نشریه مطالعات کاربردی تندرستی در فیزیولوژی ورزش
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1403)

  Alpha-actinins are members of the family of actin-binding proteins that play a key role in the survival and regulation of cytoskeletal structure, especially muscle cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on the expression of alpha-actinin 2 and 3 proteins in the skeletal muscles of the plantaris and Gastrocnemius muscle of Wistar rats.

For this purpose, 16 male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: endurance training and control.  Endurance training groups for 12 weeks, 5 sessions per week at a speed of 12 to 22 meters per minute and with a slope of zero degrees and observed the principle of overload training, worked on the treadmill. Western blotting was used to measure alpha-actinin 2 and 3 of the plantaris muscles and Gastrocnemius muscle. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data and the significance level was considered 0.05.

The results of independent t-test showed a significant difference in alpha-actin 2 (p = 0.001), alpha-actin 3 (p = 0.001) in the Gastrocnemius muscle and alpha-actin 2 (0.006). Alpha-actin 3 (p = 0.001) was observed in plantaris muscle.

In general, endurance training increases the alpha-actin protein 2 and 3 in the skeletal muscles of male rats, and it can be said that due to the response of these proteins to the control group, this type of exercise is a good stimulus for muscle adaptation.

 Physical activity is one of the most effective ways to improve cardiovascular function. The present study was performed to evaluate cardiovascular responses following high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in inactive obese men.

 In the present semi-experimental study, eight inactive obese men (age: 22.5 2 2.5 years, body mass index: 31.5 ± 1.5 kg / m2) using a randomized crossover design, participated in three HIIE, MICE and control interventions.  Blood samples were taken before, immediately and one hour after exercise to measure nitric oxide (NO) concentration. Also, heart rate and blood pressure were measured before, immediately and every 15 minutes for one hour after exercises.  

  No significant changes in hemodynamic factors and NO were observed in the control group. However, after HIIE and MICE protocols, a significant decrease (p <0.05) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was observed compared to baseline conditions, which this phenomenon has persisted for a long time following HIIE. Heart rate and NO increased significantly after both protocols (p <0.05), with the increase in NO following HIIE persisting for longer.

It seems that training intensity can be an influential factor in the development of PEH. Also, due to the longer increase in NO caused by HIIE compared to MICE, it can be considered that longer PEH after HIIE is probably related to the mechanism of NO-induced vasodilation.

  Intense interval training (HIIT) activates metabolic factors by increasing the cell's need for energy in the shortest time; However, its role in AMPK activation and subsequent reduction of cardiac tissue fibrosis in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients is unclear. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of eight weeks of High intensity interval training on AMPK levels and cardiac tissue fibrosis, fasting blood glucose and insulin, and insulin resistance in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 20 heads (293.16 ± 49.96 g) of adult white Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=5): healthy control, diabetic control, healthy exercise, and diabetic exercise. The HIIT protocol was performed on a treadmill for eight weeks (five sessions per week including three phases of warm-up, main body of exercise and cool-down in each session). The training intensity was 85-90% of the maximum speed (~27-30 m/min) in 6-12 two-minute intervals with a three-minute active rest, including continuous running at an intensity of 30% of the maximum speed on the treadmill. Shapiro-Wilk, 2x2 two-way analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc tests at a significance level of <0.05 were used to analyze the data.

A significant increase in p-AMPK and p-AMPK/T-AMPK values ​​of heart tissue was observed in healthy exercise rats compared to other groups (p<0.05). Also, cardiac tissue fibrosis in the diabetic exercise group was significantly reduced compared to the diabetic control group (p<0.05). However, in the diabetic exercise group, the values ​​of p-AMPK and p-AMPK/T-AMPK in cardiac tissue were not affected (p>0.05) and Also, T-AMPK showed a significant increase in the diabetic control group compared to other groups (p<0.05).

Probably, reduction of cardiac tissue fibrosis in T2DM rats, at least during eight weeks of HIIT, is independent of AMPK.

Degradation of autophagy is associated with hepatic fat accumulation. Although the increase in autophagy flux through diet, exercise, and hypoxia effectively improves the fatty liver, its molecular mechanisms are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nutrition and exercise on hypoxia and normoxia on liver autophagy.

Twenty-four male Wistar rats (weight=165±9 grams) were randomly divided into the normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet+ normoxia exercise (HFD+NE), and high-fat diet+ hypoxia exercise (HFD+HE). The exercise was performed in three weekly sessions for 12 weeks at 68 to 80 percent of maximal aerobic velocity in normoxia (high about 50 meters) and hypoxic-hypobaric (high about 3000  meters). In the end, tissue samples were collected to measure the liver fat content and Atg5 and Ulk1 gene expression changes. Data were analyzed using ANOVA tests (p<0.05).

Compared to the ND group, liver fat increased in the HFD group, and the expression of Atg5 and Ulk1 decreased (p<0.05). The increased liver fat in the training groups was lower than in the HFD group (p<0.05). Although exercise reduces decreasing expression of Atg5 caused by the high-fat diet, it was not significant. Ulk1 was higher in the HFD+HE group than in all groups (p<0.05).

The regulation of autophagy genes by exercise is probably an effective mechanism in preventing liver fat accumulation. Although hypoxia training had a more significant effect on the autophagy genes, it had not an additional effect on reducing liver fat content.

In this meta-analysis, the effect of beta-hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on muscle damage and body composition markers was investigated.

A systematic search was conducted from PubMed, Google scholar, Sciencedirect, SID, Scopus, IranMedex, Irandoc databases, all randomized controlled clinical trials, which were related to HMB supplementation on creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) and body composition indices, fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM) and body mass (BM) were selected. Fixed and random effects models for meta-analysis of average effect size (difference in mean with 95% confidence interval), in research related to creatine kinase (16 studies), lactate dehydrogenase (14 studies), body fat mass (17 studies), fat-free mass Body (20 studies) and body weight (23 studies) were done with the help of CMA2 software.  

The meta-analysis results showed that HMB supplementation significantly reduced CK (ES = -0.22, 95% CI = -0.86 to 0.41, p = 0.034), LDH (= 0.34) ES, 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.57, p = 0.022) and FM (ES = 0.43, 95% CI - 0.74 to - 0.119, p = 0.007), and it was associated with a significant increase in FFM (ES=0.31, 0.007 to 0.61% CI 95, p=0.045), but there was no effect on BM (ES=0.054, 0.09 -0 to 0.20 =%CI 95, p=0.46).

In general, the results of the meta-analysis showed that chronic supplementation of HMB causes a significant decrease in muscle damage index enzymes such as CK and LDH after exercise, and it was also associated with a significant decrease in FM and an increase in FFM.

     PCOS is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training and a ketogenic diet on insulin resistance and lipid profile in overweight and obese women with PCOS.

This study involved 60 women (15–40 years) with a BMI of 25-39.9 and a fat percentage of 29-38% being randomly divided into four groups. Control (n=15), diet (n=15), resistance training (n=15), and exercise+diet (n=15). The exercise group and the exercise group + diet both participated in the exercise program for 8 weeks, with the diet group only adhering to an adjusted diet. Blood was drawn from subjects 48 hours before the training period began and after it concluded.

The findings indicated that, after 8 weeks, there was a significant disparity observed in the body composition variables, lipid profile, and insulin resistance index (p 0.05). Upon examining the post-test results compared with the pre-test results in the control group, it was found that there was a significant increase in HDL-C, whereas, in the intervention groups, there was a significant decrease in HDL-C.

  To improve their weight and health, overweight women with PCOS should modify their lifestyle by ketogenic diet and engaging in regular exercise. However, this is limited to overweight and obese women with PCOS; more research is needed.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between basal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and fasting blood glucose (FBS) with arterial stiffness indices (including cardiovascular-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and ankle-brachial index (ABI)) following glucose ingestion and aerobic exercise.

This semi-experimental research was conducted on 40 inactive women subjects in the age group of 20 to 45 years, Shahrood city. After 12 hours of fasting, FBS and MDA were measured. Then the measurements of weight, height, body composition and arterial stiffness (CAVI and ABI) were taken at baseline and response; 30 minutes, acute endurance activity with 65% maximum heart rate was performed on the treadmill. Consumption of 75 grams of glucose in 225 ml of water was done after 30 minutes of finishing the activity, and after that, another hour of inactive rest was done, and at the end, arterial stiffness and blood sugar were measured again.

There is a significant relationship between the baseline levels of MDA and FBS with the baseline levels of CAVI (p=0.001), but there was no significant relationship between these baseline levels of these two variables with changes in CAVI after exercise and glucose ingestion (p>0.05). ABI was also significantly related to baseline levels of MDA and FBS in both baseline (p=0.001) and response (p=0.003) levels.

In general, it can be concluded that baseline arterial stiffness is related to baseline levels of MDA and FBS, but in the face of conditions disturbing homeostasis such as exercise and glucose ingestion, only the changes in peripheral arterial stiffness (ABI) are related to these cases.

 Type 2 diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation. It is a major concern of the World Health Organization, affecting millions of people worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of  8 weeks of high-intensity interval training on the expression of activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6) and C/EBP homologue (CHOP) proteins in liver tissue in rats with type 2 diabetes. 

  The current study was experimental with a post-test design with a control group. A number of 24 Wistar male rats, aged 6 weeks and weighing approximately 200-250 grams, were obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 high intensity interval training (HIIT) diabetic, diabetic control and healthy control. The training groups performed 5 HIIT training sessions on the treadmill during 8 weeks and each week (the training protocol was 8 weeks of interval training, 5 sessions per week with intense 2-minute intervals with 2-8 repetitions and 80-90 The percentage of maximum running speed and 1-minute rest intervals were performed with 50-56% of maximum running speed. After 48 hours from the last training session and after fasting days, all rats were anesthetized and liver tissue was harvested. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

 The results showed that ATF-6 protein levels in type 2 diabetic male rats did not change significantly after 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (P = 0.73). But CHOP protein levels showed a significant increase after 8 weeks (P = 0.001). CHOP protein levels in the diabetic training group showed a non-significant decrease compared to the diabetic control group (P < 0.05), but in the diabetic training group compared to the healthy control group, it showed a significant increase (P = 0.001).  

 As a result, 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training can have beneficial effects on reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver tissue caused by type 2 diabetes in diabetic rats. Furthermore, further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore the potential mechanisms involved.

The use of nutritional interventions, food supplements such as sodium bicarbonate, can improve sports performance and athlete's health and prevent fatigue. It is recommended to prevent early fatigue and improve performance during competition. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic performance, serum I-FABP protein and metabolic responses of trained women during increasing sports activity.  

15 female athletes with an average age of 21.80 ± 1.10 participated in this research. Three targeted intervention methods were studied using placebo and sodium bicarbonate in amounts of 0.3 and 0.5 g/kg body weight. The Wingate test was conducted in three stages. The indexes of maximum anaerobic power, average power and fatigue index were evaluated using the Wingate test. Measurement of I-FABP index, pH, HCO3 and lactate was also done by taking blood from the vein.

The research results showed that there is no significant difference between the groups in average power, fatigue index and blood indices. Only, the results of the peak anaerobic power index at the 0.5 dose were significant (p<0.05).At the 0.3 dose, there was no significant difference between the groups in peak power, average power, fatigue index and blood indices.

Taking sodium bicarbonate supplement at a dose of 0.5 g/kg body weight in women can significantly increase the maximum anaerobic power in these athletes. Also, consuming this amount of bicarbonate supplement does not cause any digestive damage.

  Physical activity and the use of medicinal supplements are one of the treatment strategies for managing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) along with Portulaca Oleracea supplement on FXR and SREBP-1c in the liver tissue of rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver.

In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control (n=5), fatty liver control (n=5), Portulaca Oleracea supplement (n=5), HIIT (n=5) and HIIT + Portulaca Oleracea supplement (n=5). Nonalcoholic fatty liver was induced with 12 weeks of high-fat diet. Portulaca Oleracea supplement was applied daily and HIIT training for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week in the respective groups. The amounts of FXR and SREBP-1c in liver tissue were measured by sandwich ELISA method. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

 After 8 weeks of HIIT and Portulaca Oleracea supplementation, there was a significant difference in FXR (p=0.028) and SREBP-1c (p=0.005) values between the study groups. The results of the post hoc test showed that the SREBP-1c levels in the fatty liver control group were significantly higher than the healthy control group(p=0.012). SREBP-1c values were significantly lower in the HIIT + Portulaca Oleracea supplement group (p=0.006) and the exercise group (p=0.049) compared to the fatty liver control. FXR values in the fatty liver control group were significantly lower than the healthy control group(p=0.027). There was no significant difference in FXR values in the groups of HIIT + Portulaca Oleracea supplement (p=0.462), HIIT (p=0.958) and Portulaca Oleracea supplement (p=0.988) compared to the fatty liver control.

HIIT with Portulaca Oleracea supplementation may be effective in improving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating some liver lipogenesis regulation pathways, including reducing SREBP-1c activity in liver tissue.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks itself and causes damage and inflammation. Cortisol, which is one of the most important hormones of the HPA axis, is directly related to the level of inflammation in the body of MS patients, and research has shown that disruption of this axis may cause changes in the symptoms of MS, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of two aerobic and resistance training programs on hormones. HPA axis in women with MS.

This semi-experimental research was conducted with the participation of 30 women diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS (with a disability scale ranging from 0 to 5.5) within the age range of 25 to 50. The participants were randomly divided into three groups: aerobic exercise (10 participants), resistance exercise (10 participants), and control group (10 participants). The patients engaged in exercise sessions three times a week for 8 weeks, including warm-up, resistance training, aerobic exercises, and cooldown. All movements were designed to be performed in a home environment. Trainers ensured exercise quality through video calls. Blood samples were collected from the participants' brachial before and after the protocol. Data analysis employed tow-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26 software, with a significance level of 0/05.

 The studied exercise protocol did not show the ability to make significant changes in the hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with MS. In fact the level of cortisol (P=0.946) has been increased but likewise the other hormones such as dopamine (P=0.561), testosterone (P=0.714) and adrenocorticotropin (P=0.933) there were no significant change as a response to training interference.

 Based on the results of the current study, 8 weeks of aerobic and resistance exercises (home-based training) did not show the ability to significantly alter the hormonal levels of the HPA axis in patients with depression and relatively limited mobility.

Obesity appears to be associated with respiratory problems, and respiratory function is affected by various factors such as physical exercise. For this purpose, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of non-linear resistance training and radio frequency (RF) on respiratory function and body composition in obese men.

The current research is semi-experimental. The statistical population included obese men (mean age 30.12±2.62 years and weight 92.18±3.01 kg), and 60 people participated in this research. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups: non-linear resistance training, non-linear resistance training + RF, RF and control. Training and RF intervention was implemented three sessions a week for eight weeks. Respiratory function, body composition and VO2max were measured before and after training. Data was analysed using factorial variance analysis (2x2) with repeated measures and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level of p<0.05.

Interactive effects of training and RF significantly decreased body weight (P=0.002, 3.08 %), BMI (P=0.011, 3.08 %), body fat percentage (P=0.0001, 10.16 %), and significantly increased VO2max (P=0.017, 4.52%), FVC (P=0.0001, 12.71%), FEV1 (P=0.0001, 14.96%) and FEF 75-25% (P=0.018, 5.86%). Training alone caused significant changes in all dependent variables (p<0.05), but RF alone did not cause significant changes (P>0.05).

Therefore, the combined effect of non-linear resistance training and RF led to further improvement of respiratory function, body composition and aerobic capacity in obese men.

Due to the increasing development of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, the heart is one of the most important tissues that are damaged by this disease. Also, long-term oxidative stress in the heart tissue causes changes in the expression of various genes, including mitochondrial biogenesis genes. The effect of exercise in different phases of the circadian cycle on the protection of heart tissue in diabetes is unknown. The aim of this study was the effect of endurance training in the light and dark phase on some indicators of mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. In this study, 30 NMRI mice with an average age of 8 to 10 weeks were randomly divided into 6 groups: dark phase healthy control, light phase healthy control, dark phase diabetic control, light phase diabetic control, dark phase diabetic exercise, and exercise. Diabetics were placed in the light phase. Then they became diabetic by feeding with high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The endurance training protocol (Vmax 50-60%) was 5 days a week for 8 weeks. After anesthesia, blood and heart tissue were removed. The data were evaluated by ANOVA method at a significance level of p < 0.05. 8 weeks of endurance training significantly increased the expression of PGC-1α, NRF-1, Atf2, AMPK genes (P˂ 0.05) in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. The changes in the two phases of light and darkness in different groups did not show any significant difference (P˂ 0.05). Endurance training can lead to better performance by increasing the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis genes in the heart tissue of subjects with diabetes. Endurance activity in two phases of light and dark has no significant difference in the desired factors and more research is needed.

     Type 2 diabetes is a condition that leads to impaired axonal transport, and exercise can lead to its improvement. However, the mechanisms and effects of exercise in these disorders still need to be fully understood. This study aimed to examine the effect of combined exercises on serum kinesin-1 and the physical performance of older men with type 2 diabetes.   In this clinical semi-experimental study, 16 older men with diabetes (age: 67.07 ± 1.50 years) were randomly divided into two control groups and aerobic resistance training groups. The exercises were done for eight weeks and three sessions per week for 90 minutes. Kinesin-1 blood variable and performance  physical  were measured 48 hours before and after training. Paired t-test was used to check intra-group changes, and the ANCOVA test was used to check the difference between groups. All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS version 23 software at a significance level of P<0.05. Paired t-test shows that in the training group, kinesin-1 values (t = 4.14, P = 0.08) decreased, lower body strength (t = 2.26, P = 0.01) significantly increased, and aerobic endurance values ( t=5.15, P=0.07) and upper body strength (t=1.80, P=0.09) increased after the intervention. Intergroup analysis showed a significant increase in aerobic endurance values (P=0.006, F=11.80) and lower body strength (P=0.01, F=10.80). Also, the levels of kinesin-1 (P=0.07, F=61.23) decreased, and upper body strength increased (P=0.08, F=8.70), but they were not significant. According to the results of prescribing combined exercises in The elderly with type 2 diabetes, it can have the most excellent effect on improving functional indices and improving kinesin-1 values in diabetic elderly.  Prescribing combined exercises in the elderly with type 2 diabetes has probably improved  physical performance and kinesin-1 levels in the elderly with diabetes

     The aim of this study was to compare the effects of maximal exercise with and without caffeine supplementation on serum alpha-amylase, blood glucose, insulin, leptin, and energy intake in overweight or obese individuals.  This crossover study was conducted on 16 overweight or obese male and female volunteers aged over 18 years with a body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2. Participants were randomly assigned into two conditions: maximal exercise with caffeine supplementation and maximal exercise without placebo supplementation. Participants received a dose of 200 mg caffeine capsule and starch powder and then performed 30 minutes of submaximal exercise at 60% of HRR. Blood samples were collected before and after caffeine supplementation and following exercise. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. caffeine increased blood glucose, insulin, and serum alpha-amylase (p < 0.05). Exercise significantly decreased serum alpha-amylase, insulin and blood glucose levels and increased leptin levels (p < 0.05). The change in insulin and blood glucose levels in response to exercise were greater with caffeine supplementation than with placebo (p < 0.05). However, caffeine had no significant effect on leptin levels or its response to exercise (p > 0.05). Although caffeine affected metabolic responses to exercise, it has no effect on appetite hormone leptin and subsequent food intake. Energy intake seemingly increases following exercise regardless of caffeine consumption, which should be considered in weight management.

     Wnt signaling is one of the most important signaling pathways involved in resistance training, which has a great molecular impact on the evolutionary path of kidney tissue. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training with spirulina supplementation on Wnt/GSK-3β/TSC2/S6K signaling pathway in the kidney tissue of male rats. In the experimental design, 32 young male rats at 3 months of age and an average weight of 150±20 grams were randomly divided into four groups: control, resistance exercise, spirulina supplement, and exercise+supplement. The resistance training groups performed the resistance exercise of climbing a ladder for eight weeks and 5 sessions per week (3 sets and 5 repetitions, 1-minute rest between repetitions and 2 minutes between sets). The intensity was 30% of the body weight in the first week and reached 100% in the final week. Spirulina in the amount of 200 mg/kg/day was added to the water of the supplementary groups. 24 hours after the last training session, kidney tissue was removed and the expression level of the dependent variables was measured using the REAL TIME-PCR method. Cross-sectional analysis of variance was used to analyze the data at a significant level of 0.05. Changes in Wnt, GSK-3β and TSC2 gene expression were not significant in any of the groups compared to the control group (P≥0.05). In the interactive group of resistance exercise and Spirulina supplement, a significant increase in S6K gene expression was observed in comparison with the control group (P=0.017, F=6.511). Considering the lack of effect of Spirulina supplement on Wnt signaling, it seems that the use of spirulina does not have a negative effect on the kidney tissue, although due to the limited research, more investigations especially in the kidney patients are recommended.

Obesity causes chronic inflammation, and inflammation causes insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training with quercetin supplementation on the gene expression of PLIN2 and ATGL in the liver of diabetic obese rats. Forty two male Wistar rats at 8 weeks of age were purchased, and 36 of these animals were induced with T2DM after 8 weeks of high-fat diet. The rats were divided into the following groups (n=6): healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic quercetin supplementation, high-intensity interval training with diabetes (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training with diabetes (MICT), HIIT training with quercetin, and MICT training with quercetin. For one training group, 8 weeks of HIIT training and for the other 8 weeks of MICT training on the treadmill were performed. Seventy two hours after the last training session, liver tissues was isolated to check gene expression of PLIN2 and ATGL. Two-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post-hoc test (with a significance level of P<0.05) was used to analyze the data. After 8 weeks of intervention, a significant difference was seen only in the level of ATGL gene expression between four training groups (P=0/001), so that in HIIT and MICT training groups with quercetin its levels was statistically more than two other training groups with the significant levels of (P=0/001) and (P=0/015), respectively. Apparently, the implementation of both types of exercise has an effect on ATGL and PLIN2 gene expression, and when exercise is combined with quercetin, this supplementation can indirectly affect ATGL gene expression in T2DM conditions by controlling blood levels.

Parkinson’s disease characterized by loss of the dopaminergic neurons, accompanied by neuroinflammation. The effect of high intensity interval training on dopaminergic neurons survival is not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of high intensity interval swimming on DJ-1 and mir-874 gene expression of hippocampal cells in rats with Parkinson’s disease. In this experimental study, twenty-one 8 to 10-week-old male Wistar rats (weight 200 ± 10.2 grams) were divided into three groups (7 rats in each group), including: healthy control, PD and training. PD induced by injection of 1 mg/kg reserpine during 5 days. The rats in the training group performed high intensity interval swimming, including 20 times of 30 seconds of swimming with 30 seconds of rest between each time for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test were run using SPSS-22 at the P <0.05. The study results indicated that DJ-1 gene expression were lower in the PD group compare to the healthy group and training group (p=0.02 and p=0.04 respectively); while, mir-874 gene expression was higher in the PD group compare to the healthy group and training group (p=0.001 and p=0.02 respectively). No significant difference was observed between training group and healthy group for these proteins' gene expression (p=0.6 and p=0.08 respectively). In general, it seems that high intensity swimming interval training is effective for improving PD by enhancing the mechanisms of dopaminergic neurons survival.

     The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity functional training and combined aerobic-resistance training on the levels of AST, ALT, AST/ALT enzymes, and body composition indices in overweight and obese girls. In this semi-experimental study, 45 girls (16.1±51.5 years old with BMI=32.27±3.55) participated voluntarily and were randomly assigned to three groups: high-intensity functional training (HIFT) (including 4 rounds of 9 movements, performing the maximum number of each movement in 30 seconds and 15 seconds between movements), combined aerobic-resistance training (including aerobic exercises with 40-70% HRR and resistance exercises with 50-70% 1RM), and control. The training interventions included 12 weeks of 3 sessions, 24 hours before the start and 48 hours after the end of the interventions, body composition indices were measured and blood was taken to check the changes in the liver enzymes of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase. Data analysis was performed using dependent t-test and covariance analysis. HIFT and combined aerobic-resistance training had a significant effect on weight, body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage and ALT and AST levels compared to the control group (P < 0.001). However, HIFT was more effective than combined aerobic-resistance training in terms of serum ALT and AST levels (P < 0.05), and only HIFT had a significant effect on AST/ALT (P < 0.05). Both HIFT and combined aerobic-resistance training can be useful for improving body composition and liver health, but it seems that the simultaneous performance of aerobic and resistance trainings in the HIFT Protocol, as well as its nature of being intermittent and intense, are the reasons for the greater impact of this type of training.

     Leptin and adiponectin are two types of adipokines (or adipocytokines) that play an important role in controlling metabolic processes, especially in obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous exercise on leptin, adiponectin and body composition levels in adults with overweight and obesity. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar for English and Persian articles published until September 2023. The present meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of concurrent exercise on leptin, adiponectin and body composition levels in adults with overweight and obesity. Effect size and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random effect model. The results of 26 studies with 732 overweight and obese adults showed that simultaneous exercise caused a significant decrease in serum leptin [SMD=-0.61, p=0.001], body weight [WMD=-3.38 kg, p=0.001], BMI [WMD=-0.74 kg.m2, p=0.001], body fat mass [WMD=-2.56 g, p=0.001], waist circumference [WMD=-5.47 cm, p=0.001], waist circumference to hip circumference ratio [WMD=-0.02, p=0.001], and increased serum adiponectin was significant [SMD=0.56, p=0.001] compared to the control group in adults with overweight and obesity. Concurrent and combined training causes a significant decrease in serum leptin and a significant increase in serum adiponectin in adults with overweight and obesity. This shows the significant health benefits of concurrent exercise for adults. Therefore, it is suggested that the aforementioned statistical community should take advantage of the benefits of concurrent exercise to achieve health.

     Considering use of caffeinea supplement by athletes and harmful effects of long-term caffeine consumption on male fertility, the aim of this study was determine effect of moderate aerobic exercise combined with Sertoli cell medium conditioning on testicular damage caused by caffeine consumption in adult male rats.For this purpose,30male Wistar rats weighing250±20grams, age9-10weeks, were celected in5 groups(healthy control,affected by caffeine,caffeine-exercise,caffeine-medium conditioning and caffeine-conditioning-medium-exercise).Groups2to5for4weeks, caffeine dose200mg/kg orally and group1receivedsame amount of distilled water.After 6weeks, conditioned medium Sertoli cells was injected into efferent ducts mice in treatment group.After 8weeks of media conditioning injection and moderate aerobic training(60minutes,1bar per day¸5days per week),blood was collected from all mice and testes¸ epididymis were isolated.Then the blood samples were centrifuged at speed of3000rpm,at temperature40degrees Celsius for15minutes,and highly soluble serum was used measure testosterone hormone by radioimmunoassay method.In study the histopathology of testis samples fixed in10% formalin,5micron thick sections were prepared according to method of preparing tissue sections for hematoxylin-eosin staining.prepared tissue sections were examined for histopathology. In group under influence of caffeine, level of testosterone decreased significantly compared to control group(p<0.05).In both caffeine-media conditioning group and caffeine-exercise group, level of testosterone increased significantly (p<0.05).In caffeine-media conditioning-exercise group, level of testosterone hormone shows significant increase compared to previous2groups(p<0.05).In histopathological observations, testicular tissue in caffeine-damaged group has severe changes in germ cells and stop spermatogenesis,reduction germinal epithelium layers,edema, severe hyperemia and bleeding in interstitial space,irregularity of overlying epithelium,changes in thickness and irregularity in basal layer and irregularity,wrinkling and disintegration of structure of tubules,in many ducts.It was sperm maker. significant improvement was observed in caffeine-media conditioning-exercise group and tissue structure of testicles was relatively normal or close to normal. Consuming conditioned media of Sertoli cells and performing aerobic exercise at same time improves testosterone hormone indices and reduces harmful effects of caffeine on testicular histopathology of rats.