فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران
سال پنجاه و دوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1400)

Generic advertising is primarily aimed at creating demand (introduction) and promoting consumption, without mentioning a specific brand. When the target product is a strategic commodity in consumption, in addition to firms, governments invest in generic advertising for increasing consumption. One of the essential products that is effective in growing and preserving health is milk and its products. The main question of the present research is that what is the optimal milk generic advertising intensity (investment in milk advertising) and how should be allocate advertising budget. in this study, using library information and other studies, in addition to determining the optimal budget for generic advertising of milk, we examine the method of allocation, lump-sum, per unit levy, valorem levy, with matching subsidy funding arrangements in two cases of open and closed economies. The results show that the optimum advertising intensity in the closed economy in lump-sum funding arrangement, on average, was 19.42 percent, in the levy valorem levy arrangement, on average, was 30.91 percent and in levy with government allocation a subsidy was 54.30 per cent of sales. In an open economy, in lump-sum funding arrangement, the optimal advertising amount was about 10.74% and in levy's investment method, optimal advertising intensity rates was about 20.19% of sales. What is observed in these results, besides the investment method affects the level of advertising intensity; the level of international exchanges of the country also influences this index.

Chemical pesticides are the most important pollutants in the environment and groundwater. Accordingly, the objective of this survey research was to explanation of factors affecting the pro-environmental behavior of apple gardeners in Meshkin Shahr County in Ardabil province. Statistical population of the study consisted of 1492 apple gardeners out of which 200 gardeners selected as sample using Cochran formula and multi- stage sampling technique. Data were collected by applying a questionnaire developed for the study and were analyzed using SPSS23 and Smart PLS2. Validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts and construct validity using AVE Index. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR) were calculated. The results showed that, the information Resources variable explained 25% of the variance of apple gardeners' environmental knowledge; environmental knowledge and information Resources variables explained 71% of the variance of their environmental attitude; and finally, environmental attitude and knowledge variables explained 58% of the variance of apple gardeners' pro-environmental behavior.

Increasing population growth and the urgent need to increase agricultural production are closely related to the increasing use of chemical pesticides, including pesticides. Exposure to toxins has harmful effects on human health and the environment, as well as many adverse health effects. Therefore, serious measures are needed to prevent these negative effects and harms to the farmers who are exposed to it on a daily basis. Whereas the health behavior of farmers in the use of chemical pesticides is a necessity; The purpose of this study was to analyze the health behavior of farmers in Khorramabad city in the use of pesticides. The statistical population of this study included farmers in Khorramabad city, which was estimated using a sample of 150 people using Krejcie and Morgan table. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that the content validity of the research tool was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that knowledge variables with 0.43, attitude with 0.60 and disease with 0.29 could directly affect the health behavior of farmers. Using mass media, virtual social networks, holding face-to-face meetings consisting of agricultural and health experts, leading and trusted farmers, using pesticide and pesticide sales centers as educational opportunities, and increasing farmers' access to some tools The need to institutionalize the healthy and safe behavior of farmers in the field of principles and methods of pesticide and pesticide management is suggested.

This study was conducted with the aim of designing a model for the development of international entrepreneurship of knowledge-based businesses. In order to achieve this model, the fundamental method (in terms of purpose), and qualitative approach (based on systematic data collection) and grounded theory strategy have been used. Data collection was done during in-depth interviews with 18 faculty members in the field of entrepreneurship and founders of knowledge-based companies (located in Science and Technology Park). Research data were analyzed by three methods of open, axial and selective coding. The obtained model shows causal conditions (pulling and pushing factors), strategies (using personal network, partnership of customers and foreign suppliers, following customers and using advanced technology), intervening conditions (supporting, stimulating and deterrent forces), contextual conditions (export area, organizational entrepreneurship, appropriate infrastructure) and consequences (market development, sustainable economic development, gaining sustainable competitive advantage) as international entrepreneurship of knowledge-based companies.

Medicinal plants have a long history with human beings and are considered as one of the export items of the agricultural sector and one of the main sources of meeting human food and medicine needs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social capital and professional capabilities in the development of medicinal plants as an innovation in agriculture sector. The present quantitative research in terms of purpose is applied research in which the fieldwork (survey) method was used. The statistical population of the study included all farmers in Zanjan province. A total of 389 people were selected as the statistical sample and data was collected using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS24 and AMOS24 software. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between the communication, cognitive and structural dimensions of social capital with the development of medicinal plants. Also, the results showed that the total indirect effect of communication and cognitive dimension of social capital on the development of medicinal plants in Zanjan province is positive and significant through the professional capabilities of farmers; while the indirect effect of the structural dimension of social capital was not significant. Among the suggestions of this research is launching courses and holding short-term courses by active educational centers in the province.

The issue of food self-sufficiency is one of the most important and strategic issues in our country.With the introduction of the model of resistance economy in recent years, this has become more important. Self-sufficiency in the production of agricultural products, especially wheat, is very important as the most basic product needed by society. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the self-sufficiency coefficient of Iranian wheat with respect to the resistance economy during the period 1989 -2017 in Iran, using the VAR. The results of estimating the self-explanatory model show that the value-added variables of agricultural sector (as an indicator of resilient economy), mechanization coefficient of agricultural sector, facility rate of agricultural bank and guaranteed price of wheat have a positive and significant effect on wheat self-sufficiency coefficient. There is a causal and positive relationship between the added value of the agricultural sector. Also, the change by the value-added variable has positive and decreasing effects on the self-sufficiency coefficient during a ten-year period, and at the end of the shock, the effect of this shock is adjusted with a slight decreasing effect in the corresponding region. Therefore, considering the positive relationship between self-sufficiency coefficient and value added as an indicator of resilient economy, it is suggested to increase the facilities and credits required to improve the wheat self-sufficiency coefficient.

Today, many farmers face problems in their production, such as economic bottlenecks, lack of production inputs, high institutional costs, and so on. Farmers' mastery to business management can reduce these problems to a large extent. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject, this descriptive- correlational research was conducted to investigate the effect of knowledge and attitude on agricultural business management behavior. The statistical population included all truck farmers in the south of Kerman Province (N=75000). The statistical sample of the study included 382 farmers who were selected by multi-stage random sampling according to the sampling table of Kerjesi and Morgan.  The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by panel of experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to calculate the reliability of the questionnaire that an acceptable value was obtained (θ=0.85-0.95). The results showed that farmers were moderate in the management of agricultural business. They were better off in terms of farm staff management but had the greatest weakness in strategic farm management. The knowledge score of the respondents in the field of agricultural business management was 11.58 (out of 20), which shows that their agricultural business management is slightly higher than the average level. However, 73.3% of the respondents had a positive attitude towards their business management. Path analysis showed that knowledge and attitude on agribusiness management behavior had a significant positive effect. Therefore, training courses should be planned and implemented to improve the management of farmers' agricultural business.

The relationship between rural livability and the sustainability of basic production resources is an issue that has not been seriously considered so far. Of course, due to the crisis of natural resources and the environment and the unsustainability of rural settlements, it is becoming increasingly important. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of soil protection and watershed management activities on rural livability in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. The statistical population included the residents of the studied villages and the sample size was 143 people. This research is applied in terms of purpose and based on the research strategy, it is a survey type and a questionnaire tool has been used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire obtained using content validity and its reliability obtained through Cronbach's alpha. SPSS18 software used for data analysis. Findings showed that the livability level of villages with watershed management and soil protection was significantly different from the viability level of villages without these plans. In other words, it can be concluded that watershed management projects can improve living conditions in rural areas and, of course, in the long run, increase the level of satisfaction with life and activity in rural areas. It is suggested that in order to improve the livability of mountain villages, special attention should be paid to watershed management measures so that the sustainable use of natural resources and mountain products is considered as the main livelihood strategy by rural households.

Today, the rapid distribution of perishable goods is of particular importance and the loss of quality of these products creates many costs. In this research, an integrated model of supply chain network using mathematical planning method to optimize the production, storage and distribution plan of fruit with the aim of reducing costs for several periods is presented. The echelons in this chain include suppliers, sorting centers, cold stores, customers and waste customers. The goal is to determine the amount of fruit purchased from suppliers, the amount stored in cold storage, and the optimal distribution, which ultimately minimizes the cost of the entire chain. To validate the model, a case study of apple product in cities of West and East Azerbaijan provinces in 2019 was used. According to the proposed optimal model, optimal decisions are made about the optimal amount of purchases and shipments from the supplier to the place of sorting and transportation to waste customers, the optimal amount of cold storage inventory and the optimal place of construction of sorting centers. Numerical results show that the optimal locations for the construction of fruit sorting centers are in the city of Urmia. According to the results of sensitivity analysis, with a 10 to 80 percent increase in fruit demand, total costs increase from 8 to 18 percent. Also, with a 2 to 15 percent increase in transportation costs, total costs show a small change from 0.04 to 0.11 percent.

Agricultural cooperatives, and especially poultry cooperatives, have suffered serious damage in recent years, despite their important role in production and employment. The present study seeks to accurately identify the problems of these cooperatives and prioritize their most important harms in various fields. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the vulnerability of poultry cooperatives in Hamadan province. This research was conducted adopting survey research method with an applied approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of members of the board of directors of poultry cooperatives who were studied by census. The most important data collection tool in the present study was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face- validity was confirmed by experts. To evaluate the reliability of the main scale of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated that the figure was 0.85 indicating reliability of the tool of study. The research findings were analyzed using SPSS25 statistical software. Using factor analysis technique, vulnerability were classified into five groups. "Infrastructure damage-innovation" was explained as the most important factor by explaining 26.08% of the variance. This factor together with other injuries "economic-market injuries", "socio-cultural environmental injuries", "internal organizational injuries" and "managerial injuries" in total 63.96% of the variance explained the total vulnerability of cooperatives.

Today, with the advances in science and technology and the increasing need for societies to exchange information, people are turning to new ways of communicating and interacting.  Virtual networks also allow for the formation of new communities because of the interactive space. In the meantime, with the transition from traditional to modern, the communication and interaction of farmers and activists in this sector to be acquainted with new methods is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of knowledge and information sharing in relation to the effect of using social networks on the empowerment of agricultural jihad employees in southern Kerman using a survey method. The statistical population of this study was the employees of Jihad Keshavarzi in southern Kerman. The sample size was determined by simple random sampling using Krejcie and Morgan table of 206 people. Data collection tools were employee empowerment questionnaires, knowledge and information sharing, social networks. To test the research hypotheses, the data were processed using SPSS23 and LISREL8.80 software. The results showed that the use of social networks was directly related to the sharing of knowledge and information of Jihad Keshavarzi employees in the southern city of Kerman. The use of social networks has a direct relationship with empowerment of agricultural jihad employees in Kerman. Sharing knowledge and information with empowerment of staff in southern Kerman agriculture has a direct relationship. Finally, the results showed that knowledge and information sharing in relation to the impact of the use of social network and empowerment in the staff of the southern agricultural jihad of Kerman has a mediator role.

Carbon dioxide emission is one of important challenges facing humanity, which has attracted the attention of many researchers and policymakers in recent years. The purpose of this study is investigating the factors influencing carbon dioxide emission. For achieving the purpose of paper spatial econometrics model and panel data of MENA countries are used over the period of 2000-2015. The results indicate that carbon dioxide emission in the MENA region countries have significant effect on surrounding countries. Also, the variables of energy consumption (0.01), economic globalization (0.134), industrialization (0.405) and urbanization (0.042) have positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emission in the MENA region. The interaction among energy consumption and globalization (0.361), energy consumption and, industrialization (0.234) and urbanization (0.085) have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emission. According to the results of this study, it is necessary that policymakers should not only focus on the national economic benefits but also consider the national and regional environmental benefits in policy making.

Sustainable management of water resources in Iran, which has historically suffered from water scarcity, is of great importance. Sustainable management of historical structures for the exploitation of water resources, the most prominent of which is the Qanats, seems to be very important, especially in the central plateau of Iran. So, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying sustainable management strategies for water resources of Qanats in Yazd province, Iran. The present study was applied and was conducted by survey method. The statistical population included farmers directly exploiting the Qanats of Yazd province (N = 30662) of which 280 people were randomly selected as a sample with proportional assignment sampling method. The validity of the research instrument confirmed, using a panel of experts and its reliability confirmed, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using two methods of descriptive statistics and analytical statistics (factor analysis and nonparametric comparative analysis) using SPSS21 software. The results of exploratory factor analysis of sustainable water use management strategies showed that six categories of legal strategies - protection, technical-production, research-educational and extension, participatory and preservation of indigenous knowledge, income diversity and environmental strategies could explain 70.645% of the total variance. Non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney comparative test showed that from the farmers' point of view, in almost all sustainable management strategies, the rate of implementation was significantly less than their importance. The findings provided suggestions to improve the situation of sustainable management of Qanats in the country.

Over the past few decades, economic policymakers and planners have sought to find new ways of trading agricultural products that maximize efficiency for market participants. To this end, a variety of trading contracts, including futures were developed. A futures contract is a contract under which the seller undertakes to sell a certain quantity of a certain good at a certain price at the present time, and on the other hand, the buyer of the contract undertakes to sell that good with Purchase the specified specifications. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of Negin saffron futures contracts in Iran Mercantile Exchange by examining the relationship between cash and future prices of this product. To achieve this goal, the Engle and Granger vector error correction model approach and the daily settlement prices of Negin saffron futures and cash contracts have been used. The results of this study indicate a short-term and long-term relationship between future prices and cash prices. Therefore, the efficiency of Negin saffron futures trading tools has been confirmed as a guide to cash prices of Negin saffron and also as an influential factor in discovering cash prices, which is consistent with the results of previous studies.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important sectors of the economy in terms of food supply for the growing population and the production of materials and inputs needed by industries. Therefore, price fluctuation in agricultural commodities prices is a significant issue to be studied.  This study examines the effect of monetary policy shocks on the price of different agricultural commodities (food-industrial) using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach for the period 2001-2019. The volume of money as a proxy for monetary policy at the national level has been used. The Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter is used to identify monetary policy shocks. The findings of this study suggest that although anticipated shocks and unanticipated shocks of money supply affect the price of agricultural commodities, the intensity of these impacts are different. So that the anticipated shocks in both commodities groups (food-industrial) play a significant positive role in agricultural commodity prices. While unanticipated monetary shock have a positive and significant effect on prices for the group of agricultural industrial commodities, it appears to have had virtually no effect on prices for the agricultural food commodities group. Besides, the results show that the effect of monetary policy shocks on prices of agricultural commodities is asymmetric in two groups. This means that the effects of the anticipated and unanticipated monetary shocks on agricultural prices are not the same.

The application of trade change tariff policies has attracted particular attention in recent decades, especially in developing countries. Due to the increasing demand for wood products in the country and the limited domestic resources, timber and wood products import is very important. Among the domestic policies that are evident in the timber market, there are tariff and non-tariff barriers. In this study, the effects of reducing timber and wood tariffs on GDP and imports of economic sectors have been evaluated based on a computable general equilibrium model. This model is based on the microeconomic Data Matrix of 2016. The results indicated that import tariffs for timber and timber imports increased imports of wood, wood products, GDP and welfare. Therefore, timber import tariffs are recommended based on a time schedule. In this program, it is necessary to consider some issues such as relationships between wood types and the possibility of adaptation of affiliated industries.

Given the ever-increasing demand for wheat as an Input production in developing countries and the necessity of this product in the household basket, the accurate modeling of the Wheat demand function and determining effective factors for planning, as well as predictions for timely provision with low economic and social costs is important. In this study using underlying trend concept and creating a state - space model and kalman filter algorithms the wheat demand was estimated with emphasis on consumer preferences as a production input (derived demand) during 1982-2017. The results are non-smooth and Nonlinear trend (consumer preferences). Income and pricing elasticity of wheat derived demand less than one were estimated to be -0.0270 and 0.2148, respectively. So from one side Wheat was identified as An essential product with a high degree of urgent need and on the other hand price and income policies are not efficient enough to reduce consumption; So according to consumer preferences and the necessity of this product in the household basket, saving policy and consume right along with reducing waste it is suggested. Increasing efficiency in the conversion industry is one of the other ways to properly consume and reduce the ever-increasing demand for this product. The results of the prediction (in 2023, the projected amount is 24.48 million tons) with respect to consumer preferences in the model showed an increasing trend in wheat demand. Therefore, policymakers on the one hand can reduce demand by making decisions and the other hand provide the wheat needed for the conversion industry.

Today, tourism development in many developing countries is one of the effective ways for economic and social development of rural areas, but due to the important role of this industry in the development of urban and rural areas, there are always obstacles and problems that hinder sustainable development. It becomes. Fereydunkenar International Wetland, which has a high tourism potential due to the return of thousands of migratory birds from northern orbits to the region, is managed by the local community in terms of ecosystem services. Unbalanced utilization of ecosystem services of Fereydunkenar International Wetland, without awareness of renewable potential and thresholds, changes the state of the ecosystem. To achieve sustainable and resilient tourism in the study area, descriptive-analytical, documentary and questionnaire studies were used in the scenario planning framework. In this study, first the variables and factors affecting tourism resilience were identified using Litrature review as well as the views of experts, which is in the form of environmental analysis. After identifying the variables, the Impact Analysis Matrix Questionnaire was distributed among academic elites who had sufficient expertise and experience in wetland tourism issues, and it was asked to determine the variables based on the degree of impact and effectiveness in the framework of the matrix of cross-effects. The scores were then entered into a crossover effect matrix to measure the impact and effectiveness (direct and indirect) of each of the factors and their sub-variables with other factors, and to obtain the necessary graphs by identifying the key driving forces; Also, after identifying the key driving forces, by entering them in the MicMac software, scenarios compatible with sustainable and resilient tourism of the wetland in the framework of 11 factors and 4 possible states imagined in a range from the most desirable to the most undesirable situation. In the framework of risk scenarios, purpose and system were presented. The extraction of relevant patterns indicates the instability of the system under study, the main factor of which is beyond the institutionalized notion of the three basic pillars of sustainable development rooted in institutional development. In other words, the lack of a specific framework to reach an institutional setting is the most important factor stabilizing tourism activities in the study area.

The growing number of areas facing water scarcity necessitates adaptive water management strategies beyond traditional water supply and demand management methods, which are becoming increasingly difficult in many regions. Water reallocation offers a flexible water management approach to mitigate water scarcity under changing socioeconomic, climatic, and environmental conditions. Water allocation can take many forms that vary in duration, spatial scale, complexity, and institutional structure required, which are important for understanding the water allocation functions. In this regards, the main purpose of this study was to explain the water allocation functions from the perspective of four mechanism including administrative allocation, collective negotiations, market driven allocation and robust allocation. For this purpose, 45 reviewed and empirical papers based on these mechanism, were selected by snowball sampling technique and analyzed by qualitative method. A qualitative content analysis based on inductive approach was conducted as the analytical process. In this approach, after selecting the analysis unit and meaning units, explanatory themes including “developing the pricing system and sharing the benefits of allocation”, “developing the governance of institutional actors” and “utilization of dynamic planning and efforts to maintain environmental resources” in the water allocation were identified. The results showed that most of these mechanisms have a one-dimensional perspective and only one mechanism has a comprehensive perspective, and also focused on some categories such as Legal pluralism and diversity of mechanisms. Ultimately, Robust Allocation is the only mechanism in allocation that considers the issues of efficiency and justice in a mixed and balanced way.