مجله دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد
سال شصت و سوم شماره 6 (پیاپی 174، بهمن و اسفند 1399)

Pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections in intensive care units.  In the treatment of healthcare-related infections, antibiotics account for a significant portion of the cost of medication in the intensive care unit (ICU).The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in antibiotic use in terms of frequency and cost of nosocomial infection in ICU at Imam Reza 1000 Bed Referal Hospital in Mashhad.

The present study is a descriptive and cross-sectional on the records of hospitalized patients with nosocomial pneumonia in Internal and Surgical ICU in Imam Reza hospital in 2016. The population was surveyed in full.  Refer to patient records, identify antibiotics consumed Based on the prescribed dose for all patients studied, separation was confirmed for each hospitalization day. Then calculations were performed for the mean frequency of each drug item and its cost per day for one patient for the periods before, during and after pneumonia.

The results showed that the average cost of antibiotics per day for each patient during the period of nosocomial infection was 538431 million Rials and 343979 million Rials in the previous period. That is a 57 percent increase compared to the pre-pneumonia period. There was also a 33 percent increase in the incidence of pneumonia during the period.

Over 50% increase in the volume of prescribed antibiotics during pneumonia nosocomial infection is important both in terms of health care costs and microbial resistance. The findings of the present study can be used to evaluate strategies to reduce this infection through cost-effectiveness studies.

Human papillomavirus (HPV), as the most common sexually transmitted disease, is directly associated with cervical cancer. It is important to determine the knowledge and attitude of medical students who can promote community awareness about cervical cancer.

This study aimed to determine knowledge and attitude about human papillomavirus in medical students of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad.

In this cross-sectional study, 280 medical students of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad were studied. The information was obtained by a questionnaire consisting of two parts of knowledge (36 questions) and attitude (9 questions) whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The data were analyzed by using SPSS24 software.

The mean age was 24.84 ± 2.55 years and 75% of them were females. The mean score of knowledge was 20.35 ± 3.54, indicating a relatively low level of awareness in medical students and was significantly correlated with age, level and passage of infectious subject. But there was not any significantly correlation with gender, history and marital status. The mean score of attitude was 13.56 ± 3.07, which indicates a low attitude of students and was higher in stager students without passing the infectious subject. Also, the score of awareness is inversely related to the attitude score.

Considering the low scores of medical students' knowledge and attitude about human papillomavirus, it is suggested that educational programs should be planned to raise students' awareness as future physicians of the country in the course of study about human papillomavirus and vaccination.

Despite the improvement in postoperative outcomes, delirium is a common neurological complication after cardiac surgery. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between STS risk score and postoperative delirium in ICU in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

150 patients between the ages of 18 and 75 who underwent elective off-pump CABG surgery were evaluated for STS risk score during the operation, the anesthesia protocol was the same, the patient's blood pressure was kept in the optimal range (map: 60-80). Delirium in the patient was assessed with a CAM ICU checklist by a trained nurse after extubation. After the operation, the care protocol was the same in the ICU and in the ICU after extubation, the rate of delirium was assessed by the trained nurse.

Frequency male and female was 57 and 93 respectively.  STS, was no significant difference between the two groups .The number of grafts and the length of hospital stay  in the group  was significantly . No significant differences were observed between the two groups.There was a significant correlation between age and weight and STS  . Weight,  height  and body mass index had a significant correlation with STS. The number of pixels received during operation with STS has a significant  correlation. The number of platelets received during operation with EF before surgery and  duration of operation had a significant negative and positive correlation, respectively.

The presence or absence of Delirium did not show a significant difference with STS score. The presence or absence of Delirium did not show a significant difference with STS score.

Infertility has many psychological and social consequences for couples and society. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of self-Concept, quality of thematic relationships and gender role conflict in predicting infertility.

This research was a correlational study. The study population consisted of women with infertility in Tehran who were selected by convenience sampling and were divided into two groups of ovulation and tubal. Research tools included the Fitz & Warren Self-Concept Scale (1996), the quality of thematic relationships (Bell & Bell, 1995), and gender role conflict (O'Neill et al., 1986). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics indices, Kendall's two-way correlation and logistic regression to predict infertility through the studied variables.

The correlation results showed that self-Concept variables were correlated with female infertility (r = 0.125), quality of subject relationships (r = 0.375), and gender role conflict (r = 0. 314). Results Regression showed that the relationship of all three variables of self-Concept, subject-relationship quality, and gender role conflict in model prediction was significant (p≤0 / 001). Gender role conflict plays a major role in predicting infertility in women and then in the quality of their subject relationships and perceptions, respectively. The results also showed that the predictive variables were able to explain 21 to 29 percent of inequality.

Self-Concept, the quality of thematic relationships, and gender role conflict play a decisive role in predicting infertility in women, so improving them can help to shape and improve family functioning.

Cancer cause personal and social problems in all aspects of life and increase support needs of people. this study aimed to investigate correlated factors with social support in cancer patients.  

This Research Was Kind of Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. the sample size of 300 cancer patients in Kerman referred to the health centers of Kerman, the samples were collected using systematic sampling Method.  With A Quantitative Approach, Which Conducted in A Geodesic Way Through the Social Support Self-Made Questionnaire and demographic variables questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were measured through face validity and internal consistency and descriptive statistics and Pearson tests, T-Test and Tukey tests along with regression and path analysis.

The results of this study showed that service-practical type of support has the highest average than other parts. The average of social support for cancer patients is different, but based on gender and marital status, there was no difference. Relationship between some variables include the employment, location, exact name and duration of illness with social support of cancer patients. While there is no significant statistical relationship between age, education level and income with cancer patients social support.

It can be concluded that social support in the life cycle of cancer patients is influenced by contextual and demographic variables (type of employment, place of residence, exact name of the disease and duration of the disease).

Prostate cancer is the most common visceral cancer recognized in men. Considering the incidence of prostatic cancer in our country, evaluation of anatomical location of prostatic cancer and frequency of extraprostatic extension (EPE) and seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) as important prognostic factors, could be of great importance.

Patients suspected of prostatic cancer were subjected to transrectal systemic needle biopsy. 12 to 14 samples from different prostate anatomical regions were prepared.In pathology lab Based on morphology or if necessary with the help of immunohistochemical methods, 68 Patients with prostate cancer as well as extra-prostatic involvement in the sample ,received the criteria for entering the study. Pathologist  determined the anatomical location of prostate conflict. Data and statistical analysis were used to find out the relation between anatomical location of prostate cancer and EPE and SVI.

Patient’s mean age was 73.82 year. 29 patients (42.6%) had seminal vesicle invasion. In 41 patients (60.3%) all 12 biopsies were involved. In 90% cases involvement of the base region were seen. Also, the average rate of involvement of various margins was 10.97 out of 12 biopsies.In 97.05%    of patients half and more than half of biopsies were involved. The mean serum PSA level before surgery in patients was 53.64 ng/dL.

There was no significant relationship between anatomic region of prostate cancer and extraprostatic extension(EPE) or seminal vesicle invasion(SVI).Also as our study showed more biopsies involved with cancer ,more EPE and SVI were seen. Patients with EPE and SVI had higher mean age.

Parents' relationship with children with conduct disorder can cause problems with their children. Therefore this study was done aimed to evaluation the effectiveness of Triple P-Positive Parenting Program on parent-child relationship and symptoms of disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder.

Design of this study was semi-experimental type as pretest-posttest with control group.Statistical population consisted of all mothers of high school boy student with conduct disorder in district 4 of Tehran in 2019.The sample studied were all 34 mothers of children with conduct disorder who were selected through convenience sampling method and were divided randomly into two groups of experimental and control groups.For collection data was used from Parent Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) and Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4). Data analyzing was conducted with ANCOVA and SPSS-22.  

The results showed that Triple P have significant effect on parent-child relationship (F= 9.70, p < .05) and symptoms of conduct disorder (F= 12.52, p < .05).

According to the findings this study, Triple P can be an effective educational method to improve the parent-child relationship and symptoms of disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder.

The aim of this study is to present the future approach of marketing research of water pools according to the health status in the post-corona period.

This study was conducted with an integrated approach. In the first step, by examining the thematic literature and using futuristic research technique, the initial conceptual model was extracted with a deductive (quantitative) approach and then inductively (qualitatively) the model was obtained and completed. Finally, the designed model was tested using Mick Mac analysis. In the qualitative section, based on the content analysis of the studies, 23 drivers were finally identified for the future of Tehran pool water marketing research. In order to identify and classify the identified indicators, Mick Mac analysis in MICMAC software was used. The study population was sports management experts and managers of Tehran water pools. 20 people were identified as a sample by snowball technique.

A set of drivers (23 drivers) in the dimensions of personnel, customer, children, elderly, physical services, planning services, special services, location, environment, shower and locker room, health, direct advertising, strategy, ticket, political, economic, social , Culture, construction and rent, competitors, laws, championships and subsidies were recognized as effective studies.

Based on Mick Mac analysis or in other words, Mick Mac analysis, economic drivers-economic-laws-subsidies-construction and rent-environmental-health were identified as influential variables. Based on this, the scenario of financing and policy-making in order to increase the quality of existing pools, attracting financial support was proposed.

This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of short-term intensive psychoanalytic treatment on the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder in 16-year-old adolescents.

The research design of this quasi-experimental study was pretest-posttest with control group. From the statistical population of students with confrontational disobedience disorder in Tehran's 4th district, Tehran, 30 high school boys with disability disorder were selected by available sampling method. The Humorsen et al. (2006) scale was used to measure oppositional defiant disorder disorder. Psychotherapeutic intervention was presented in eight sessions for the experimental group. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of covariance.

The results of data analysis showed that short-term intensive psychotherapy treatment improves the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder 16-year-olds (p≤0 / 001).

Due to the effective effect of short-term intensive psychotherapy treatment on the improvement of symptoms of students' oppositional defiant disorder, it is recommended to use this method.

the lack of desire in sexual relationship in the women causes various psychological and emotional damages in these people and decrease of marital satisfaction and increase of marital burnout. Therefore, the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and systemic therapy on the women’s hypoactive sexual desire.

the research method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group and two-month follow-up stage. The statistical population of the study included the women with hypoactive sexual desire in the city of Tehran in 2019. 24 women with hypoactive sexual desire were selected through voluntary sampling method and randomly replaced into experimental and control groups (each group of 12 women). The women present in the experimental group received eight ninety-minute sessions of the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and systemic therapy. Halbert sexual desire questionnaire (1992) was used in the present study. The data from the study were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA via SPSS23 statistical software.

the results showed that the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and systemic therapy has significant effect on the women’s hypoactive sexual desire (p<0.001) in a way that this therapy could lead to the decrease of women’s hypoactive sexual desire. The effect size of the study was 81%.

taking the results of the present study into account, the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and systemic therapy can be considered an efficient therapy to decrease the women’s hypoactive sexual desire through employing correction techniques and replacing unreal expectations, training relaxation, sexual fantasy, prioritizing personal and communicative problems, cognitive restructuring and changing negative attitude toward sexual issues, knowing inefficient thoughts and cognitive distortions and training types of intercourse.

The relationship between parents and children is one of the important issues that has attracted the attention of experts and specialists in education for many years. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of educational model for parents based on acquiring conversational skills in order to increase the perception and empathy of the parent-child relationship (reduction of intergenerational gap) in their adolescent children.

The present study is quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The experimental and control groups were assigned. The instruments used in this study were the Parent-Child Fine Relationship Perception (PCRS) Questionnaire and Davis Empathy. The experimental group received 8 one-hour sessions of conversational skills training.

The hypothesis test showed that the mother's parent's familiarity with conversational skills only improved the components of positive emotion and communication in perceiving the parent-child relationship, but the mother's parent's familiarity with conversational skills had no significant effect on any of the components of empathy in their adolescent children.

Familiarity of the parent with the skill of talking about the component of positive emotions from the perception of the parent-child relationship actually shows that due to the increasing psychological and mood disorders in children and adolescents, the mother's relationship, which is always a source of love for children. will find. Familiarity of the parent with the skill of conversation has an effect on increasing the component of communication in understanding the parent-child relationship.

Headache is one of the most common complaints in neurological clinics caused by traction, displacement, inflammation, vasospasm or dilation of pain-sensitive structures in the head or neck. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Metacognitive is emotional burnout and stress reduction in patients with migraine.  

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included patients with migraine headache referred to specialized clinics and neurological clinics in Zahedan in 1998. 30 of these patients were selected non-randomly and finally randomly divided into two groups, metacognitive treatment of 15 patients. , And a control group of 15 people were included. Emotional Dysfunction Questionnaire (1996) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS): Intellectual (1991) were administered to both groups before treatment. The control group did not receive any intervention. Follow-up evaluation was also performed three months after treatment. done. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. And SPSS 22 software was used.  

Data analysis showed that in the post-test phase, the amount of stress in the experimental group was significantly reduced compared to the control group (p <0.7). The findings also show that metacognitive therapy had a great effect on reducing stress symptoms and thus improving headache and relapse (P> 0.05).

Based on the results of the present study, group training on stress reduction based on metacognitive therapy can be effective in controlling stress and anxiety and reducing stress in patients with migraine and metacognitive therapy is both statistically and clinically significant. Dari reduced the metacognitive beliefs of patients with migraine headache in and after treatment.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of Alexithymia, interpersonal forgiveness, and marital dissatisfaction on the emotional divorce of women referred to family counseling centers.

This study was an applied and correlational research design. All women referred to psychological clinics and counseling centers approved by the Tehran Psychological and Counseling Organization were selected from the statistical population by random cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Gutman Emotional Divorce Scale (2008), Alexithymia of Begby et al. (1994), Interpersonal Forgiveness, Pollard et al. (1998), and Enrich Marital Satisfaction (1989). Data were analyzed using Pearson and OLS models.

The results showed that Alexithymia (t = 4.77 and P≤0/001) directly and interpersonal forgiveness (t = 8.06 and P≤0/001) and marital satisfaction (t = 9.30 and P≤0/001) can predict inversely emotionally divorce.

Alexithymia, interpersonal forgiveness, and marital dissatisfaction have Basic role in predicting of emotional divorce, so improving their functioning can improve family functioning and quality of life.

 the presence of intimacy and adjustment between the couples causes the family stability and the couples’ and children’s health. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of the treatment through self-differentiation on the couples’ marital intimacy and adjustment.

 it was an applied study in case of purpose and quasi-experimental in case of data collection method with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up design. The statistical population of the study included all the couples who referred to Healthy Family Consultation Center in the city of Qom in 2017. 16 couples (8 women and 8 men) who were willing to participate in the study were selected through convenient method and accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 8). The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of self-differentiation treatment during two-and-a-half months, while the control group didn’t receive the aforementioned interventions. The applied questionnaires included marital conflict questionnaire (Barati and Sanaei, 1998), marital intimacy questionnaire (Bagarouzi, 2001) and marital adaptation questionnaire (Spinner, 1976). The data from the study were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA method.

 the results showed that the treatment through self-differentiation method has significant effect on the couples’ marital intimacy and adaptation (p<0.001) such that it succeeded in the improvement of the couples’ marital intimacy (effect size 66%) and adaptation (effect size 66%).

 the findings of the present study indicated that the treatment through self-differentiation can be applied as an efficient method to improve the couples’ marital intimacy and adaptation through utilizing techniques such as fusion, making the couples aware of triangulation, explaining familial projection and the concept of affective cut.

educational failure can influence the students’ cognitive and emotional process in addition to making problems in their educational process that applying appropriate psychological treatments to decrease these damages is necessary. therefore the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of training mindfulness-based stress decrease on the academic self-efficacy and academic burnout in the female students with Low academic performance in the secondary high school.

the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up design. The statistical population of the study included female secondary high school students with Low academic performance in the city of Yazd in academic year 2018-19. 30 female students with Low academic performance were selected through clustered random sampling and they were accommodated in the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received mindfulness-based stress decrease (Cabat Zin, 2003) in ten ninety-minute sessions during two and a half months. The applied questionnaires in this study included academic self-efficacy questionnaire (Jing and Morgan, 1999) and academic burnout (Shaofley et.al, 2002). The data from the study were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA method.

the results showed that training mindfulness-based stress decrease has significant effect on the academic self-efficacy and academic burnout in the female secondary high school students (P˂0.001).

Dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive therapy are the third wave therapies whose effectiveness has been tested in a range of mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive therapy on reducing depression and rumination in depressed patients.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included referring to the counseling unit of Samen Al-Aimeh Hospital in Mashhad in 1397, which was selected by available sampling method of 42 depressed people according to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) cut-off score and randomly divided into three groups, behavior therapy. 13 patients underwent dialectics, 14 underwent metacognitive therapy and 15 underwent control. Beck Depression Inventory (1996) and Ruminant Response Scale (1991) were administered to all three groups before treatment. Follow-up evaluation was performed three months after treatment. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. And SPSS 22 software was used.

The results show that both dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive therapy have emphasized on reducing the symptoms of depression and rumination and there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive therapy in reducing the symptoms of depression and rumination (0.05). 0P>).

The improvement observed in the two experimental groups was maintained in the quarterly follow-up. Thus, the findings of the present study indicate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive therapy in improving pathological rumination and the rate of depression in depressed patients.

Introduction and

Academicself- handicapping and academicstress cause students to not feel responsible for their academic duties and to show low academic performance. Therefore the present study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of favorable academic social behaviors training on the academicself- handicapping and academicstress of secondary high school male students.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the present study included 12045 secondary high school male students in academic year 2019-20. 50 students were selected through convenient sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the ten ninety-minute interventions of favorable academic social behaviors training (researcher-made) during two-and-a-half months. The applied questionnaires in this study included academicself- handicapping questionnaire and academicstress questionnaire. The data taken from the study were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA.

The results revealed that favorable academic social behaviors training has significant effect on the academicself- handicapping and academicstress of secondary high school male students (p < 0.001) and this effect has remained stable over time.

The findings of the present study implied that favorable academic social behaviors training can be used as an efficient training to decrease the students’ academicself- handicapping and academicstress through employing concepts such as positive interaction, accountability, following teacher’s guidance, interpersonal skills, problem-solving communication, academic self-efficacy and attempt to develop.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) can bring about numerous psychological, emotional and academic damages for the students. therefore the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of the therapy based on self-compassion on the aggression and the ODD.

it was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest with control group. The statistical population of the current study was the female students with ODD in the city of Tehran in the academic year 2018-19. 30 female students with ODD were selected through clustered random sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group 15 students). The experimental group received the intervention of the therapy based on self-compassion during two-and-a-half months in ten seventy-five-minute sessions. The applied questionnaires in this study included the children and adolescents’ mental health evaluation questionnaire and resilience questionnaire. The data from the study were analyzed through MANCOVA method.

the results showed that the therapy based on self-compassion has significant effect on the aggression and resilience of female students with ODD (p<0.001). Thus, this treatment has been able to reduce aggression and increase the resilience of female students with Oppositional Defiant Disorder.

findings of the present study reveal that the therapy based on self-compassion can be used as an efficient therapy to decrease aggression and improve resilience in the students with ODD employing techniques such as training awareness of positive and negative experiences, creating positive experiences through mental imagination, training expressing compassion and behavior modification through environmental reinforcers.

New research has acknowledged the effectiveness of technology in education; Especially with unforeseen circumstances such as the Covid-19 epidemic, its use has become a necessity; The purpose of this study is to provide a model of elementary learning mathematics curriculum for mobile learning approach.

The research method is a sequential exploratory mix (classification formulation model). To identify the factors of elementary school mathematics curriculum model with mobile learning approach using data-theory theory-systematic design and conducting interviews based on purposeful theoretical sampling, various factors in elementary school mathematics curriculum with mobile learning approach have been identified. A statistical sample was selected from the faculty members of the curriculum, teachers and curriculum planners and researchers in the field of education and planning in Tehran.

The results showed that the research model consisted of a comprehensive theme, 3 organizing themes and 10 basic themes. Organizer theme, mobile learning perspective includes basic themes of learning planning, culture improvement, attitude and goals, organizer theme of mobile education enrichment includes basic themes of learning enrichment, performance and implementation of learning, teachers' competence, tools and Methods are the interaction of people involved in training and performance appraisal includes the basic themes of evaluation and improvement of physical condition and evaluation and quality improvement.

It seems that the model can be effective in advancing the goals of education in the field of mathematics with an emphasis on mobile learning.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction training and the combination of mindfulness-based stress reduction and brain electrical stimulation on quality of life of migraine sufferers.

This study was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of quasi-experimental data collection. The statistical population of this study was all migraine patients 18-60 years old referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital in year 4. Finally 45 subjects were divided into three groups according to the first group mindfulness-based stress reduction training, the second group combined stress-based stress reduction method. On the consciousness associated with electrical stimulation of the brain from the skull using direct electrical current and the control group as the comparison group received unstructured training programs such as time management and review of their daily and weekly tasks. The pre-test was performed at the end of the post-test and one month after the end of the study. The subjects completed the questionnaire of quality of life.

Findings of this study using repeated measure statistical analysis showed that mindfulness-based and combination of mindfulness-based and brain electrical stimulation compared to control group increase quality of life.

Accordingly, it can be said that mindfulness-based stress reduction training and the combination of mindfulness-based stress reduction and brain electrical stimulation can be used to enhance quality of life and improve abilities and reduce mental problems in migraine sufferers.

infertility is phenomenon which seriously damages infertile women’s mental health and causes psychological distress in them. Therefore, the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the role of metacognitive beliefs and experiential avoidance in predicting psychological distress with the mediation of adaptation to infertility in infertile women.

the research method was descriptive from correlational and structural equations type. The statistical population of the current study was infertile women who referred to Royan infertility center in the city of Tehran in the third quarter of 2018. The sample of the present study which included 350 infertile women who were selected through convenient method. The applied questionnaires in this study included the questionnaire of metacognitive beliefs (Wales and Kateraight-Hawton, 2004), the questionnaire of acceptance and action (Bond, et.la, 2011), the scale of mental-social adaptation to disease (Derogits and Derogits, 1990) and the questionnaire of psychological distress (Kesler, et.al, 2002). After collecting the questionnaires, the analysis of data was conducted through Pearson correlation method and structural equation.

the results showed that there is a significant relationship between variables (p < 0.001). In addition, the mediating role of adaptation to infertility was confirmed in the relationship of metacognitive beliefs and experiential avoidance with psychological distress in infertile women.

The cardiovascular system is one of the most important parts of exercise design, and the range of effect of exercise can range from the aerobic threshold to the anaerobic threshold.Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of exercise based on the heart rate function curve in active young men.  

For this purpose, 20 young and active boys with an average age of 20 to 25 years were selected as subjects and performed the helpless test of running on a treadmill. Heart rate and blood lactic acid level equivalent to aerobic and anaerobic thresholds were determined using the Dmax method and lactate measuring device, respectively. Simultaneously with the use of a respiratory gas analysis system, changes in the volume of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured. In this study, to analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods such as categorizing information and converting them into frequency tables, adjusting the frequency and average percentage and standard deviation of variables were used. Integration operations were also used to calculate the area under the curve.  

The results showed that to determine the aerobic and anaerobic threshold, the method based on the maximum distance from the heart rate function curve as well as the level of oxygen consumption and blood lactate can be used. The heart rate function curve is also effective in determining the effective range of exercise, the area under the curve, and the step speed equivalent to the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds.  

Therefore, it can be concluded that using the heart rate function curve model, the range of effectiveness of exercise can be determined and used as a new method in presenting exercise programs.

The suicide attempt is one of the crucial public health dilemmas. The present study investigated the epidemiological and geographical pattern of suicide attempts in Mashhad in 2016.

In this cross-sectional study, pre-hospital information of suicide attempts was registered in the disaster and emergency medical management centers (115) of Mashhad, Iran was collected.  Other information was obtained from the medical records department of Imam Reza Hospital as the only reference hospital for trauma and poisoning in Mashhad. Conventional statistical methods were used in the statistical analysis of data. Spatial analysis was used in Arc GIS software to investigate the geographical distribution of suicide attempts.

 A total of 2,785 cases of suicide attempts, 64.7% (1801) of whom were women. The highest frequency of suicide attempts was in the age groups of 15 to 24 (N=799, 39.1%) and 25 to 34 years (N=720, 35.2%). In general, married people (N=1635, 58.7%), high school literacy level (N=821, 29.5%), and homemakers (N=1186, 42.6%) had the highest percentage of suicide attempts. The most common method of suicide was drug poisoning (N=1736 84.9%). The geographical distribution of suicide attempts showed that the highest suicide attempts were reported in the northeastern and suburbs of Mashhad.

The present study results showed that suicide attempts in young age groups and women are very serious. On the other hand, the incidence of suicide attempts was different in all individuals and also separately for men and women in different geographical areas of Mashhad.

Breast cancer is followed by various psychological, emotional and interactive damages for the infected women that applying appropriate psychological therapies to decrease these damages is necessary. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of ACT on Psychological distress and sleep problems in the women with breast cancer.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest design and control group and two-month follow-up stage. The statistical population included women suffering from breast cancer who referred to Ala’ cancer control and prevention center in Isfahan in the six months of summer and autumn of 2019 and 2020. 30 women with breast cancer were selected through convenient sampling method and they were randomly replaced into experimental and control groups (each group of 15 women). After decreasing the numbers, 25 women remained (12 women in the experimental group and 13 women in the control group). The experimental group received ten ninety-minute sessions of ACT (Hays and Steroshell, 2010) during two-and-a-half months. The applied questionnaires in this study included Psychological distress questionnaire (Kessler et.al, 1995) and sleep problems (Buysse et.al, 2005). The data from the study were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA.

The results showed that ACT has significant effect on Psychological distress and sleep problems in the women with breast cancer (p < 0.001) and it was able to lead to the decrease of Psychological distress and sleep problems in these women.

According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that ACT can be applied as an efficient therapy to decrease Psychological distress and sleep problems in the women with breast cancer through employing techniques such as applying mental techniques, observing oneself as the background, cognitive fusion techniques, stipulating values and committed actions.

Marital satisfaction can be influenced by various factors, both individual and interpersonal. Self-differentiation, forgiveness, and alexitymia can be among these factors. The aim of this study was to compare the self-differentiation, interpersonal forgiveness and alexithymia in female teachers with high and low marital satisfaction.  

This research is causal-comparative. The statistical society included all female teachers in the elementary school of Arvand Free Zone who were engaged in the academic year of 2017, 200 subjects were selected as sample groups through available sampling method and responded to the interpersonal forgiveness (2010), the differentiation of self (1998), Alexithymia scale (1994) and marital satisfaction questionnaire (1989).  

The results showed that there is a significant difference between two groups of female teachers with high and low marital satisfaction in terms of their differentiation (F= 7.88, p < 0.01), interpersonal forgiveness (F= 49.53, p < 0.01) and Alexithymia (F= 15.68, p < 0.01). 

According to the findings of this study, women have a higher level of differentiation and forgiveness, as well as lower alexithymia, a significant effect on improving the marital satisfaction of married female teachers.

Transformational teaching is defined as stated or unspoken goals to increase students' mastery of key concepts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of teachers' social factors through the mediation of personality components on transformational teaching.

The research method is descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study is all primary school teachers in District 2 of Mashhad who are teaching in the 2018-2019 academic year. The studies revealed that 873 people are teaching in primary schools, of which 329 are women and 544 are men. The instruments used in the present study are the Transformational Teaching Questionnaire, the Social Factors Questionnaire and the Hexaco Personality Factors Questionnaire, which were completed by the sample members in accordance with the ethical principles of the research. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equations with partial least squares approach using SPSS software.

 Statistical findings showed a good fit of the model and significant confirmation of the researcher model (P≥0.001).

It seems that these findings indicate the importance of paying attention to social and psychological characteristics in transformational teaching of teachers.

Today, eating disorders are a major issue in society and are considered to be the most important psychological disorders that are rooted in biological, psychological, social and cultural issues. These disorders cause physical and mental health problems and impair the quality of life of the sufferer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy (ACT) on self-concept and depression in people with binge eating disorder. The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with control group. The statistical population of this study was all people with binge eating disorder in Tehran, of which 30 people were selected by targeted sampling method and then assigned to two experimental and control groups. The experimental group used Beck Depression Infection (BDI-II) and Overeating (BES) and a covariance analysis test was used to test the research hypotheses. According to the rate of 1600F = 700. In the variable of self-concept and 587 / 997F = in the variable of depression, it can be stated that there are significant changes between the experimental and control groups in the posttest. Acceptance and commitment-based therapy (ACT) has been shown to improve self-concept, reduce depression, and significantly reduce the symptoms of overeating in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results of this study showed that acceptance-based therapy (ACT) is effective in improving self-concept and reducing depression and symptoms of binge eating, and the use of this treatment seems to be beneficial.

The need to recognize and use emotional intelligence in social media in complex environmental conditions is essential in making rational purchasing behavior decisions; Therefore, the present study presents a model by identifying and measuring the components, and indicators of social media and emotional intelligence influencing purchasing behavior decision making.

The research method is a combination with a simultaneous / consecutive chain heuristic approach with grounded theory design. The statistical population was 30 academic experts and domestic and foreign experts and the sample size was a little 400. model of validity-construct and validity-convergent measurement, and to estimate the reliability coefficients of the concepts of measurement tools from Cronbach's alpha using SPSS software and also to prepare statistical reports with the above software LISREL was used.

In qualitative data from in-depth structured virtual purposeful interviews with 30 experts with theoretical saturation and open coding with 81 categories, axial coding with 7 indicators and selective coding with 2 categories of factors, components Or indices that were influential in measuring social media and emotional intelligence on purchasing behavior decision were extracted. Quantitative studies using three experimental studies at regular intervals, from the collection of survey / applied data from emotional intelligence with five components (15 subscales), social media with 7 components and purchasing behavior decision making with 2 Component (five subscales) was performed.

The qualitative part of the data with theoretical saturation and the quantitative part using the conversion of qualitative data to quantitative, the relationship between components, identifying and presenting the model and measuring the effects Variables were approved

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Training based on mind theory and TEACCH's method on improving communication skills and social interaction of children with autism spectrum.

The research method is quasi-experimental (pre-test-post-test and control). The statistical population of the study consisted of all autistic children in Bushehr in 1397. Samples were selected by convenience sampling method and 45 subjects were randomly assigned into two experimental and one control groups. In this study, components of Giliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS-20 software and covariance analysis.

The results of the data analysis showed that the effectiveness based on the theory of mind was effective on improving communication skills (F = 34.29, P≤0.001) and social interaction (F = 92/21, P≤0.001). The effectiveness of TEACCH's method was also effective on improving communication skills (F = 25.01, P≤0.001) and social interaction (F = 92/21, P≤0.001), and there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups.

TEACCH's method and mind theory can be effective in improving the social interaction of children on the autism spectrum. It is suggested that in order to increase the level of social interactions in children, the theory of mind and the TEACCH's method be used more than before.

Infertility is among the most important challenges in the modern life that some of the couples are entangled with and their psychological and emotional health is damaged as the result of it. Therefore, the present study was investigated aiming to investigate the efficacy of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapyand infertility stress and depression on the infertile women.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population of the study included infertile couples who referred to the department of wellbeing in the city of Bandar Abbas in the winter of 2019. 30 infertile couples were selected through voluntary method and they were randomly accommodated in the experimental and control groups (each group of 15 couples). The experimental group received eight ninety-minute sessions of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapyintervention (Halfourd, 2005). The applied questionnaires in this study included depression questionnaire (Beck, et.al, 1996) and infertility stress (Newton et.al, 1999). The data were analyzed through MANCOVA method.

The results MANCOVA showed that Cognitive- Behavioral Therapyon infertility stress and depression have been effective in infertile couples, as this therapy succeeded in the decrease of infertility stress and depression in these couples.

According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that Cognitive- Behavioral Therapycan be applied as an Pursuit of automatic thoughts to identify fundamental beliefs, teach behavioral methods and cognitive errors and negative thoughts.

Teachers 'teaching methods play an irreplaceable role in students' learning process. Accordingly, the present study aims to determine the components and framework of teaching pattern of primary school based on the teaching content to develop the lesson study model and estimate its internal validity.

The research method was mixed exploratory. In qualitative phase, the inductive content analysis was used to obtain the teaching pattern, and in the quantitative phase, the survey method was utilized for estimating internal validity. The statistical population of the qualitative phase comprised written resources and the teaching videos of selected projects of lesson study planning and the quantitative phase comprised experts and professors of lesson study and teaching method of primary school books. In both phases, samples were selected purposefully. In qualitative phase, 124 selected videos of teaching the lesson study project in a four year interval ( from 2015 to 2016 and from 2018 to 2019) were analyzed. In quantitative phase, 34 experts and professors of teaching method of textbooks and teaching method in universities were selected. The qualitative data were collected by analyzing the content of resources and selected videos and the quantitative data were collected by the research-made questionnaire.

The result of content analysis revealed seven types of content and the conceptual pattern was proposed and the videos were classified accordingly. Following content analysis and code extraction, components were extracted and presented in form of pattern of teaching steps appropriate for various content.

Results from internal validation revealed that the proposed teaching pattern has high internal validity and is appropriate for teaching primary school students.