نشریه پرستاری کودکان
سال هشتم شماره 2 (زمستان 1400)

Despite advances in health care in developed and developing countries, including Iran, there are still high rates of children suffering from diarrhea and serious complications. In this regard, mothers' self-efficacy in preventing, controlling, and treating diarrhea is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the self-efficacy of mothers of children aged one to five years in the field of diarrhea prevention in kindergartens in Qazvin in 1399.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 400 mothers with children aged 1-5 years in kindergartens in Qazvin were selected who met the inclusion criteria including minimum writing literacy, physical and mental health. sampling was done randomly- cluster and in two stages. A total of 20 kindergartens and then 20mothers were selected from every home. To collect data the form of demographic and The Maternal Self-Efficacy Scale for Preventing Early Childhood

 In this study, the average maternal self-efficacy score in the prevention of diarrhea in children was( 11/8)± 47/104, which was below the bottom range. there was no significant correlation between the age of the mother, the level of education, the economic situation and the number of children and mothers, and their self-efficacy score.

 The low self-efficacy of mothers of children in this study indicates the need for planning to implement educational programs for mothers.
it is suggested that this study should be done in other cities of the country to be able to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in high-risk age groups by developing a detailed atlas of mothers self - efficacy in the field of diarrhea.

 In Modern technology, using mobile phones is the most exposed to waves in the world. As far, public concern has been rising regarding exposure to phone waves, especially in critical periods such as intrauterine life and early childhood. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of literature have investigated the relationship between exposure to radiofrequency waves during pregnancy and early childhood with physical and behavioral problems in children.

 We searched databases (PubMed, Web of Science, ISI, Cochrane Library, and Scopus), along with Persian databases such as SID and Magiran with the keywords: "Prenatal Period", "Pregnancy", "Mobile phone", "Children", "Radiofrequencyexposure", "Cell phone'', ''electromagnetic field'', and ''Behavioral problems'' from 1st. January 2010 until 1st. March 2020. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of 55 articles, 15 were selected.  

 The results of some studies have not demonstrated the occurrence of behavioral problems in children who were exposed to radiofrequency waves during pregnancy until 36 months. But between the ages of 7 and 11, emotional-behavioral problems were reported. In contrast to other studies, one study showed a positive effect of reducing sentence complexity and improving motor skills in three-year-old children of mothers exposed to cell phone waves. Although, the Findings of dose-response (low, medium, and high exposure) were Controversial. In this review, meta-analysis studies found a significant relationship between the effects of exposure and the incidence of leukemia in children. Also, The incidence of migraine and children's exposure to magnetic fields showed a significant association. However, there was a weak association in the case of hearing loss problems. 

 Although, the results indicated a significant relationship between physical and behavioral problems in children due to exposure to the waves. However, We emphasize the importance and necessity of further research to investigate the biological effect of waves during pregnancy, and childhood to recognize the factors affecting children's diseases.

Among the problems of children with autism spectrum disorder is the presence of abnormalities in sensory processing and perceptual movement disorders that can cause many behavioral problems in this group of children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of music-based therapy on rhythmic activity on visual visual perception of children with autism spectrum disorder.

The present quasi-experimental research design was pre-test-post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study included all children with autism who were referred to childcare centers for autism in Tehran in 1398-1397, of which 30 boys aged 12-6 years with autism were referred to the Autism Second Center In April, Tehran was selected by targeted sampling method and divided into two groups of 15 people (experiments and controls). The experimental group was trained using a rhythmic activity-based music therapy program during 15 sessions of 45 minutes and 3 days a week, and the research data were collected using the Frostig visual perception test and by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential ( Multivariate covariance analysis) was analyzed using SPSS.V.22 software.

The results of data analysis showed that music-therapy based on rhythmic activities significantly increased and scores of eye motor coordination subscale (F = 07.07, P = 0.001), shape and background (F = 14.921). P = 0.001, shape stability (P = 0.828, P = 0.001), position in space (P = 4442, P = 0.001) as well as spatial relationships (F = 7.685). P = 0.001 The variables of motor visual perception of children with autism were tested in the control group compared to the control group.

Rhythmic activities with music as one of the active and available methods have positive and effective effects on the motor visual perception skills of children with autism and this program can be used to improve the motor visual perception skills of this group of children Showed.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in children and mothers are one of the care team who facing psychological problems. The purpose of this study was to mediate the role of psychological flexibility in relation to religious coping strategies with the psychological distress of mothers of children with leukemia cancer.

The descriptive-correlation method was used. The statistical population consists of all mothers with children with leukemia cancer referred to hospitals in Tehran in 2019-2020. In this study, according to the convenience sampling method, 230 mothers were selected as samples and they were asked to Kessler of psychological distress scale (K-10), religious coping questionnaire (RCQ), and acceptance and action questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Then the proposed model was analyzed through structural equation modeling.

The direct paths of negative religious coping strategy and psychological flexibility on psychological distress were significant. Also, indirect relationship religious coping strategy with psychological distress through moderating role psychological flexibility was significant.

The structural model of research was fit and is an important step in identifying the factors that are effective in the psychological distress of mothers of children with cancer.

Academic stress is a result of the individual's assessment based on the experience of inconsistency between understanding the demands of academic opportunities and  Intrapersonal resources. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of optimism educational package by storytelling method on academic stress in girl’s children.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students in Kerman in the academic year 2019-2020. A total of 40 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then, Ang and Huan's academic stress questionnaire was administered to all three groups. The experimental groups received 10 sessions of storytelling optimism training. After the intervention, all two groups completed the above questionnaire as a post-test.

The results showed that the intra-case factor of teachers' expectations is significant in three levels of pre-test, posttest (p <0.01 and F = 120.57 (114 and 2), so it can be concluded that the expectations of parents/teachers of individuals are significantly different at tow levels. Also, since the results are significant in the interaction between the expectations of parents/teachers and the group (p <0.01 and F = 18.09 (114 and 2), so it can be concluded that the interaction between the expectations of parents/teachers and groups are meaningful.

Considering the effectiveness of storytelling optimism training, it is suggested that it be used to improve students 'psychological health and reduce students' stress.

Single-parent children are among the children who need serious attention from the therapeutic and training community. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral art-play therapy and play therapy based on child-parent relationships on the quality of child-parent interactions among single parents’ children.

The research method was two stages quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test and a control group. 54 single parents’ children were selected through purposive sampling and then randomly assigned to two intervening groups and a control group (each with 18 children). The child-parent interactions Questionnaire was used to measure the dependent variable. Cognitive-behavioral art-play therapy and play therapy based on child-parent relationships groups were treated in 10 sessions (90 to 120 minutes in each session) respectively, and the control group did not receive any treatment.

In the quality of child-parent interactions variable there was a significant difference between cognitive-behavioral art-play therapy and play therapy based on child-parent relationships with the control group (P<0.01). Also, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral art-play therapy and play therapy based on the quality of child-parent relationships on quality of child-parent interactions (P>0.05).

Due to the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral art-play therapy and play therapy based on parent-child relationships on increasing the quality of parent-child interactions, it is recommended to use these two therapies in treatment centers for single-parent children.

Sleep is particularly important in children because it affects their physical and mental evolution. Sleep disorders are seen in 20% to 30% of children. Cereal is being distributed as one of the complementary foods at the pharmacies in Iran. This study is designed to study the sleep status of cereal-consuming infants in order to take a step forward in improving cereal prescribing.

This study was carried out on 202 infants 6 - 18 months old in 2018. The control group included infants who did not consume cereal and the case group included infants who had consumed at least one can of cereal (nestle brand) for at least one month. Data were collected using the “brief infant sleep questionnaire” by asking from parents.

The study indicated that the infants’ sleep status in both groups is inappropriate compared to global sleep standards. Consuming cereal had significant relation with onset time to fall asleep (sleep onset latency), the total sleep time during the night, the frequency of waking up during the night, sweating, and parents claiming sleep disorder in their babies. However, the infants' total sleep time during the day, their sleeping habits, the way to fall asleep, bedtime, type of delivery, birth weight, current weight, and sex were not significantly associated with cereal consumption.

Sleep disorders were more common in cereal-consuming infants compared to infants who did not consume cereal.

Addiction is a personal and social problem that has many negative consequences and adolescence is a high-risk period for addiction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-control training programs on reducing addiction readiness in students.

The design of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population included all high school students studying in schools of Naghadeh city in the academic year 2018-2019. By purposeful sampling method, 60 students with high scores on the addiction tendency scale were selected and then randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups of (30 in each group). The experimental group underwent 10 weekly sessions of 90 minutes of self-control training. The data collection tool was the Addiction tendency scale.

The adjusted mean scores of addiction readiness after self-control training in the intervention group (36.52) were lower than the addiction readiness in the control group (78.71). According to, the self-control training program is effective in reducing addiction readiness in students (P <0.05).

self-control training program can be an effective intervention in reducing the readiness for addiction in students.

Among all the factors that affect human health and success, maintaining balance and paying attention to physiological characteristics and body composition can be very effective in childhood. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of anaerobic gymnastics training (AGT) on static, dynamic balance, physiological indexes, and body composition in obese and normal-weight boys.

In this semi-experimental study, sixty obese elementary gymnasts age 8-12 years old were randomly divided into four groups ((obese experimental group, n=15), (obese control group, n= 15), (normal weight experimental group, n= 15) and (normal weight control group, n=15)). The experimental groups had 45 minutes of AGT, which was held 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Anthropometrical and body composition characteristics, and balance were measured before and after 8 weeks of AGT.

According to the results we found the significant changes (P<0.05) following AGE in obese experimental group (weight= -8.09%, p=0.001, body fat% = -12.81, p=0.001, body fat weight = -19.38, p=0.001, Vo2max = +6.62, p=0.03, static balance = +32.69, p=0.001 and dynamic balance = -6.16, p=0.001). Also, in normal-weight experimental group we found the significant change of (Vo2max = +7.49, p=0.01, maximal heart rate = -3.34, p=0.04, static balance = +23.64, p=0.002, and dynamic balance = -9.97, p=0.001). Also comparing the percentage of changes in variables between the four groups, we found that there were significant changes in the variables of weight, p= 0.001, fat percentage p= 0.005, body fat weight p=0.005, static balance p=0.001, and dynamic balance p=0.002.

Static and dynamic balance improved after 8 weeks of AGT in both obese and normal weight children. In addition, the present exercise protocol reduced body weight, improved body composition, and increased maximal oxygen consumption in obese children.