مجله پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز
سال چهل و دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 146، خرداد و تیر 1399)

Muscular atrophy is one of the indicators of diabetes. Regarding the role of HIIT in reducing hyperglycemia in diabetic patients, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of HIIT training on the expression of myostatin, follistatin, as well as to examine follistatin-to-myostatin ratio in male rats with type 2 diabetes.

60 male Wistar rats, with average weight of 250 ± 20 g, after induction of diabetes by injection of Nicotinic Amide- Streptozotocin, were randomly divided into 5 groups: Base-line control (n=12), HIIT Control (n=12), HIIT (n=12), Diabetic Control (n=12), HIIT Diabetic (n=12). The training groups performed the HIIT on a treadmill, which speeded from 16 meters per minute to the end of the eighth week to 38 meters per minute. 24 hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized.Then, soleus muscle tissue was immediately extracted, and the level of myostatin and follistatin gene expression was measured by Real Time-PCR and scale (2-ΔΔCt × 103).

There was no significant difference in the expression of myostatin gene expression in the research groups (P>0.05). However, the expression of the follistatin gene and the ratio of follistatin to myostatin were significant in research groups (P<0.05).

Diabetic patients seem to have improved their health and muscle levels by employing HIIT training for at least 8 weeks in order to reduce myostatin levels, increase follistatin and also the ratio of follistatin to myostatin.

Diabetes leads to both structural and functional dysfunction in the tissues and causes problems such as fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks moderate intensity endurance training on skeletal muscle fibrosis in diabetic rats.

Twenty eight adult male wistar rats in the weight range of 200-250gr, randomly assigned to four equal groups: diabetes and training, diabetes control, healthy and training, healthy control. After twelve hours of food deprivation, intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin solution method was used. Two weeks after STZ injection, the moderate intensity endurance training protocol was performed for six weeks. Twenty four hours after the last training session, soleus and EDL muscles were dissected. Mason’s trichrome staining method was used for analysis of fibrosis.

Compared with the healthy control group, diabetes caused a significant increase in fibrosis in soleus muscle (P=0.002) and extensor digitorum longus muscle (P=0.048). Also, endurance training resulted in significant reduction of fibrosis in soleus muscle in the Diabetes and training group compared to the diabetes control group (P=0.043), but endurance training did not have a significant effect on fibrosis of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (P=0.341). The exercise also significantly reduced blood glucose levels in the diabetic group compared to the control group.

It seems that moderate intensity endurance training could inhibit from muscle fibrosis caused by diabetes. So, it is suggested that moderate intensity endurance training could be used as a non-pharmacotherapy intervention for inhibition of fibrosis in diabetic patient’s muscles.

In the present study, a biocompatible drug delivery system was prepared by using chitosan-gelatin nanofibers based on electrospinning method.

The nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning and cross-linked by glutaraldehyde to stabilize in aqueous medium. The surface morphology and approximate size of nanofibers were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy and optical microscope.

The nanofibers were characterized and the interaction types of drug-nanofiber matrix were evaluated by using FT-IR spectrum. The swelling of nanofibers was about 3.88% and the stability of nanofibers about 3 days was estimated.

The drug release experiment in phosphate buffer (PBS pH=7.4) showed that quick release occurred in early hours and then release rate was decrease and controlled release was continued for three more days. The results showed that the triamcinolone drug delivery system was well implemented and could be used as a functional patch in the future.

Walking and running frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces are associated with injuries. Comparison of frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces could be useful in rehabilitation of low back patients. The objective of this study was to investigate frequency domain of ground reaction forces during running in patients with low back pain compared to healthy control ones.

This study was a semi-experimental. The statistical sample of the present study include forty males that divided into a healthy control group (n=20) and a group of patients with low back pain (n=20). A foot scan system (sampling rate: 300 Hz) was used for measuring ground reaction forces in ten regions of the foot during running. Independent sample t-test was used for statistical analysis. Alpha level was set at p<0.05.

The frequency content with power 99.5% in the Toe 1 region in low back patients group was significantly greater that that healthy group by 50% (P=0.017). Also, the frequency content with power 99.5% in the Toe 1-5 region in low back patients group was significantly lower than that healthy group (P=0.007). Number of essential harmonics in forth metatarsal in low back patients group was greater than that healthy ones (P=0.049).

Patients with low back pain had lower running speed than that healthy ones and therefore lower values of most of the components of the frequency may be due to the guarded gait mechanism in these patients. This altered running speed and lower frequency content is suggestive of a lower mechanical efficiency of running in patients with low back pain.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is caused by atherosclerosis. Studies have shown that many factors are closely linked to the development and progression of CAD, which include lipid peroxidation, inflammation, lack of relaxant factors and antioxidants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the above-mentioned risk factors in diabetic and non-smoker coronary artery disease patients, by measuring these parameters, patients with atherosclerosis can be diagnosed and treated in people.

In this study, 50 patients with CAD and 50 normal patients with matched age and sex and without CAD as a control were studied. Lipid Profile level were measured by standard methods. The activity of the SOD, GPX, and TAC enzymes in the samples was evaluated using a RandomX kit. Hs-CRP levels were determined by Immunoturbidometric method using Pars test kits. The concentration of MDA in serum samples was evaluated by spectrophotometric method and based on the reaction of thiobarbituric acid. Nitric oxide levels were measured in samples by Gress method.

Serum MDA and hs-CRP levels were significantly increased in CAD patients compared to control group. In either case, the enzymatic activities of SOD and GPX erythrocyte and TAC levels were significantly reduced in patients. In the CAD group, total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C levels were significantly higher and HDL-C levels were significantly lower than the control group. We found low concentrations of NO in the patient group compared with the healthy group (p<0.05).

The risk factors such as inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in coronary artery disease diabetic and non-smoker cases can also contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis, and it seems that low levels of NO and antioxidant markers can be seen in these patients as Other risk factors for the progression of coronary artery disease.

Diabetes affects cognitive function, synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, and neurogenesis in the brain. The exercise improves cognitive function and prevents deleterious alterations in signaling pathways associated with diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic treadmill exercise training (ATET) on synaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats.

Twenty healthy adult male Wistar rats approximately 3-month old, weighing 250 ± 25gr were used in this study. Experimental diabetes was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks and a low dose of STZ (35 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Then diabetic animals were divided into two groups (n=10 per each group): control group (C) and aerobic training group (E). The exercise program was treadmill running at 13 m/min, 25 min/day, for 5 days/week at 0˚ slope for the first week, with a gradual increase to 27 m/min for 60 min/day in the week 8.

The ATET significantly increased protein expression of SNAP-25 and PSD-95 in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex as compared to C group. However, there was no significant difference between synaptophysin levels of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in E and C groups.

The aerobic treadmill exercise program can attenuate the deleterious effects of diabetes and increased the expression of pre and post-synaptic plasticity associated proteins.

Prediabetes state is associated with increased oxidative stress index and reduced of antioxidants. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 12 weeks continuous training at Fatmax intensity and anaerobic threshold, and high-intensity interval training on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation index in pre-diabetic patients.

Thirty-two pre-diabetic patients (age: 38.7 ± 4.0 yrs; body mass index: 26.9 ± 1.4 kg/m2 ; percent body fat (%): 26.1 ± 2.5; VO2Peak: 2.49 ± 0.22 l/min) were divided into 4 groups (n=8) control (CON), high-intensity interval training (HIT), continuous training at Fatmax intensity (FAT) and continuous training at anaerobic threshold (IAT) groups. Subjects of the HIT, FAT, and IAT groups run out their specific exercise training for 12 weeks. Blood Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) were determined in the lab. The student’s t-test and ANCOVA were used to analyze the data.

The effect of exercise training on glucose concentration in FAT, IAT and HIT groups was 12%, 10% and 17%, respectively; the difference was significant in the training groups in comparison to CON group (p≤0.05). SOD and CAT in the training groups were significantly (p<0.05) increased when compared to the pre-training values. Also, FAT, IAT and HIT resulted in significant (p<0.05) changes in MDA compared to baseline.

The training protocols had similar effects on the insulin resistance index in prediabetic patients. Also, continuous endurance training with low- to moderate-intensity and high intensity interval training are effective protocolsfor the modulation of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation index.

Kidney stone disease is one of the common disorders of the urinary tract that can be linked to the coronary heart disease due to common risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and high uric acid levels. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the association between kidney stones and coronary heart disease.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 600 patients referred to Shahid Chamran Hospital of Isfahan who were candidate for coronary artery angiography were divided into two groups including with coronary stenosis (positive) and without coronary stenosis (negative). The demographic and clinical findings including history of kidney stones of the patients were collected using a designed questionnaire.

28.4% of the patients in the positive angiography group and 5% of the patients in the negative angiography group had kidney stone disease (P=0.001). Furthermore, 20.7% of the patients in the positive angiography group, and 7.5% of the patients in the negative angiography group had history of kidney stone disease (P = 0.04). The frequency of hypertension in the positive angiogram group (49.6%) was significantly higher than the negative angiography group (32.5%) (P=0.04).

Kidney stone disease is associated with coronary artery disease. Therefore, interventions to prevent kidney stones, especially with blood pressure control which is considered as a risk factor for both diseases, can reduce the risk of coronary artery disease. However, more extensive studies are needed to confirm the effect of kidney stone disease on the risk of coronary heart disease

Drug-resistant strains and poor treatment response is the main reason for the failure in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication. Unsaturated fatty acids with more than one double bond (PUFAs) have inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Omega fatty acids on caspase-8 gene expression in H. pylori infected patients with dyspeptic symptoms.

In this double blind clinical trial study in which 34 H.pylori infected patients with dyspeptic symptoms were randomly divided into two groups of 17 patients, the control group receiving standard triple therapy (including amoxicillin, clarithromycin and omeprazole) and the intervention group receiving standard therapy with omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids for two weeks. After treatment, Gene expression levels of Caspase-8 enzymes as well as the semi-quantitative of these proteins were studied with PCR Real-time method and frozen section and immunohistochemistry, respectively.

In the case group compared with the control group, a significant increasing in the expression of caspase -8 genes was observed (p=0.002). The protein level of active caspase -8 enzymes was significantly increased in the case group compared with the control group (0.004).

The Omega fatty acids along with standard triple therapy lead induce apoptosis is stomach.

Previous studies has been indicated that vitamin D regulate apoptosis of myocardial, and improve cardiac performance But this mechanism has been remain unclear. The aim of this study was the response of BAX, BCL-2 ratio to vitamin D consumption with concurrent training in rat males.

50 male’s rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 10 rats in which group. Groups include of: 1- control Group (C), 2- vitamin D, group (D), 3-exercise group (E), 4-exercise+vitamin D group (ED), and 5- d methyl sulfoxide + salin group (M). Exercise groups have been ran on treadmill for 8 weeks in every days with specific speed and incline. 24 hr after last exercise and in anesthetic state all rats have been knockouted to determine bax and bcl2 proteins ratio. For measuring the BAX and BCL-2 proteins were used by ELISA technic.

The amount of protein in E+D group was more decreased in compared to other groups but no significant difference has been observed in between groups (p=0.138). Also there was little altered in BCL-2 and BAX/BCL-2 ratio in E and D groups compared to control and placebo groups (P>0/05).

The eight weeks concurrent training with vitamin D supplementation had no effect on BAX/BCL-2 protein ratio in rats, and to some extent can prevent the myocardial apoptosis process via Bax/Bcl-2 ratio regulating.

Anthracite is capable of adsorption and removal of contaminants especially heavy metals from potable water. This study was carried out to assess the efficiency of single (sand) and dual media (sand+ anthracite) filters for the removal of Fe, Zn and Mn from potable water in Shahid Beheshti and Ekbatan water treatment plants in City of Hamedan in 2016.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, due to the fact that the water supply in both water treatment plant is similar, totally 24 water samples were collected from both water treatment plants output. After preparation and processing of the samples in the laboratory, element (Fe, Zn and Mn) contents in samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer with three replications. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS based on the Shapiro-Wilk test, Independent T-Test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and One Sample T-Test.

The maximum average concentrations of elements (µg/l) were 1200±1070 for Fe, 110±50 for Zn and 170±140 for Mn respectively and for all metals related to Ekbatan water treatment plant. Also, comparing the mean concentrations of the evaluated metals with maximum permissible limits established by WHO showed a significant difference. Thus, the mean concentrations of Zn and Mn were significantly lower than the MPL in both water treatment plants. It was also noted that there were no statistically significant differences found in the mean content of analyzed elements between the water samples collected from the Shahid Beheshti and Ekbatan water treatment plants.

Considering that the filters with anthracite layer in Ekbatan water treatment plant have lost the capability for removal of heavy metals ions due to their long-term function and possibly poor quality properties, restoration or replace the anthracite layer of filter media of this water treatment plant is recommended.

Shivering after anesthesia is a common complication that can lead to problems such as increased intraocular and cranial pressure and postoperative pain with increasing oxygen consumption in the body. Considering the importance of controlling postoperative shivering and limiting the use of shiver drug therapy, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of warming intravenous fluids on postoperative shivering in ENT surgery.

This study was a single-blind clinical trial on 70 patients undergoing ENT surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, receiving warmed fluid and fluid intake group with room temperature. The vital signs of the patients were recorded after intubation until recovery at specified intervals. Also, the incidence and severity of chills in patients were investigated and noted.

The severity of chills in the experimental and control groups was statistically significant. The use of warm serum significantly reduced shivering in the experimental group (p = 0.006).

The infusions of warm fluids help to reduce postoperative shivering. Due to the lack of hemodynamic complications, it is possible to use warm fluids before induction of anesthesia as a safe method.

One of the complications of diabetes is the occurrence of apoptosis in the brain that can lead to cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of voluntary wheel running on hippocampus semaphorin 3B, hydrogen peroxide, and apoptosis in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats weight 235±10gr were assigned randomly to 4 groups (n=8): healthy control (C), healthy exercise (E), control-diabetic (D) and diabetic-exercise (ED). Rats were diabetic by intra-peritoneal injection of STZ dissolved in citrate buffer. The experimental groups ran voluntarily in the wheel running for 4 weeks. The subjects were sacrificed 48 hours after the last training session, then hippocampus tissue was extracted from the brain, and ELISA measurements were performed after homogenization and centrifugation of the tissue. One-way ANOVA and independent t-test were used to evaluate the data.

The levels of semaphorin 3B, hydrogen peroxide and apoptosis in D group were significantly higher than C group (P≤0.05). In the ED group, semaphorin 3B, hydrogen peroxide and apoptosis levels were significantly lower than D group (P≤0.05). Semaphorin 3B and apoptosis levels in the E group were significantly lower than C and ED groups (P≤0.05).

The results showed that experimental diabetes induction increases semaphorin 3B, hydrogen peroxide and apoptosis rate in the brain hippocampus. Four weeks of voluntary running was associated with a decrease in the hippocampus levels of semaphorin 3B, hydrogen peroxide and apoptosis.