نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 59، اردیبهشت 1400)

For some people, social status seems to be a factor in saving electricity power. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an electricity-saving scale based on social status upgrading. In conducting this study, using the relevant theories, the scale was prepared. For investigating validity and reliability the opinion of experts, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha index was used to examine the internal consistency of the scale. The number of items obtained in the study of theories was 20 items, which were reduced to 13 items after review by experts. The sample size in the primary study was 193 people and in the second study was 366 people were selected from Iranian cyberspace users by available sampling method. Our results showed that 9 items had the desired factor load to measure the factors and the 2-factor model give the best fitting with data. The factor load of 0.40 and above in all items in exploratory factor analysis confirmed the sufficient reliability of the structures of the scale. The indexes obtained in the confirmatory factor analysis also indicated high validity of the scale. χ2/df=1.93, GFI=0.93, AGFI=0.95, RMR=0.025, NFI=0.92, NNFI=0.99, IFI=0.97, CFI=0.97, RMSEA=0.049. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha index was 0.88 for the first factor and 0.85 for the second factor. This study supported the conceptualization of the relation between social status motivation and electricity power saving. It provides some psychometric evidence for this self-report scale that was developed based on the role of social status in electricity saving behavior. It seemed that 2 personality traits; being motivated for keeping social image and prestige, are related to electricity power-saving behaviors.

Although the topic of personality and personality traits has been studied in many types of research, it has been neglected in the study of some variables. The fact that how these attributes are in a relationship with anxiety with the mediation of dysfunctional attitudes is one of these issues addressed in this study. For this purpose, 240 students from Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamedan were selected as the sample, and Beck Anxiety Inventory (1990), Beck and Wiseman Dysfunctional Attitudes Questionnaire (1987), and McCree and Casta Neo Personality Questionnaire (1985) were filled in. Six of the Individuals filled out the questionnaires in a misunderstood manner, so a final sample of 234 people was selected. The results of the structural equation modeling showed that in general, the model has a good fit of goodness. The relationship between anxiety and neuroticism with presence and without the presence of the mediator variable was positive and significant and also the relationship between anxiety with extroversion with presence and without the presence of the mediator variable is significant and reversible. Also, the findings indicated that at 0/01 significance level, only a neuroticism variable was significantly associated with anxiety with mediating dysfunctional attitudes and this relationship was not found for extraversion. Thus, it can be concluded that dysfunctional attitudes can act as a mediator between neuroticism and anxiety.

Children with developmental coordination disorder tend to avoid engaging in physical activity that leads to poor motor function and negative psychological consequences. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of traditional methods and tactical game methods in teaching sports skills on the enjoyment of physical activity in children with developmental coordination disorder. Thirty boys with developmental coordination disorder in Kermanshah entered the study by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of the tactical game and traditional training methods. The training program included a course of basketball training program that was done for 12 weeks and three one-hour sessions per week in two traditional and tactical games methods. The instruments used in this study included the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQchr('39')07), Movement Assessment Buttery for Children (MABC-2), and Enjoyment of physical activity Questionnaire (PACES). Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data in SPSS software. The results showed that the tactical game group had a significant increase in the enjoyment of physical activity scores compared to the traditional training group (P<0.05). Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that the tactical game method be used instead of the traditional method in teaching sports skills to children with developmental coordination disorders.

The present study aimed to predict symptoms of anxiety and depression according to interpersonal problems. 362 individuals (220 men, 142 women) selected from the University of Tehran using the convenience sampling method. The participants completed the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-60, Horowitz, et al, 1988) and the Stress Depression Anxiety Scale (DASS, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). The results indicated that interpersonal problems (assertiveness, sociability, submissiveness, intimacy, responsibility, and controlling) had a significant positive correlation with the symptoms of anxiety and depression (P<0.01). Linear regression analysis showed that interpersonal problems could predict 19.4% of the variance of anxiety symptoms and 21.4% of the variance of depression symptoms. Based on research findings it is important to pay attention to interpersonal problems for preventing symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Theoretical foundations and conducted studies are indicative of the effect of physiological factors on the incidence and exacerbation of migraine. Identification of these factors can play a major role in the treatment and prognosis of this disease. Therefore, the present study aims to predict the severity of migraine headaches based on anxiety, defense mechanism, and self-compassion. To this end, a total of 200 patients with migraine headaches visiting neurology clinics in Shiraz were selected using purposeful sampling. The patients were then asked to fill out the Spielberg State-Trait questionnaire(1970), Najjarian Migraine Symptom Severity questionnaire(1997), and Bond Defense style questionnaire (1983), and  Neff Self-Compassion scale(2003). The results of correlation and step by step regression analysis showed that there was a relationship between anxiety, defense styles, and self-compassion with the severity of migraine headaches(P<0/01). The results also showed that anxiety, defense styles, and self-compassion predicted 0/19, 0/14, and 0/16 of severe migraine headaches.

Understanding the influential variables on coupleschr('39') sexual problems can be applied in prevention and treatment programs. The purpose of the present study was to predict sexual problems based on fear of intimacy and procrastination. For this purpose, 220 married students from Tehran universities (130 women, 90 men) in the academic year 2019 participated in this study and completed the Fear of Intimacy Scale (Descutner & Thelen, 1991), the Pure Procrastination Scale (Steel, 2010), and the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Status Questionnaire (Golombok & Rust, 1986). To analyze the data, correlation coefficients were calculated and stepwise regression was run. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between fear of intimacy and sexual problems, and also between procrastination and sexual problems Which is significant at the level (p≥ 0.01). R2  is the first step concluded 0.52, and in step 2 concluded 0.56 Which is significant at the level (p≥ 0.01). Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that fear of intimacy and procrastination can predict sexual problems and fear of intimacy is a stronger predictor of sexual problems than procrastination. investigating these variables in individuals can help prevent and treat sexual problems effectual and improve marital satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on suicidal thoughts, self‐concealment, and cognitive emotion regulation in women with suicidal thoughts. This research was done experimentally and through designing pre-test and post-test and using a control group. The statistical population included all women with suicidal thoughts who referred to comprehensive health centers in Ardabil city in 2019. The research sample of the study was 40 women in this population who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly replaced into the experimental and control group.  For data collection, we used the suicidal thoughts scale (Beck & Steer, 1991), the self‐concealment scale (Larson & Chastain, 1990), and the short form of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results indicated that acceptance and commitment therapy had a significant effect on reducing self‐concealment and suicidal thoughts and increasing cognitive emotion regulation in women with suicidal thoughts (P<0.001). These findings indicate that acceptance and commitment therapy may be effective in reducing suicidal thoughts by improving the regulation and expression of emotions.

The aim of this study was to compare childrenchr('39')s problem-solving skills and self-esteem levels in child-centered and teacher-centered preschools. This study was a comparative causal study. the statistical population of the study included children studying in preschools in the 15th district of Tehran. 50 children (25 people with child-centered education and 25 people with teacher-centered education) were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a clinical interview scale of different solutions (Shure & Spivack, 1988) and a childrenchr('39')s self-esteem questionnaire (Azizi Moghaddam, 1386). The obtained data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The results of this study showed that problem-solving skills and their sub-components (related solutions, related classes, and unrelated answers) and self-esteem level and its sub-components (social self-esteem and academic self-esteem) are significantly higher in children in child-centered preschools than teacher-centered preschools (P <0.05). Due to the effect of the type of instructor training on problem-solving skills and childrenchr('39')s self-esteem, the implementation of training based on a child-centered style can be used to adjust the psychological characteristics of children.

The aim of this study was to present a causal model to investigate the relationship between school emotion and academic motivation with career guidance by considering the mediating role of academic self-concept. The research method was a descriptive-correlational structural equation model. The statistical population included all first-grade high school students in Sanandaj, in the academic year 2009-2010. 284 people were included in the study by random sampling of relative classes according to gender and educational level. To collect the required data, the academic motivation questionnaire  (Derakhshan et al, 2017), the school attitude assessment survey (McCouch, 2003), the Academic Self-Concept Questionnaire (Lee et al, 2005), and the Career Development Inventory-Australia-short form (Creed  & Patton, 2004 ) were used. The data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling. The results showed that school affection and academic motivation can significantly affect career growth through academic self-concept. According to the results, it is possible to provide a way to achieve career growth in the light of attention to school affection, academic motivation, and academic self-concept for students.

Internalized shame is a very painful negative emotion that is accompanied by feelings of humiliation, inferiority, and worthlessness. The aim of this study was to predicting juvenile internalized shame based on social anxiety, relationship with parent, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. The research method was correlational. The statistical population included female students aged 15 to 19 years in Dehaghan city who were studying in the 2019-2020 academic year and the statistical sample included 270 people who were selected as available. Research tools included the Cook (1993) The internalized shame scale, Rosenberg (1979) The self-esteem scale, Sherer and Maddux (1982) The self-efficacy scale, Fain (1983) The Parent-Child Relationship survey, and Connor (2000) The social phobia Inventory. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression. The research findings showed that social anxiety and internalized shame at the level of 0.01 is a positive and significant relationship and self-esteem, relationship with a parent, and self-efficacy with internalized shame is a negative and significant relationship(P<0.01). Also, the results of regression analysis showed that the predictor variables explain 33% of the variance of internalized shame. The results of this study help identify the factors influencing the internalized shame and show the need for more attention of parents and officials to these factors to reduce the suffering of juveniles.

affective-emotional temperament in women with and without sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder. The research was a descriptive causal-comparative study. For this purpose, 65 women with sexual desire /arousal disorders and 85 women without disorders were selected purposefully among all women who attended a stadium in Rasht city in 2018-19. To collect data, women’s sexual interest and desire questionnaire (sills et al, 2005), clinical interview based on DSM-5 criteria, Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Questionnaire (Lara et al., 2012), and General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1979) was used. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that women with the sexual interest/arousal disorder had the more emotional temperament of anxiety, depression, cyclothymia, dysphoria, volatility, and less euthymia and euphoria. Furthermore, in the emotional temperament, they have less volition, coping, and control than the non-disorder group. There was no difference between Apathy, obsessive, irritability, disinhibited, and euphoria (affective temperament), anger, inhibition, and sensitivity (emotional temperament) between the two groups. Based on these findings it can be concluded that affective-emotional temperament can be effective in the formation and exacerbation of sexual arousal disorder in women. These findings can help the discussion of the pathology, education, and treatment of these women.

This study aimed to compare schema modes, childhood trauma, and object relationships in individuals with borderline personality and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms. The research method was causal-comparative and the statistical population of this study included all people who were referred to public and private counseling centers in Tehran city in 2019, of whom 90 people with borderline personality symptoms and 90 people with obsessive-compulsive symptoms were selected by convenience sampling method. Research tools include Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (1983) (MCMI); Schema Mode Inventory by Lobbestael et al. (2010) (SMI); Childhood Trauma Questionnaire by Bernstein et al. (1994) (CTQ) and Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (1986) (BORRTI). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Individuals with borderline personality disorder symptoms in the components of angry child mode (P<0.05), impulsive child mode (P<0.01), undisciplined child mode (P<0.05), self-aggrandizer mode (P<0.01), emotional abuse (P<0.05), emotional neglect (P<0.01), egocentricity (P<0.05) and insecure attachment (P<0.01) obtained higher mean scores than people with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms. Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in the components of detached protector mode (P<0.01), punishing parent mode (P<0.05), and demanding parent mode (P<0.01), and social incompetence (P<0.01) obtained higher mean scores than people with borderline disorder symptoms. Based on the present study results, it seems that object relationships, schema modes, and childhood traumas play a role in the formation of borderline personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality symptoms.

The purpose of this study was to study the marital identity changes in women after the birth of the first child from their spousechr('39')s point of view. To achieve this goal, a qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenological method were used. The research community is Fathers living in Tehran that at least one year and at most seven years passed from the birth of their first child. Purposeful sampling was used and 12 persons were selected as the participants. Data were collected through researcher-made semi-structured interviews and analyzed by content analysis method. Finally, the research findings led to 13 sub-themes and 3 main themes. The main themes are Role changes (Decreased emotional support, Increase emotional support, Reduce instrumental support, Increase instrumental support, Reduce intelligence support), Rule changes (Child orientation, Communication with family and friends, expand expectations from a spouse, Increase attention to family) and Internal changes (Personal growth, Behavioral and personality traits, Internal tensions, Attitude, and worldview ). The results showed that a group of participants consider the identity Changes of their wives after childbirth Positive and another group considers them negative. It seems that the quality of marital relations before childbirth, Main family support, husband participation in parental responsibilities, and household Affairs are the influential factors in the formation of cohesive identity of mothers in the transition to parental phase.

The onset of the Covid-19 pandemic virus, in addition to its wide-ranging changes at various levels, has specifically led to changes at the family level and has had a significant impact on many parents and their relationship with their children around the world. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the consequences, psychological dimensions, risk factors, and protective factors in parent-child relationships during the Covid-19 epidemic crisis. The method of this study was a review of studies conducted in this field, so that the research findings in the databases of PubMed, Springer, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, Google Scholar with keyword search 19, psychological effects, parent-child relationship, behavioral problems- Emotional, risk, and protective factors, quarantine and children were examined. Finally, based on the inclusion criteria, out of 58 articles, 12 articles were included in the research and the results of classification were summarized and reported. The results of the study showed that the epidemic crisis has significant effects on children, parents, and also the type of relationship between parents and their children and following the increase of stress in parents, the likelihood of burnout and child abuse has increased. In contrast, parentschr('39') empathy and self-efficacy skills are factors that can improve the parent-child relationship in these situations. Therefore, considering the inevitable consequences of Covid-19 on lifestyle, mental health, and parent-child relationship; designing and planning intervention and support strategies and better understanding the psychological needs of families and children to raise awareness and improve parent-child relationships to reduce the negative effects and increase the positive effects are recommended.

Self-injury without the intent of suicide, defined as the direct and deliberate destruction of body tissues with no suicidal intent, has grown in clinical significance and study over the last two decades. According to research, this behavior is very common through adolescence, and it is thought to be a coping strategy for dealing with and managing intense negative emotions. The physical and psychological changes that occur during this time, which act as distressing factors, place adolescence at the core of studying this behavior, while personal history may also affect the degree of this distress. The importance of early relationships with parents and developmental experiences in predicting adolescent self-injury behavior has been established. The current study reviews previous studies on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and self-injury behavior, emphasizing explanatory and functional theories. Also, national studies were reviewed in the end, but despite the prevalence of four to five percent among Iranian adolescents, self-injury appears to be overlooked by national researchers.

Culture as a set of beliefs, values, laws, and customs which influence all aspects of human life can have a significant role in shaping psychopathology and psychological disorders. The purpose of this study that conducted via the descriptive-analytic method is to investigate the role of culture in psychopathology and abnormal behaviorschr('39') incidence with the emphasis on cultural formulation interviews. Despite the clinical and research implications of this interview, there are some limitations and criticisms about it. Therefore, in addition to positive points, the use of this tool in the clinical assessment and diagnosis process requires consideration of the limitations and criticisms imposed on it and also conducting more researches about its application in different cultures and clinical specialistschr('39') population (not only in psychiatristschr('39') population).