فصلنامه آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 58، تابستان 1400)

Background and Purpose:

Pica is a metabolic disorder characterized by frequently signs such as licking surfaces, lickling walls, licking body cover of other animals, feeding non-nutrients and lacking nutritional value such as soil, wool, hair, bone, walls, wood, plaster, bark, Stools, carcasses and urine of other animals. Pica has side effects like reduces growth rate, weakening body resistance to infections due to weakened immune system, dental damage, electrolyte imbalance, formation of trichobezoar in the reticulorumen and abomasum, occurrence of some toxicities such as lead poisoning, gastrointestinal impaction with foreign substances, esophageal perforation, intestinal obstruction, and botulism. Pica has been reported in human, calf, sheep, cattle, camel, pig, cat, mice and lamb. Precise etiology for Pica has not been reported even in humans, but it has been linked to deficiencies in phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper and other minerals. Cyanoferin is one of the common drug in Iran's livestock industry and manufactured by Nasr Pharmaceutical Company (Fariman, Torbat Jam, Khorasan Razavi, Iran). Each milliliter of this drug contains 100 mg of dextran iron and 100 µg of cobalamine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin-iron dextran (cyanoferin) on primary parameters of hemogram and serum minerals in 20-day-old with pica goat kids.

Based on previous studies, the appropriate sample size for the study was determined. Ten 20-day-old male and female mixed-breed goat kids with Pica and ten 20-day-old male and female mixed-breed goat kids without Pica were selected from Baseri goat farm in Ahovan area of Semnan, Iran. In this selection, detection of goat kids with Pica was performed by observing the goat kids in the sheepfold for 4 days, and the goat kids repeatedly showing the eating behavior of the sheepfold wall and licking the manger and surfaces, considered to with Pica. Then, under sterile conditions, 5 ml of blood was taken from each goat kids jagular vein and immediately 1 ml of this blood was poured into a sterile heparinized tube and the remaining 4 ml poured into a tube without anticoagulant. These samples were transferred to the laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Semnan University in the vicinity of ice for 2 hours, where their hemogram indices and serum mineral concentrations were measured immediately. The tests revealed that goat kids with Pica only suffer from iron deficiency and anemia. The without pica goat kids received isotonic saline treatment (a deep intramuscular injection, 3 ml) and the with pica goat kids received cyanoferin treatment (a deep intramuscular injection, 3 ml). Ten days after treatment, hemogram indices and serum mineral concentrations of all under experiment goat kids were measured. SPSS software version 22 was used for statistical analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test at 95% confidence level were used to investigate the differences between the groups.

In patients with Pica blood PCV, MCV and Hb and serum iron was less than nonpatients, significantly (p=0/001). Treatment with cyanoferin increased the blood PCV (p=0/002), MCV (p=0/001) and Hb (p=0/001) and serum iron levels (p=0/001), significantly and Pica was treated in patients. The most important consequence of iron deficiency in the body is anemia because more than half of the body's iron is found in hemoglobin and relatively lower amounts are found in myoglobin and the enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism. Ruminant infants, such as calves, lambs and goat kids require large amounts of iron to build components such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and enzymes involved in cellular respiration due to their high daily growth coefficient. Despite these infants' high need for iron, their mother milk is iron deficient. Thus, ruminant infants who fed only milk and have a low liver stock of iron are at high risk for iron deficiency anemia. In the of sheep and goats herds of the United States and Europe, lamb and goat kids IDA (iron deficiency anemia) is a very important serious phenomenon, so that in these countries, 24 hours after birth, by injecting a 300 mg of dextran iron into lambs and goats, They counteract with this phenomenon and prevent the occurrence of iron deficiency. It has been shown that this amount of dextran iron administration improves blood status and weight gain at times and in lambs and goat kids.

The present study showed that iron deficiency anemia is related with Pica in 20-day-old goat kids and this pica was treated with an intramuscular injection of 3 ml of cyanoferin (300 mg of dextran iron plus 300 µg of cobalamin). It is recommended to evaluate the effect of oral and parenteral iron supplementation on parameters such as appetite, feed intake, weight gain, growth rate, immune status and lymphocyte defense in goat kids.

The presence of emerging nanoparticle contaminants in aquatic environments reduces the safety performance of aquatic animals, so the use of safety stimuli is essential. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different prebiotic levels of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) on tissue damage in the liver and gills of tilapia exposed to silver nanoparticles. For this purpose, 120 juveniles of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) In 4 experimental groups with 3 replications including treatment 1 as a control (fed with food without probiotics), treatment 2, fed with food containing 0.05% probiotics, treatment 3, fed Were fed with food containing 0.1% prebiotics and treatment 4, fed with food containing 0.2% prebiotics and cultured for 42 days, then silver nanoparticles with a concentration of p5 ppm for 16 days. 0. was added to the culture medium of each of the treatments. At the end of the course, the fish were anesthetized with clove anesthetic solution (220 mg / L) and their liver and gill tissues were isolated for histological studies. Treatments exposed to silver nanoparticles showed extensive complications in gill tissue as well as severe injuries and bile stasis in liver tissue. However, the use of oyster mushroom prebiotics was able to reduce the destructive effects of silver nanoparticles on these tissue complications. Treatment of 0.2% with oyster mushroom prebiotics in the diet can have the best protective effect on tissue damage in the liver and gills of tilapia exposed to silver nanoparticles with a concentration of 0.5 ppm.

This experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of different levels of valine in low protein diets on the immune response of broilers. This study was conducted using 200 one-day old male broilers (Ross 308 strain) in a completely randomized design with 5 replications and 10 birds per replication from the age of 8-21 days. Experimental treatments included the control diet, recommended levels of valine (1.359), 10% higher than the recommended level of valine, 20% higher than the recommended level of valine in a diet containing 2% protein diluted. The results show that different levels of valine had no effect on liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius weight (p < 0.05). Moreover, blood lymphocytes, heterophils, lymphocyte to heterophil ratio, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils did not affected by valine (p < 0.05). Diets containing 20% valine increased the HI antibody and humoral immunity responses (p < 0.05). Inclusion of 10% valine increased the IgM as compared to the other levels (p < 0.05). The secondary response of total antibody was affected by experimental treatments, so that the level of 20% valine increased the total secondary response and IgM secondary response to SRBC (p < 0.05). Moreover the addition of valine had a significant effect on the injection reaction of PHA-P (p < 0.05), and level of 20% valine, increased the cellular immunity of broiler in compared to the control treatment and lower valine levels. The addition of high levels of the valine in low-protein diets improved the cellular and humoral immune systems of broiler chickens.

Strangles is a prevalent infectious and contagious disease among Equidae that is caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. For this purpose, the present study was performed on 184 horses to investigate the frequency of carriers in the population of horses in Tabriz. Blood samples were taken to determine the presence of anti-SeM antibody of Streptococcus equi in the horse's serum in Tabriz. This study is conducted on 184 horses that were studied in terms of carrying S. equi and its frequency among the horse population kept in equestrian clubs in around of Tabriz. The serum samples were collected from different parts of equestrian clubs and were assayed using an iELISA test for anti-SeM antibody in Streptococcus equi. The relative frequency of carriers was 53.3% in stallions and 24.5% in mares (p < 0.001). The seroprevalence of carriers was 95% in horses with a record of respiratory disease, and 39.6% in horses without the history of respiratory disease (p < 0.001). The seroprevalence of carriers was 68.2% in Kurd breed horses, 37.1% in the Arabian breed, 64% in Crossbreed, and 80% in the Thoroughbred breed (p < 0.05). Any significant relation was not found between carriers and age (p>0.05). The results of Chi-squared test showed that the most positive results were observed in Arpadresi area of Tabriz city (p < 0.001). The present investigation is the first study in the city, and the results show the lack of proper hygiene and the existence of stable carriers at the level of equestrian clubs.

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of morphometry, viscosity and liquefaction of semen on frozen sperm quality. Semen was collected once a week for 3 weeks from 5 Ghezel rams. Total and progressive motility, viability, abnormal sperm, concentration, viscosity, and liquefaction were studied in fresh sperm. After dilution the suitable samples, straws (0.25 ml) were filled and after cooling and reaching to 5 ° C, are placed in 4 cm above liquid nitrogen for 8 minutes and then, ultimately were immersed in liquid nitrogen. Samples were thawed on days 0, 20, 40, and 60 of the study to evaluate the characteristics of total motility, progressive motility, viability, plasma membrane health, acrosome integrity, and abnormal sperm percentage. The results of this study showed a negative and significant correlation between drop length and plasma membrane health (p <0.05). Also, it was shown that there was a positive and significant correlation between semen string length and total motility (p <0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between liquefaction and total motility, progressive motility and acrosome integrity (p <0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between tail length and total sperm length with plasma membrane health (p <0.01). As well as, there was no correlation between sperm head length and width with relevant parameters (p >0.05). Whatever, the liquefaction time, sperm tail length and total length of sperm was smaller, the qualitative traits of sperm will be better preserved in the freezing process.

Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease that causes economic ‎implications. ‎In the present study, ‎silymarin's protective and antioxidant activity ‎combined with clorsulon in sheep naturally infected ‎with ‎Fasciola hepatica were investigated. For this purpose, 40 Sangsari breed sheep ‎were used, ‎which were divided into five groups, including 1- Healthy sheep without treatment 2- Ovine ‎‎fasciolosis untreated 3- Ovine fasciolosis treated with silymarin 4- Ovine fasciolosis treated with ‎‎Clorsulon, and 5- Ovine fasciolosis treated with silymarin ‎and clorsulon. ‎ ‎ Biochemical parameters including triglyceride, total bilirubin, total protein, cholesterol, and ‎albumin, were ‎measured. The serum level of malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, and ‎‎hematological parameters were determined and compared between groups. ‎ Additionally, ‎histopathological changes ‎were ‎‎‎investigated using light microscopy. ‎ Biochemical analysis showed ‎significant ‎bilirubin levels, total protein, cholesterol, and albumin in ovine fasciolosis treated with ‎silymarin ‎and clorsulon group (p<0.05). Total antioxidant capacity increased in groups treated with ‎silymarin (p<0.05) and in ovine fasciolosis ‎‎treated with silymarin ‎and clorsulon ‎(p<0.0001) ‎compared to group 2, and the amount of oxidative stress decreased (p <0.01). It also improved ‎blood factors and prevented a decrease in red blood cells (p <0.05).‎ Liver inflammation, ‎fibrosis, ‎necrosis, and hyperplasia of the ‎bile ‎duct decreased significantly with the silymarin and ‎clorsulon ‎group compared to the other fasciolosis groups ‎‎(p<0.0001). These findings ‎showed that using ‎‎silymarin with clorsulon in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics relationship ‎improved their ‎‎therapeutic effects in ovine fasciolosis.‎

Avian influenza (AI) virus subtype H9N2 is endemic in Iran and reported from all over the world. It causes economic losses to the poultry industry. In this study the role of garlic (Allium sativum) and red onion (Allium cepa) in reducing the severity of the histopathological signs of the avian influenza disease caused by subtype H9N2 in broiler chickens, was evaluated. Toxicity of garlic and onion was evaluated first, then the treatment groups were challenged with the H9N2 virus at 28 days. After one day, the challenged groups received garlic and red onion with feed for seven days. During the study, antibody titers against the H9N2 virus, clinical signs, and histopathological samples were recorded. The garlic and onion had no toxic effect on chickens. In histopathology, the percentage of goblet cells and villus diameter statistically was higher in negative control and treatment groups compared to the positive control group (p<0.05). It seems the garlic and red onion reduced the severity of the histopathological signs of the AI Disease caused by subtype H9N2 in the duodenum of the broiler chickens. They are likely to play a role in repairing intestinal mucosa, by reducing the number of the viruses. Conflict of interest: None declared.