نشریه مطالعات کاربردی تندرستی در فیزیولوژی ورزش
سال هفتم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

The purpose of this study was to compare effect of 12 weeks continues aerobic training (CAT) and interval aerobic training (IAT) on, functional capacity and body composition in women breast cancer survivors. 39 breast cancer survivors who were willing and eligible to participate in this study were divided in to three groups: 1- CAT (n= 13), 2- CAT (N= 14) and 3- control (n= 10). The two training groups performed their exercises for 12 weeks, three sessions per week. Before and after of training period functional capacity was assessed by muscle function test and body composition was assessed by In-body devise in three groups in the same condition. For data analysis the ANCOVA was performed. There was no significant difference in muscle function test, fat mass and fat percentage between the three groups when the pre-test was taken as a covariate. Muscle mass increased significantly after the training period in the IAT group and there was a significant difference between the IAT group and the other two groups. 12 weeks of CAT and IAT have a limited effect on functional capacity, fat mass, and fat percentage in breast cancer survivors, but IAT can significantly increase muscle mass and there is a significant difference between the training methods.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) versus aerobic training (high volume- moderate intensity) on serum levels of angiopoietin-4 (ANGPTL4) and lipids profile in elite handball player girls. For this purpose, 30 young handball player girls were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and one control group. Subjects in experimental groups participated in four weeks of HIIT [running at intensity of 95-90 percentage of maximum heart rate and resting intervals of 1-3 minutes running at 60-50 percentage of maximum heart rate] and aerobic training (running at 50-70 percentage of maximum heart rate, 45-60 minutes per session), three sessions per week. The blood samples were taken factors before and after training protocol to assess blood factors. Data analysis was done by One-way ANOVA, paired t-test, and Pearson correlation, and P0.05). However, triglyceride levels significantly decreased in aerobic group (P=0.032) and cholesterol levels significantly declined in HIIT group (P=0.048). Furthermore, there existed significant correlation between changes in ANGPTL4 levels and changes in levels of triglyceride (P=0.010) and high-density lipoprotein (P=0.014), following HIIT and aerobic training, respectively. It seems that volume and intensity of exercise training do not effect on serum levels of ANGPTL4 in elite handball player girls.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a curriculum known as Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) on fine and gross motor skills and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in educable intellectual disabled children.

Twenty intellectual disabled boy students aged 7 to 9 years were randomly divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group performed a selected SPARK program 3 days a week for 12 weeks. Fine and gross motor skills and BDNF level were measured before and after the intervention. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with repeated measures was used for data analysis (α = 0.05).

Data revealed that there were no significant differences between two groups in any of the measured variables at the baseline. After the intervention, the experimental group performed significantly better in fine motor skills and had higher level of BDNF as compared to the control group. Regarding gross motor skills, there were no significant differences between experimental and control groups in the post-test.

According to the results, it can be argued that the selected SPARK program increases BDNF level and improves fine motor skills however it has not significant effect on gross motor skills in the educable intellectual disabled boy students. Thus, it seems that improves in fine motor skills partially are due to increases of brain-derived neurotrophins especially BDNF levels in the educable intellectual disability boy students.

L-carnitine may improve performance and decrease fatigue in athletes by increasing lipid oxidation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute L-carnitine supplementation on endurance performance and fatigue index in athlete young men. This study was performed by semi-experimental method. Subjects included 12 athlete young men athletes working in volleyball who were divided into two groups: experimental (consumption of 4.5 g L-carnitine with 6 drops of lemon juice in 250 mg) and control (6 drops of lemon juice in 250 mg of water as a placebo). Each of the subjects in two separate sessions performed the RAST test three times in one hour interval and were measured maximum power, minimum power, average power and fatigue index. The results showed that in the experimental group there was a significant difference between the first and second stages of the variables maximum power (p = 0.007), minimum power (p= 0.028) and average power (p= 0.002), But there was no significant difference between the other steps (p < 0.05). Also, there was no difference between different stages of fatigue index in experimental group (p <0.05). In addition, comparing the experimental and control groups in the above variables showed that there was no significant difference between the groups at any of the test stages (p < 0.05). It seems that acute consumption of L-carnitine supplement during one session of vigorous physical activity does not have significant effect on endurance and fatigue index.

The effect of gender on related-exercise apoptosis is unclear.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gender on the p53 level, as apoptosis marker, after downhill running in non-athletes.

Eighteen individuals between the ages of 18 and 30 years were randomly selected and divided into 9 groups (9 males and 9 females). Subjects performed downhill running (12% incline) at 70% of HRmax for 40 min and blood samples were taken before exercise and immidatly after exercise. Blood samples were assayed for serum level of p53.

The results showed that p53 was significantly increased after running downhill compared to pre-test in both male and female groups, but this increase was not significantly different between the two groups of men and women.

Although more research is needed, we showed that gender was not found to play an important role in apoptosis response to downhill running in non-athletes.

the use of resistance training with restricted blood flow (BFR) has been recommended as an alternative to heavy resistance training for middle-aged and elderly people. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of age and status of resistance training on basal levels of anabolic and catabolic hormones in middle-age active male. In this semi-experimental study design, 20 middle-aged active men (age 47.65±2.53 years) were selected. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of resistance training with and without BFR. Subjects in the 4-week BFR group performed knee extension and leg press at 20% 1-RM intensity, one 30 repetition set and 2 sets of 15 repetitions, and the non-BFR training group performed the same movements at 80% 1-RM intensity in three sets with 10 repetitions. Blood samples were also taken to measure testosterone and cortisol, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1.The significance level was set at p

Obesity is associated with a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and fatty liver, which are a serious health threat and cause many deaths worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a spirulina supplementation course with nonlinear resistance training on liver enzymes in obese women. Forty obese women in Parsian city were selected through Purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into four groups of 10 people including nonlinear resistance exercise, spirulina supplement, nonlinear resistance exercise + spirulina supplement and placebo. Interventions were performed for 8 weeks. Twenty four hours before and 48 hours after the intervention, blood samples were taken from all four groups at 12 hours fasting. For each sample, AST, ALT and ALP levels were measured. The supplement and placebo group consumed 2 capsules of spirulina daily or starch in the morning and evening meals, respectively. To compare the differences between variables in study groups and blood sampling times, mixed ANOVA was used. The results showed that there was no significant difference in AST (p = 0.25), ALT (p = 0.92) and ALP (p = 0.76) enzymes between groups. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that eight weeks of nonlinear resistance training and spirulina supplementation have no effect on the liver enzymes in obese women and thus do not improve the enzymatic markers of their liver function. Inadequate training and supplement intake and lack of proper diet control may be the reason for lack of improvement.

Some adhesion molecules and adipokines are mediators of atherosclerotic inflammatory processes and blood levels of these substances are related to cardiovascular disease risk. The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of two types of aerobic (Cooper) and anaerobic (Rast) on levels of ICAM1, VCAM1, E-selectin, P-selectin, L-selectin, omentin, apelin and fibrinogen. 17 obese and healthy young females were randomly assigned into two groups of aerobic and anaerobic tests. Blood samples were taken before and after the tests. Elisa method was used for evaluation of dependent variables. Analysis of data showed that only L-selectin levels after cooper test and fibrinogen levels after both tests decreased significantly (P≤0/05). Other variables had no significant inter group changes, also changes of all of variables between two groups were not significant (P>0/05). Overall, implementation of Rast and Cooper tests did not induce elevation of adipokines and atherogenic adhesion molecules in obese young females that may be a beneficial response for prevention of heart attack risk during exercise.

Citrulline malate (CM) is an increasingly common dietary supplement that is thought to enhance exercise performance by increasing nitric oxide production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short term use of CM supplement on NO, blood lactate, sport performance, LDH and CK in 8 healthy trained men. In a semi-experimental study, a group of 8 people randomly selected, and after attending in the first session to measure anthropometry characteristics and basic performance factors, participated in three sessions of placebo (8g dexterose) and then three sessions of supplement (8g CM). placebo or supplement was taken 60 minute before intervention sessions. Blood samples were taken in three phase, before the 4th session and after 2nd and 3rd sessions. Exercise performance factors were measured by pushup, cooper and rast tests. At the end, data were analyzed by repeated measure test as well as the follow-up Bonfroni test, at a significance level of 0/05. Results showed that acute CM supplementation compared to placebo, significantly reduced CK response to exercise (ϼ=0/041), increased NO response to exercise (ϼ=0/006), increased average anaerobic power (ϼ=0/037) and increased muscular endurance (ϼ=0/005). nevertheless, acute CM supplementation compared to placebo, didn't have a significant effect on LDH and lactate response to exercise (ϼ=1), maximal anaerobic power (ϼ=0/13) and aerobic endurance (ϼ=0/08). Acute CM supplementation may improve anaerobic performance, muscle performance, vasodilation and decrease muscle damage.

TRX training are one of the new resistance training that play a role in increasing strength, power, balance and stabilizing the body structure and increase neuromuscular coordination. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two training models of TRX on anaerobic power and body composition of young and teenager taekwondo athletes. Thirty-six young and teenager taekwondo boys with a mean age of 17.14±6.040 years participated in the study and randomly were divided to three training groups of 12 people including: TRX training in the form of intense interval training TRX-HIIT (TH), TRX training alone TRX (T) and the control group. After examining the normality of data distribution using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, in order to determine the differences intragroup, the dependent T test was used and to determine the differences between the groups, the statistical method on way-ANOVA was used (P≤0.05). In both training groups, a significant increase in participants' anaerobic power was observed, which anaerobic power was significantly higher in training group TH (P= 0.001). Also, in both training groups, after 5 weeks of training, a significant decrease in body fat percentage (body composition) was observed (P= 0.001). The results of this study showed that taekwondo athletes and trainers can use both training models to increase anaerobic power and reduce body fat percentage and it is suggested to use TRX training in the form of intense interval to get better results in equal time.

Acute mountain sickness occurs generally after ascent to altitudes higher than 2500m and is not related to the physical fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum levels of Orexin-A in people with and without the Acute Mountain Sickness. For this purpose, 14 men and women subjects participated in this study, voluntarily. All subjects transferred from Tehran to 3700m altitude of mount by the Tochal cable car at 9 am. Then, after 20min of modest hiking, they reach to the Tochal summit shelter at about 3960m altitude. Blood samples collected for the measurement of Orexin-A levels at three times: before the transferring in Tehran, 30min after arriving at altitude, and after 24h staying at altitude. The diagnostic criteria for the acute mountain sickness was a score of at least three from the Lake Louise questionnaire with headache present. Half of the subjects (n=7) affected to acute mountain sickness. The independent sample t-test showed that the subjects with the acute mountain sickness had lower levels of Orexin-A in Tehran, significantly (p=.044). However, the Orexin-A levels of affected and non-affected subjects were not significantly different after 30min and 24h at altitude (p=.08 and p=.10, respectively). There were negative significant correlations between the Lake Louise questionnaire scores and Orexin-A levels in Tehran and at altitude (p=.025 and p=.044, respectively). In conclusion, the serum levels of Orexin-A at low altitude could be consider as a predictive factor for the susceptible people to acute mountain sickness at high altitude.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ten weeks of aerobic exercise on the levels of interleukin-6 and 17 inflammatory cytokines, quality of life and self-esteem in overweight young women. Fifteen overweight female students (BMI 25-32 with a range of 19-30 years) were randomly divided into two groups . After 10 weeks of aerobic exercises (three days a week, 55% to 75% heart rate target 30-45 minutes), both groups blood samples, VO2max, and self-esteem, quality of life and body image questionnaires were obtained. Independent t-test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis. P