk factors for propagating worm infestations and distinct handlings are necessary for preventing the mentioned phenomenon. This study survey on geographical situation in 19 cities of East-Azerbaijan indicated that the infestation rate to gastrointestinal nematodes in south of province (Malkan city) is at the minimum rate and in north province (Kaleibar city) is in maximum rate. Because the north region of East-Azerbaijan province is warmer and moister from the other regions, the high rate of infestation to GI nematodes was expected. Furthermore, differences in the population of livestock animals in the two regions are important in the rate of infestation to nematodes. In conclusion, the results of the study denoted that even approve the anthelminthic drugs in the livestock animals, the rate of infestation to GI nematodes is high. Also, the results of this survey are showed that a positive correlation is between EPG and the mean of humidity and this is important that treatment and prophylaxis are needed to decrease the risk of the disease. This research serves as a baseline for future studies on prognosis and prophylaxis of GI nematodes. These regional differences appeared to be systematic and can be ascribed to differences in applied pasture management and climatic conditions, and cause a need for regionally adapted monitoring and control systems. Keywords: Sheep, Nematode, EPG, Correlation, Humidity. Infections with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes severely affect small ruminant health and compromise their productivity and reproductive performances and can be a major cause of economic losses in small ruminant production. High burden of infections with nematodes may lead to death; and under field conditions, most infections are usually mixed consisting of different species of nematodes. Sheep and goats are infected with gastrointestinal nematodes while grazing and the biology of the infective larvae on the pastures is important in planning effective control programs. In general, the development of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes is largely dependent on temperature, with development rate increasing at warmer temperatures, while moisture is also required for the development cycle to proceed. Temperature also influences grass growth and hence exposure independently of larval development and survival. East Azerbaijan province in terms of livestock animal population in particular sheep breeding is one of the most important provinces of Iran and due to the amount of rainfall is susceptible to worm’s contamination in livestock animal. In this survey, fecal samples of 5934 sheep in 19 cities in East Azerbaijan, from 2002-2009 were examined by the Clayton-Lane method. Briefly, a sample of feces, 1-5 g, was well mixed with water (about 30-50 ml) and strained through a sieve (1 mm mesh) to remove coarse fecal material. The mixture was sedimented for 10-15 minutes on the bench, or by light centrifugation for two or three occasions, until the supernatant was clear. The sediment was then mixed with a saturated solution of sugar in a centrifuge tube (15 ml volume) and centrifuged for one or two minutes at 500 g. The egg floated and coverslips were placed on the tubes in centrifuge and after 5 min the samples were examined for the presence of eggs at 100x and 400x magnifications under the light microscope and the number eggs of Nematodirus, Marshallagia, Trichuris, unknown nematodes parasite eggs and the whole of the nematode eggs were determined in these cities by their shape and size. These data were analyzed by the SAS software. The results showed that the Kaleibar was the most infested city and the Malekan had the

Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is a small size bird with big economical profits. This species is a good "dual-purpose" bird and is now reared for the meat and egg production. Quails have relatively early maturity and may be used as an experimental model due to their fast development, small size, etc. Moreover, because of high mortality due to emergence of new and reemergence of existing diseases in chickens, quails are being reared as they are more resistant to common poultry diseases. Methionine (Met) is a sulfur-containing amino acid with the biological functions including involvement in synthesis of eukaryotic proteins, defense against oxidative stress, methylation reactions and so on. Met also has a role in avian immune function and the nutrient digestibility in the intestine. Changes in small intestine morphology can alter absorption rate, weight gain and performance of the animal because of its important role in digestive tract for absorption. From the other point of view, alteration in the ingredients of diet may lead to a change in the intestinal mucosa and subsequently alteration in poultry performance. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the effect of Met deficiency on the development of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and the goblet cell population in Japanese quails.

To evaluate the Met deficiency as a vital amino acid on histology of small intestine of Japanese quail, 20 male one-day old quails were randomly allocated into 2 groups of 10 birds. One group received Met deficient diet while another group of birds were kept as control with standard diet for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, all animals sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Whole length small intestine was removed immediately and immersed in 10% buffered formalin. After fixation, 1cm-thick samples were taken from the middle parts of duodenum (from the gizzard to pancreatic and bile duct), jejunum (from the bile duct to Meckel’s diverticulum) and ileum (from the Meckel’s diverticulum to ileo-cecal-colonic junction). After routine histological laboratory methods, 6μm-thick transverse cross-sections were made, a total number of 10 sections used from each intestinal segment of each bird; sections stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and Periodic acid-Schiff. For measuring length and width of villi, depth of crypts and goblet cells number Axio vixion Rel 4.8 software were used. Data were expressed as Mean±SD. Data analysis was performed by Independent-Samples T Test method and differences considered statistically significant at p

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of EDTA and propylene glycol on quality and survival of Ghezel ram frozen semen. After primary evaluations on fresh semen for parameters including total motility, progressive motility, non-progressive motility, viability, abnormal sperm, and acrosome integrity in total cell and acrosome integrity in dead cells, samples with a concentration of 2.5 billion sperm and a progressive motility of over 70% and a volume greater than 0.5 ml were diluted with 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 mM EDTA and 1, 2, 3% propylene glycol as an additive and propylene glycol 7% as a constitute. Straws (250 µl) were filled with dilution and were placed in a refrigerator for 1.5 to 2 hours to cool to reach 5°C. After cooling they are placed in 4-5 cm above nitrogen for 8-10 minutes and ultimately were immersed in liquid nitrogen. qualitative parameters of sperm included viability, total motility, progressive and non-progressive motility, hypo osmotic swelling test, percentage of acrosome integrity and acrosome health in dead cells were investigated in 0, 20, 40 and 60 days of freezing processes. The results of this experiment showed that diluent with 1% propylene glycol concentration in comparison with other group improved total and progressive motility, percentage of viability, acrosome integrity and HOST (p0.05). The results showed that dilutions of EDTA and propylene glycol could improve quantitative parameters of ram semen.

Corneal ulcer is one of the most common eye diseases, which can be caused by trauma, chemical agents, and some bacteria, viruses, and chlamydia. Treatment of corneal ulcer has been always a concern in ophthalmology. This concern is due to the major role of cornea in providing and preserving normal vision. Alkali-induced corneal ulcer creates an intense inflammatory reaction to traumatic injuries and this intense inflammation can inhibit the natural epithelial growth and cause fibrosis or scar on cornea.Cornea is an organ in the eye that creates a smooth and clear surface and so, it provides the possibility of light regularly passing through the eye. Any injury of this layer eliminates its transparency and protective capacity. Cornea has few cells and no vessels. Various bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal agents can cause severe infections in cornea. After the occurrence of corneal injury, the cells surrounding the injured area including epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cells try to improve the injury by cell division and calling the immune system cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes; as a result of this process, the injured area becomes inflamed and edematous. In most cases, due to basic membrane decay and leakage of proteinase, epithelial cells will not be able to provide the connections required for retrieving the layers. So, the distance between epithelial cells increase and the bond between them become weak. As a result of corneal ulcer, increased activity of destructive proteinases and decreased activity of proteases leads to rapid detachment of collagen and other extracellular components of corneal matrix. Significant increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased oxidative condition, and decreased components of antioxidant system occur following corneal injury. In histological studies, various cells of immune system including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages are found in cornea. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased oxidative stress, and decreased components of antioxidant system are observed in pathologic conditions and in the case of corneal injury. Various studies have reported the role of antioxidants in prevention and treatment of corneal ulcer. The recent studies have indicated that folic acid restores decreased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. also, its improving effect is due to inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of folic acid on corneal burn ulcer healing in 20 adult New Zealand white rabbits in similar weight and age range. The pure folic acid powder needed for this study was purchased from Sigma-USA Co. After general anesthesia, corneal ulcer was induced in the left eye of all rabbits and immediately fluoresce in staining was done to ensure that all of the ulcers were identical in size (6 mm). The rabbits were then divided into four equal groups including three experimental groups and a control group. After the surgery, the experimental groups (first to third groups) were gavaged with 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight folic acid every day for 21 days. Histopathology At the end of the third week, the animals were anesthetized and the eye balls were harvested. After the eyeballs were isolated, the specimens were placed in 10% formalin. After the specimens were fixed in the laboratory, the corneal ulcer was isolated from eyeball. After preparation, the paraffin block sections of 4 microns were prepared and stained using Masson's trichrome staining method. In histopathological grading, the indices affecting wound healing, including angiogenesis, the absence of epithelial layers, corneal edema (stromal edema), irregularities in collagen filaments, and presence or absence of inflammatory cells were investigated. Results and

The histopathological studies showed that vascularization, inflammation, and corneal matrix edema were significantly reduced, but the epithelium of cornea was increased in folic acid treated rabbits compared to control group (p

Today, the most important factor in the occurrence of metabolic and reproductive diseases in dairy cattle is the disturbance of natural process in body’s cellular-molecular events that occur after increasing of oxidants and the formation of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of a significant association between the serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as oxidative stress indexes, with the incidence of subclinical ketosis and clinical endometritis in dairy cows. For this purpose, 101 Holstein dairy cows were divided into 4 groups (healthy, subclinical ketosis, clinical endometritis, and both of them subclinical ketosis-clinical endometritis), and serum levels of MDA and TAC were measured in one month before delivery. The lowest serum concentration of TAC and the highest plasma MDA levels were observed in cows with both of diseases, while control group (healthy cows) had the highest serum concentration of TAC and lowest MDA levels (P≤0.05). There was no significant difference in serum concentrations of TAC and MDA between clinical endometritis and subclinical ketosis groups (p>0.05). The results of this study demonstrated a significant correlation between serum concentrations MDA and TAC with the incidence of clinical endometritis and prevalence of ketosis-endometritis in dairy cows (P≤0.05). Conflict of interest: None declared.Keywords: Malondialdehyde, Total Antioxidant Capacity, Clinical Endometritis, Subclinical Ketosis.

The ruminant infant is susceptible to neonatal infections due to the immature immune system. Antioxidants can enhance the function of the immune system cells. Garlic is an antioxidant that has been proposed as a prophylactic antibiotic in ruminant infants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding aqueous extract of garlic to milk on the plasma oxidant-antioxidant balance in neonatal goat kids. This study was performed on 30 male and female suckling 7-day-old neonatal goat kids of mixed breed (mean weight 3 kg). The goat kids were divided into 3 equal groups. Each group received one of the following three oral treatments (inclusive 30 ml of saline, 400 IU of vitamin E, 83 mg / kg of aqueous extract of garlic) at every 3 milk meals per 24 hours. At 0 min and 1, 2/5, 5, 12, 18, and 24 hours after the beginning of the first treatment, blood samples were taken and the plasma was discarded and the total antioxidant and total oxidation capacity of the plasma and its oxidative stress index were determined. Compared to negative control, treatment with vitamin E caused a significant tendency of the oxidant-antioxidant balance of the plasma towards the antioxidant .

Nowadays one of the problems of countries around the world, is the use of drugs, including Crack. Crack, sometimes called rock, is a stimulant derived from cocaine treatment, but in Iran, it is derived from heroin derivatives, and consumption of this type of drug can add up to 3-times. Crack users are at an increased risk of both physical and mental illness and social harm. There is also evidence that they present more psychiatric problems than the general population, in addition to the fact that Crack use and mental disorders are mutually aggravated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single dose of Crack for the antioxidant system of swelling in Rats.

Thirty Wistar Rats were selected with a mean weight of 25 ±250 and kept in 5 groups of 6 in a glass aquarium with 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness and the same nutritional conditions and free access to water. After acclimation to the Crack medium at a dose of 7.8 mg/kg, it was injected intraperitoneally (IP) in 4 treatment groups. In the control group, only physiological serum was used. The first group received 3 hours, the second group 6 hours, the third group 24 hours and the fourth group 1 week after the injection of the tail vein after anesthesia. In the control group, blood samples were taken on the first day. One sample was used anticoagulant. Then activity of Blood’s Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase and Super-Oxide Dismutase were measured.

Crack is first metabolized in the liver. 1% of it is excreted unchanged in the urine. Metabolization is the design of the hydrolytic ester, and the most important metabolites derived from the metabolism of Benzoylecgonine (BE) and other metabolites are: Ecgonine and (EME) Ecgonine Methyl Ester cocaine and its derivatives are clavulanates and its derivatives. Depending on how it is used, it has a degree of purity and dose. Its stimulatory effects include increased activity, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and palatability. Other complications include coronary artery spasm, cardiac arrest, bronchospasm, systemic and pulmonary eosinophilic fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing and gingivitis. This drug (Crack-Cocaine) binds to the effective transporter site of amines (serotonin-dopamine-adrenaline light) and prevents their reabsorption into presynaptic neurons. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the brain that induces pleasurable drug behaviors. In other words, the increase in dopamine in the brain will have pleasurable effects.One of the important effects of increased dopamine after drug use especially crack and cocaine is the creation of oxidative conditions. In other words, there is an increase in free radicals after drug use. An increase in this neurotoxicity in the nervous system, and especially in the synaptic cleft, results in an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).Free radicals are atoms or molecules that are highly reactive due to the unpaired electrons in the body, causing severe damage to macromolecules including fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. These substances are cytotoxic, so they can be electronically macromolecules and cause irritation in the cells in order to reach stability. The body has an antioxidant system that can counteract these damaging agents called antioxidants, which can prevent damage by affecting oxidants and neutralizing its electrons. These include vitamins E, C, A, as well as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, etc.Free radicals such as superoxide anion, hydroxide radical, are metals such as iron and copper. Oxygen-free radicals are referred to as Reactive oxygen species (ROS).
The reason for the increase in free radicals during drug use, especially crack and cocaine, maybe due to increased levels of neurotransmitters, especially dopamine, which increase the reactive oxygen species.Super-Oxide Dismutase and Catalase have important roles in the protection of lipid peroxidation. Super-Oxide Dismutase has antioxidant role and Catalase plays an important role in detoxification of high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, which is mainly in erythrocytes.

The results showed that the number of antioxidants decreased significantly at 6 and 24 hours after injection.

Sucralose is an artificial sweetener without calorie that derived from sugar or sucrose. It is 600 times sweeter than sugar also makes low calorie. Cipla as a commercial sweetener have different compounds such as, lactose, L-lusin, Cross Carmellose Sodium. Sucralose is stable in the presence of ethanol and can retain 99% of its true taste after one year, as well as maintain its properties during pasteurization, sterilization, and high temperature baking. It also does not interfere with glucose uptake, carbohydrate metabolism or insulin secretion. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that 85% of sucralose is not absorbed and is completely excreted through the stool and its absorption rate is limited to 15% in passive release.
Recent studies have shown a link between the use of sweeteners and renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity or retardation of fetal and placenta formation. Sucralose is converted to hydrolysis products 4- Chloro glucose and 1,6 di chlorofructose by hydrolysis. These metabolites are more resistant to hydrolysis and complete degradation as sucrose chlorination and conversion to sucralose alter the conversion of the molecule to glycosidic enzymes. The digestive tract, which normally breaks down carbohydrates, becomes. In a double-blind study by Grots et al., it was found that sucralose at a dose of 7.5 mg/ kg/ day for one month had no significant effect on serum glucose and HbA1c levels in humans. Other studies on non-diabetic human specimens have shown that high doses of sucralose or aspartame do not affect blood glucose, peptide c, or hemoglobin levels of HbA1c, even at multiple doses. According to conflicting reports on the metabolic effects of sweeteners, the study assessed the effect of using the commercial form of sucralose (Cipla) on serum electrophoretic proteins in healthy and diabetic rats.

This study will be done on 24 male rats divided in four equal groups, control and treatment. Control group will have base ration. In the study of Shastry and et al, is 15mg/kg for human. Therefore, in this study dosage of sucralose will be 15mg/kg. Treatment group will be injected daily for 1-month. All rats used for this study have same peripheral conditions .At the end of the experimental period, all rat were bled, and after serum isolation, the serum protein electrophoresis curve was prepared and evaluated by acetate cellulose technique.

The amount of total protein and serum albumin was recorded in the healthy treatment group (7.18±0.22 g/dl) and (3.36±0.11 g/dl), in the diabetic control group (7.16±0.18 g/dl) and (3.41±0.09 g/dl), but with the amount of these factors in the serum of other study groups, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).The amount of alpha 1 globulin in the serum of healthy control group (0.01±0.30 g/dl) was significantly lower than the rate of this factor in animal serum of diabetic control group (0.04±0.51 g/dl) and healthy treatment group (0.03±0.46 g/dl) (p 0.05).Gammaglobulin levels were determined in the healthy treatment group (1.20±0.12 g/dl), diabetic treatment (1.10±0.21 g/dl), healthy control group (1.33±0.14 g/dl) and diabetic control group (1.25±0.08 g/dl), Which showed a no significant statistical difference between the studied groups (p>0.05).The study showed that the use of aspartame, acesulfam, and sucralose sweeteners in acceptable daily intake (ADI) doses for three weeks did not have a mutagenic effect on healthy and diabetic rats and had no effect on serum factors which is consistent with the results of the present study. This study demonstrated a significant change in the alpha 1 globulin band in the electrophoretic curve. The bulk of this protein bond is made up of the alpha protein an antitrypsin, a single-chain glycoprotein consisting of 394 amino acids that has a molecular mass of about 52 kDa and easily passes through interstitial fluid to the target tissues. This protein has a negative charge and cannot pass through the glomerular membrane of the kidney. This protein is one of the most important inhibitors of serum human serum proteases and inhibits several proteins such as elastase, collagenase and trypsin. Diabeticization of the animals tested, as well as the consumption of sweeteners, appear to accelerate the production of acute phase proteins, increasing alpha 1 globulin in the electrophoretic curve.

The results of this study showed no change in protein bands other than alpha 1 globulin. Therefore, it can be said that sucralose has little effect on the electrophoretic curve of serum proteins.