فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی سیاستگذاری عمومی
پیاپی 40 (پاییز 1400)

The COVID-19 pandemic, as one of the greatest socio-economic shocks of recent years in the world, has had a very significant impact on the all around the world. To mitigate the effects of this shock, governments sought to counter the pandemic with restrictive policies. But the executive power of governments to implement restrictive policies has varied. The main question of the research is whether the characteristics of good governance can affect the way that governments respond to the COVID-19. To answer this question, data from 145 countries and the Robust Regression Method have been used. The results of the study show that good governance indicators have a significant effect on the ability of governments to enforce stringency policy, so that among high-income countries, the components of good governance indicators have increased the ability of governments to enforce strict regulations. The results of the regression models suggest that the elasticity of the effect of these components on the stringency policy among high-income governments, respectively, are around political stability 0.653, government efficiency and effectiveness 0.655, quality of laws and regulations 0.485, rule of law 0.6, and corruption control 0.608. These components for the group of countries in the world in terms of elasticity of efficiency and effectiveness of government indicators were 0.312, quality of laws and regulations 0.275, corruption control 0.229 and had a positive impact on the performance of governments in pandemic governance.

The present study aims to investigate the importance, Functionalities, and effective mechanisms of international large-scale assessments and their role in global governance through the procedures. With implementing systematic documentary analysis, documents selected in a systematic procedure and then analyzed in a systematic way. Results have shown that ILSAs which perform by Co-operation and economic development organization and international association for the evaluation of educational achievement, in the last decades be as one of the most influential factors on national educational policies of countries in the world. Results about performance show that these assessments can affect as thermometer or whips over multi-layer mechanism on educational structure. The results about role of ILSAs in global governance show that performing and developing of these assessments in the last decades creates softer form of governance such as governance by information, governance by persuasion, governance by rating and ranking, governance by opinion formation, governance by comparison.

Throughout the history of banking, internationalization has always been tied to banking. In recent years, Iran's banking system has faced a variety of limitations and challenges, including economic sanctions, the FATF, and Iran's failure to accession the WTO. On the other hand, there is intense competition in the banking sector. In order to maintain their superiority in line with international developments, banks must create value and satisfying the needs of their customers. For this purpose, banks can enter international markets through innovation and entrepreneurship, and thus take a step towards internationalization. This can be achieved through entrepreneurial strategies. The purpose of this article is to explain the impact of entrepreneurial strategy on the internationalization of banks. The method of this research is confirmatory factor analysis. In this regard, the study of theoretical literature and questions from experts has been used as a source of research. Finally, the relationship between the main components was confirmed and it was found that entrepreneurial strategies and removal of international barriers and restrictions, have a positive and significant effect on the internationalization strategies of banks. However, only three strategies: “accelerating Internationalization”, “moderate internationalization” and “Established Internationalization” were identified as effective strategies, and the effect of the two internationalization strategies: “Imploding Internationalization” and “Retreating Internationalization” on internationalization was not confirmed.

The purpose of this research is the identification and networking of challenges obstacles of NGOs. Today Non-Governmental Institutions are considered as the most important part of civil society but in Iran they face many problems every day to continue their civil activities. The present study was carried out by using DEMATEL technique which by reading numerous books and articles the obstacles were extracted and then paired comparison questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 15 experts and practitioners in the field and with DEMATEL technique the obstacles were categorized in different levels. According to findings of this research, 6 factors of weakness in laws, organizational builders of appropriate theory, incomplete views of government officials on the status and position of Semnos, perception of illegitimacy among the people, weakness in the comprehensive database and occurrence and lack of information of Semnos people are important problems. Which are the main problem in the way of semnavians and also 7 factors of politicization of semnavas, weakness of financing, weakness in international relations more than semnavs, investment in the necessary financial level, weakness in efficient manpower, known use and necessary platform By the government and weakness in the management and leadership of Semnia as key factors that are influential in this and there is a major problem to solve the problem.In addition, Imapact Relationship Map was also obtained. Use of the obtained factors can be a solution in the decision-making position for the field of issues

In recent years, new theories have emphasized the importance of the role of structure and the real sector of the economy in inequality. The economic complexity approach considers this as the cause of income inequality in the production of high-tech and complex products. In this regard, the present study examines the impact of economic complexity and ranking the products and technologies affecting inequality in selected countries and Iran during the period of 2010-2017 using the econometric approach of panel data and Granger causality test. The results of the research indicate a strong and positive correlation between the two indicators of economic complexity and the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index. Also, based on the results for the set of studied countries, the existence of a two-way causal relationship between the technology in products and revenue distribution was accepted. On the other hand, the results showed that among the top 10 export products of Iran in 2017, with the exception of unclassified transactions and polyethylene, the rest have low complexity and unequal income distribution. Finally, some policy proposals were made to move towards the production and export of products with higher technology and more income distribution in Iran.

Drought as a result of climate change is one of the most complex natural disasters that has posed a worrying risk to farmers. In general, the approach to deal with this phenomenon has been during or after its occurrence. Now the experiences gained to indicate a shift from crisis management to risk management. Accordingly, the comprehensive and long-term preparedness policies has been in the spotlight to reduce the vulnerability of agricultural sector and farmers. The aim of the present study was to explain the driving policies of drought management in Tehran province. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population was 308 of experts of organization of agriculture –Jahad- Tehran, that by kerjci and morgan 371 individuals were selected as sample size. In the field study, a questionnaire was used as the main research tools. Validity and reliability of research tools was confirmed. The results of multiple regression showed that farming, research, extension educational, social-cultural policies explain 68% of the changes in drought management variable. Finally, changing the paradigm is recommended from passive and reactive to proactive management policy.

Higher worldwide research activities in the fields of nuclear fusion energy indicate the importance of developing such technology in Iran as well. On the other hand, the ambiguity regarding the justification and priority of investing in each of the methods of nuclear fusion is a universal challenge that is altimatlly common among nuclear fusion experts Iran too. The present research is aiming at presenting a coherent investigation that can be based on analytical and comparative analysis to achieve a rational prioritization among different methods of nuclear fusion. In this article, different nuclear fusion options are prioritized, using the experts’opinions through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); free from any personal judgments and influences. Furthermore, through Delphi method, 19 quality criteria related to different methods of nuclear fusion were classified based on mathematical logic, and based on the degree of importance and screenings, 13 criteria were finally selected. Then, using hierarchical analysis method and also through Expert Choice software, pairwise comparisons between criteria were performed to determine their coefficient of importance. In addition, pairwise comparisons were made between each of the criteria for each of the fusion methods. Finally, the strategic practical prioritization of three different nuclear fusion methods was quantitatively achieved as 0.415, 0.379, and 0.207, respectivly; for Iran.

Electricity supply constraints have become a public problem. The situation of electricity demand in terms of productivity is unfavorable. Due to the lack of effective governance on the electricity demand side and the inefficiency of top-down governance methods, the purpose of this study is to design a collaborative governance model for demand management. The research method is combined in terms of data nature and developmental and applied research in terms of purpose. The participants are 9 expert person who were selected by purposive sampling and volume their selection was determined based on theoretical saturation. The statistical population was slightly equal to the employees of the industry, major consumers and institutions influencing policy-making. The statistical sample of 384 people was randomly selected. Data collection was through in-depth semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using thematic analysis technique and structural equations. The results cause identifying model parameters including system context, factors affecting collaboration, collaboration process, collaboration facilitator and achievements. The results showed; The context of the system and the factors have a positive and significant effect on process and the achievements of collaboration, and the collaboration facilitator moderates the relationship between process and the achievements of collaboration. The establishment of a demand management market, an independent regulator and local energy service institutions are among the institutional proposals extracted from this study. Implementing the model can bring many benefits such as security of electricity supply in longtime, economic benefits and generalization of collaborative models for solving public problems in the country.

In this study, we intend to analyze the risk of investing in financial markets such as the Tehran Stock Exchange and the S&P500, as well as investing in precious metals such as gold and silver before the outbreak of the Corona pandemic and during it separately. Secondly, we investigate the correlations between the markets mentioned above. For this purpose, we use the fractional cumulative residual entropy for our analysis. The results of fractional cumulative residual entropy show that for all markets, randomness and irregularity have increased since the outbreak. This indicates that the risk has generally increased after the outbreak of the virus in the markets. Furthermore, correlation results showed that the information sharing network between markets changed during the Covid-19 pandemic. From a financial and managerial point of view, the results show that: 1- Investing in a basket consisting of silver and gold, silver and S&P500, silver and the overall index of the TSE can be riskier due to the increase in the level of correlation and mutual information between these pairs of markets during the period of the pandemic. 2- Gold showed the lowest level of information deviation after the pandemic, indicating that information perceived by gold investors did not significantly affect their fears during the Covid-19 pandemic. 3- It is possible to create a safer investment portfolio by investing in S&P500 and gold. The results provide insights into the reaction of financial markets and precious metals to investor expectations after the Covid-19 pandemic.

As a modern political thought inspired by life politics, multiculturalism attempts to change public opinion. It is as Westphalian citizenship leaning on the transnational and liberal dimensions of democracy. Whereas by agnostic interpretation of politics and relying on the national and security-based aspect of democracy, the radical right parties label the discourse of multiculturalism as an opponent of the open society. The contrast of such parties to multiculturalism deepened to some extent that epistemological borrowing from mainstream parties has expanded their constituencies. Accordingly, the main question of this paper is how the radical right parties mobilize the electoral voting and whether the changing politics in democratic life will survive multiculturalism? The main idea is that the rising immigration waves, economic instability, and protest politics both with multiparty and proportional representation systems lead to increasing the votes of radical right parties. Despite of turning politics to right, the institutionalization of multiculturalism will lead to getting rid of politics and guaranty the survival of this discourse. Finally, by employing the theory of group threat and the analytic-explanative method, this paper will test the mentioned hypothesis at sociological, partisan, and systematic levels.

An analysis of the statements and writings of officials and thinkers about the Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress (IIMP) shows most of them believe steps must be taken secretly and behind each other to achieve this model. The first step is to compile all the elements of Islamic-Iranian philosophy. The second step is to form the components of Islamic-Iranian science based on this philosophy. The third step is to realize the Islamic-Iranian technology based on this science. Steps are being taken to shape Islamic-Iranian culture and civilization. But a study of the history of human civilizations shows that this view is incompatible with the evolutionary nature of society, and that no human society has ever followed such a path. An alternative approach is the spiral approach of realizing the IIMP. In this approach, movement begins in all areas; Whether in philosophy, science, etc., the movement begins in a new axis, and it does not begin with one of them. These areas have a spiral motion in their evolution. That is to say, Islamic-Iranian philosophy is like a puzzle whose pieces has been made and completed at different times, and after a long time, a picture called Iranian Islamic philosophy has been completed and known by this nature. And in addition to making pieces of philosophy, pieces of science, technology, industry, etc. are made at the same time. The third characteristic is all these areas affect each other, and any action in any area affects the next steps in other areas.

The aim of this study is the future of economic lifestyle of families in Iran. Due to the economic turmoil of the last few years, this issue has been considered. After reviewing the economic lifestyle of families in Iran and reviewing the research background, 14 experts were interviewed. Theoretical saturation method was used as a standard for end sampling. Among the findings, 26 factors were identified as the most important factors in realizing the lifestyle of families. The mentioned factors were structurally analyzed using Micmac software. Influencing and influencing factors were identified and ranked directly and indirectly, and the most important ones were presented as the main drivers. In the research findings, among the main drivers, ten two-way variables were identified as the key drivers that had the least impact and the most impact on family lifestyles. Then, the two-dimensional variables were entered into the Wizard scenario software and two favorable scenarios and one unfavorable scenario were obtained.

Considering the advantages of knowledge-based economy in creating economic growth in countries, in the present study, the effect of knowledge-based economy on economic growth in different provinces of Iran during the period 1390-1387 using statistical data on the components of knowledge-based economy defined by the World Bank In eviews environment, a completely modified least squares minimum has been investigated through the panel integration model. The results of this study show that in the long run, the combined index of knowledge-based economy has a positive effect on economic growth of Iranian provinces, so that one percent change in the combined index of knowledge-based economy, GDP grows 0.16 percent. Also export development, improving labor productivity And the increase in government construction expenditures has a positive effect on economic growth in the provinces and the misery index has an inverse effect on economic growth. Therefore, economic policymakers should promote innovation systems and develop knowledge-based companies, improve information infrastructure for economic prosperity in Iranian provinces. And put communication, improving the knowledge and skills of human resources and export development and improving labor productivity on their agenda.

With the evolution of the international system, traditional diplomacy will not be able to solve emerging problems. Therefore, there is a need for new diplomacy based on new principles and logic. Assuming the intertwining of the field of foreign policy and the environment of diplomacy, this study tries to answer the question: what are the principles and foundations of diplomacy in the current situation? Also, what will be the Iranian diplomacy in the new situation? In response to this question, it is hypothesized that with the change in the environment of diplomacy, the rules of diplomacy are out of the traditional mode and new principles and rules have governed diplomacy, and accordingly, new diplomacy has replaced traditional diplomacy with its own principles and rules. Thus modern diplomacy imposes its requirements on international actors including; Iran imposes. Ignoring such rules leads to the failure of diplomacy and the loss of power and opportunities to achieve goals through diplomatic means.

Governments and professionals are always looking for more effective policy and policymaking models. Participatory policymaking is one of the most effective policy-driven policies that has been put forward by practitioners and is being used by governments. This model which is based on stakeholder engagement in the policymaking process, has been less popular in Iran and has not been put into practice very often. Among the few attempts of the government to use this policy model is the national network of society and university, which is discussed in this paper. In this paper, we tried to examine the challenges of participatory policy-making in Iran through the use of document analysis, participatory observation, and interviews with the help of a case study of the national network of society and university. According to the findings of this research, these challenges can be seen in both objective and subjective dimensions. The objective dimension is consisted of three structural -contextual, institutional - organizational, and human resources components. On the other hand, in the subjective dimension, the theoretical foundation of the network is intrusive and fundamentally split, while there is no discursive platform for the hegemony of ideas.

This article seeks to rethink the prevailing assumptions of Islamism in the contemporary Turkish politics and society. Contrary to common approaches that consider Islam as an ideology in explaining the Turkish political Islamism, this article by perceiving Islam as a social tradition and source of national identity, presents an alternative perspective on understanding the nature and function of Islamism in Turkey. In the theoretical framework of Historical Sociology, it offers two interrelated contributions; first, Islamism in Turkey is not a newly-emerged phenomenon constructed by the AKP. Second, Islamism is the result of the confluence of socio-historical structures, the ruling elite’s approaches, and the interaction of Islamists with the state and society that its multifaceted nature and complex function are explained by the concept of post-Islamism. Accordingly, Iran's approach towards Islamism in Turkey as a goal and ideology does not lead to constructive assessment on Turkey’s domestic political dynamics and foreign policy activism. For the Islamic Republic of Iran, Turkey is a geopolitical and to some-extend geoeconomic player in the region rather than an ideological actor, in which the Islam does not play a key role in shaping bilateral relations and regional interactions. Therefore, Islamism, as a source of mobilizing identity, is an ideational leverage for regime security, consolidating of President Erdogan’s domestic authority, and Turkey's active regionalism in the Islamic world.

Social cohesion and the continuation of stability, order and integration are among the important concerns of social science thinkers. Celebrating ancient-historical figures is always associated with many challenges. One of the most important figures in the history of Iran is the Achaemenid Cyrus that The 7th of Aban, as the day of commemoration of this ancient figure, has been a point of contention between different groups in recent years as actors in the cultural arena Political and security are identifiable. The present study seeks to answer the questions of which institutions are the actors involved in the issue?And what issues and concerns is the current conflict organized around?. This research has been done using Mactor theory-method. The findings show that the security forces, including the IRGC and the Ministry of Intelligence, are the most important actors in the case.The most important conflicts are maintaining security and preventing unrest and trying to undermine the religious legitimacy of the system and replacing the values and symbols of ancient Iran with Islamic values and symbols. According to the findings, the most likely political proposal is to form a coalition of leveraged or regulatory actors to influence other actors to solve the problem. In this study, the Ministry of Interior, the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, the clergy living in Fars, and to a lesser extent the Revolutionary Guards of Fars Province are the regulatory actors.

Privatization of schools is one of the most contentious and controversial issues that has been the focus of experts and policy makers in recent years."Schools for purchasing services" is one of the recent projects of the education system, which has been proposed in the form of a general privatization plan. The present study aims to provide a quantitative assessment of school privatization disputes. The research method is survey and is based on Importance/ Performance Evaluation (IPA) technique. The statistical population of the study is all experts and specialists in the field of education. Who participated in the meetings of the General Directorate of Education of Qom Province in 1398, from which 50 people were selected by purposive sampling. These individuals have assessed the privatization situation based on 27 criteria. By analyzing the different areas of the importance / performance chart, it can be concluded that "service purchasing schools" do not work properly in employing specialized personnel. And even teachers are not hired according to their field of study. Because attracting specialized personnel is not economically viable for them. On the other hand, even adequate salaries are not paid to teachers. This way of recruiting has reduced the quality of education. And finally, the fate of the students of these schools, who are often in deprived areas, is in a haze of ambiguity. In other words, the development of such schools is not based on educational justice or even social justice.

One of the most important challenges in the relationship between physician and patient or the relationship between physician and patient and service providers is induced demand. Inducing the provision of care or the sale of unnecessary services to clients of the health system, which is accompanied by the exercise of power by service providers, is called induced demand.

The study was conducted as a systematic review with a qualitative approach, based on which scientific databases such as SID, Iranmedex and Magiran were searched and examined using the keywords "induced demand" and "induced demand in health". The search of articles was carried out by applying a ten-year time limit (2009-2010) and articles that had time matching and content consistency with the research topic were included in the study and analyzed.

Findings were categorized into four categories: causes, challenges, plans and solutions. Studies have shown that factors such as underlying causes, structural causes due to lack of proper policy-making, social causes resulting from advertising and the atmosphere of society play a role in creating induced demand. Also, the lack of proper structure in insurance organizations and the existence of supplementary insurance are other causes of induced demand.

According to the systematic review, reforming payment methods to physicians, creating electronic health records, modifying tariffs and increasing awareness and information in the community can be mentioned as effective solutions to reduce induced demand in the health system.

In the present age, problems and opportunities in public administration (PA) in several areas have common features like multidimensional, multiscale, limited predictability and Involvement of various actors in the public, private sectors and NGO's. In this Context, the way policymakers confront with complexities of problems and opportunities should be upgraded. Network approach, in the last three decades, has been widely welcomed by PA researches and provided institutional capacity to deal with tough problems. The first two decades, go around conceptualization and formulating theoretical fundamentals of network approach and last decade, PA researches focus on implementing them and evaluating consequences in solving political, economic, cultural and environmental problems in public sector. However, considering PA researches in Iran shows low importance of network approach and necessity of explaining the role of this approach and institutional capacities in PA studies. According to this, this paper is defined to designing network studies framework in PA researches and representing analytical strengths of network in in confronting with PA problems. The main question is: how is the network studies framework that can be used in PA researches?. Meta-synthesis used as the method of this research and we review several related researches to design network studies framework in PA researches. The findings of this paper show that the PA researches can use six dimensions of network in their researches included: context of network formation, process of network formation, network structure, network governance, and network executive management, outputs, Consequences and impacts of network.