نشریه مطالعات دفاع مقدس و نبردهای معاصر
پیاپی 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

The purpose of the present study is to analyze quantitatively the attention to the concepts and values ​​of sacred defense in secondary school humanities textbooks in high school in the scholastic year of 96-97.  The statistical population of the study includes all of humanities textbooks. The research method is quantitative content analysis. The results show that most of the articles on the subject of sacred defense have been found in the provincial books (31 provinces).  After that, in the book of defense preparation, the subject of sacred defense has been more mentioned and also its subjects and values has been mentioned ​​in Persian and Persian literature books. But, in the books of philosophy, logic, teachings of divine religions and ethics of religious for the minorities of religious, mathematic and statistic, human beings and environmental studying and also in the book of entrepreneurship and production workshops, there is no mention of sacred defense. At the end there are presented some suggestions.

The international armed forces and humanitarian law (a branch of international law) has not allowed to the both parties of the conflict to resort to any weapons or warfare to advance its war goals and programs.  From the very beginning of this law in the modern age, it has sought to forbid the rival forces to use the weapons and methods that cause pain, suffering and inflicting unnecessary damages in order to minimize the suffering and the other effects of war. The question is that: can military necessities justify the use of the prohibited devices and unauthorized methods in the war campaign scene? From the humanitarian perspective, the only legitimate aim of armed hostilities is to stop the enemy's combat power and to bring the combatant out of the war and continue the campaign. But, the use of inappropriate combat methods and tools and the use of banned and inhumane weapons, even from the perspective of necessity is unjustified.The lack of clarity in the meaning of this principle and the lack of clarification of the limits of "military necessity" have led to numerous challenges and harms in the field of international and domestic hostilities. Military necessity is an urgent, unavoidable need to be taken by a commander to promptly surrender and stop an enemy by using legal and controlled means and equipment.  However, this article seeks to find out the nature and scope of military necessity in international humanitarian law and its position by attending to the prohibited means and methods in the law of armed conflict by examining the case of the Iraq war against Iran.

The imposed war of September 1980, which was led by Saddam has been designed to intimidate and inflict human casualties and to try to occupy Khuzestan in order to advance a political and military objective. Hence; the Iraqi Ba'athist regime with the support and guidance of Western governments in order to counter the rise of the Islamic Revolution by launching an imposed war and taking advantage of Iran's specific geopolitical position, tried to counteract and reduce its power by any possible invasion of Iran's geographical borders. The main question of this study is: what role did the geographical variables of the two countries of Iran and Iraq play in the imposed war?The purpose of this study is to investigate the geographical variables and their impact on the outcome of military operations. This study is a descriptive-analytical one and its main achievement is that: Saddam's Ba'athist regime because of the geopolitical vacuum and the lack of access to free waters and due to its harsh climatic conditions at the near of Iranian borders, with open and clandestine support of Western and neighboring governments attempted to occupy Iran which failed to achieve its own sinister goals under the leadership of Imam Khomeini and the resistance of Iranian people and their revolutionary and Islamic ideology. Thus, at the end of the war, the sovereignty and geographical boundaries of Iran has been saved from the loot and plunder of plunderers.

The use of chemical weapons as one of the most effective means of deterrence, countermeasure and leverage of pressure by the Iraqi Ba'ath regime against Iran during the eight-year war between the two countries has been as Iraqi Ba'ath regime wish. In this article, to answer the question, "How was the use of chemical weapons in the imposed war against Iran?"  By studying the documents and books left over from the sacred defense period and by collecting data from libraries, we have tried to quantify Iraq's chemical weapons capability during the sacred defense, the chemical casualties of the Ba'ath Party's chemical attacks on the Iranian people and to exam the role of international comities and orders in reducing or countering this trick of enemy and ultimately the casualties of the Iranian people in various war operations and chemical bombing of cities and villages by Iraqi regime.As the Iraqi government, despite international support and superior weapons capability, failed to meet its objectives because of the resistance of the Iranian people and warriors, it undertook one of the most vicious deterrence tricks in the face of the Iranian military attacks might with the help of Western countries by recruiting of specialist scientists and involving the enormous costs to building chemical plants. The Iraqi Ba'ath government has carried out more than 582 times of experimental, limited, massive and extremely extensive chemical attacks on Iranian warriors and civilians since Mehr of 1359 (September 1980) to Shahrivar of 1367 (September 1988), which resulted in the deaths of more than 10,000, severe injuries and in need of sustained treatment about 100,000 and the mild injury about 250,000 people.

While the occupation of Khorramshahr by Iraq was considered as the last and most important winner in forcing Iran to take part in any peace talks, its releasement could have been a symbol of the Islamic Republic's political will to the invade regime and prove the Islamic Republic of Iran’s military superiority.  Accordingly, as the western Karoun public area was the last major area still occupied by Iraq, on the one hand, Iranian military commanders agreed to operate in this area, and on the other hand, Iraq considered definitive that Iran will have operation to release Khorramshahr after the operation of Fath al-Mubin. So, because of the importance of Basra and its position in defending, Iraq believed in the need to preserve the area.  Regarding the successful operation of Bait al Moghaddas in 1361, we can say that the purpose of this study is: to investigate the factors and contexts affecting the success of Bait al Moghaddas operation.  Due to the nature of the article title and in the way of answering the main question, in this research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used. In terms of the type of research, it is classified as an applied research. The method and tools for collecting information and data are also the library-documentary method, the form of a receipt, as well as the use of internet resources and the interviews with experts in this field. By analyzing the question of this article which is: "What are the factors and contexts that contribute to the success of Operation Bait al Moghaddas?" we can provide a clear answer to it and the related sub questions.After analyzing the performance of the two Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Islamic Republic of Iran Army and analyzing the planning, organizing, and the control of this operation, the results show that the cooperation, correlation and unity between the two units with the organization's joint focus and command at Camp of Karbala, as well as the risk of command, attacking unawares and the high speed of the operating forces, led to such a successful operation with its complete outcomes.

In general, the asymmetric war is the concept that explains the way on which the weak side of a war can defeat the strong side. In order to investigate the methods of asymmetric warfare to confront with threats, in this study, tow areas of inter-urban (guerrilla) operations and information warfare are discussed. Among the military experts of the Country, 30 people has been selected by random cluster sampling and which has provided with a suitable questionnaire. The results have been gained by using descriptive statistics through the statistically analyzing method. This research by gaining the components of asymmetric war, aims to identify the components of this kind of wars by which have been extended and achieved by the Commander in Chief Martyr Hussein Hamedani to confront with threats by using a questionnaire and interviews.