نشریه فیزیولوژی محیطی گیاهی
پیاپی 64 (زمستان 1400)

Lantana camara Linn. is a flowering ornamental plant belonging to family Verbenaceae. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of salicylic acid foliar application on flowering improvement and growth characteristics of lantana under salinity stress. In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), three levels of SA (0, 0.5 and 1mM) and five levels of salinity (0.5, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dS.m-1) were applied. The results indicated that increasing salinity levels from 0.5 to 9 dS.m-1 significantly reduced all studied growth parameters levels, chlorophyll contents and potassium uptake. While Na+uptake, Na+/K+ and ion leakage were increased relative to control. Also, the results indicated that the salicylic acid significantly increased plant growth and physiological traits. Application of salicylic acid (0.5 mM) improved vegetative, flowering growth and nutrient uptake under salt stress. At salinity level of 9 dS m-1, application of 1mM salicylic acid increased the height of the main branch and the number of flowers by3.22 and 2.14 times, respectively, compared to the control and decreased the sodium uptake by 2.46 times. At the same level of salinity, treatment of plants by 0.5mM salicylic acid increased plant height, stem diameter, increased diameter of main branch, number of flowers and fresh weight of flowers by 70.64%, 2.15, 2.14 and 5.8 times respectively, in compare to the control. Considering that the plants maintained their vegetative growth and flowering well up to salinity level of 7dS.m-1, it seems that the lantana is able to tolerate salinity. In general, It seems that under high salinity levels, salicylic acid (0.5 mM) was the most effective treatment for mitigating the deleterious effect of salt stress in lantana plants.

By nanotechnology entrance into the field of medicinal plants, the agricultural industry and food industry ensures an increase in the amount and quality of their products, along with the preservation of the environment. The properties of materials are changed by changing their size to nano. The use of beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles is described as a new protection strategy of the plant and induces a plant defense response. For this purpose, to study the effect of beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles on the physiologic indexes and biochemical activities in basil of keshkeni luvelou cultivar, an experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with four replications at four levels of 0.10, 50, 100mg/l in the greenhouse. The results showed that different growth indices such as root and stem length and diameter, fresh and dry weight of roots, shoots, and leaf area increased by 5% compared to the control and the highest increase was reported at 50ppm. Data analysis showed that the effect of different treatments on the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, peroxidase enzymes, malondialdehyde content, and ion leakage of roots and leaves were significantly increased (P≤5%) compared to the control. Membrane stability index was assessed by measuring the electrolyte leakage of leaves and roots. A significant reduction (P≤5%) of ion leakage and malondialdehyde of roots and leaves was observed in the treatment of 50mg/l nano-beta cyclodextrin which indicates an increase in enzyme activity. With the entrance of nanoparticles into agriculture can minimize the scope of chemical control and disruption of environmental physiological practices. The trend of changes in physiological and biochemical parameters studied in the present study are relatively reliable indicators to introduce the best concentration of beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles for basil.

Sesame as one of the most important oilseed crops has high industrial, food, and medicinal potentials. Drought stress challenges sesame production, especially at the germination and seedling stages. To screen sesame genotypes for drought tolerance at the germination stage, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The studied factors included 4 drought levels induced by polyethylene glycol (concentrations of 0%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) and 15 sesame genotypes. Based on the results of ANOVA, the effect of genotype, drought, and their interaction on all studied traits including germination rate, germination speed, vigor index 1 and 2, radicle length, plumule length, and seedling fresh and dry weight was significant (P<0.01). Significant reduction (P<0.05) was observed in all levels of stress compared to the control in the studied traits. Germination rate, radicle length, and plumule length (with 10%, 17%, and 18% reduction, respectively) showed less sensitivity to drought stress at weak level (20% concentration), while the most negative effect was obtained for vigor index 2, seedling dry weight and seedling fresh weight (with 52.5%, 47.3%, and 34.4% reduction, respectively). On the other hand, the highest decrease was observed in plumule length, vigor index 1 and 2 (98%, 97%, and 96%, respectively), under severe drought (30% concentration). The calculated drought tolerance indices of each trait were used for principal component analysis and biplot visualization. Thus, genotypes were divided into 5 categories based on tolerance. Dashtestan 2 and Darab 1 genotypes were selected as the most tolerant and Qaem, Yekta, Sudan, and Kerman genotypes were selected as the most sensitive genotypes. The findings of this study can be used in future studies and breeding programs of sesame for drought tolerance.

In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and different levels of selenium on growth and physiological characteristics of the Dragons head (Lallemantia iberica L.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at Razi University Research Greenhouse. Experimental treatments consisted of different levels of humidity levels (full irrigation, 25%, 50% and 75% field capacity) and the second factor contained different concentrations of selenium (0, 5 and 10 mg L-1 sodium selenate). Foliar application of sodium selenate was performed in two stages. According to the results, drought stress had a negative effect on stem and leaf dry weight, inflorescence fresh weight, inflorescence length and leaf relative water content. Selenium increased shoot and leaf dry weight, inflorescence length and leaf relative water content. Under drought stress, selenium increased plant height, shoot number, stem fresh weight, leaf number and leaf fresh weight. Selenium increased biological yield, inflorescence dry weight, number of flowers, seed weight per plant, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. Selenium had a positive effect on stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves. As a result, foliar application of sodium selenate can overcome drought stress and prevents reduce in seed yield. The increase in seed yield in Dragons head may be related to increase in number of flowers per inflorescence, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant and 1000-seed weight. Therefore, under drought stress, foliar application of sodium selenate in two stages can prevent or reduce seed yield by reducing the effects of drought stress. Therefore, foliar application of 10 mg L-1 sodium selenate is recommended to reduce the effects of drought stress on the cultivation of Dragons head.

Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is a tree of which leaves, flowers, fruit and fruit skin lesions have been used in different industries including cosmetics, health and food industries. Orange fruit rich in vitamin C and other active substances such as phenols and flavonoids, which is the very useful for human health.The aim of this study was to investigate the different secondary substances in leaves and fruits (Thompson) in four geographical directions of tree crown. Treatments, including four geographical crown directions (north, south, east and west) and two different organs: leaves and fruit.This study was carried out using the factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Biochemical parameters contents of total phenol, total flavonoids, antioxidants, total soluble sugar, Naringin and hesperidin were assessed. The amount of phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and total soluble sugar was measured by spectrophotometer. The amount of Naringin and hesperidin was measured by HPLC.Based on the results, The highest rate of total soluble sugar was observed in the result of interaction of the eastern direction and fruit. The highest rate of Naringin And Hesperidin was observed in the interaction of southern direction and fruit.The highest rate of phenol were observed in interaction of western direction and fruit. The highest rate of flavonoid was in interaction between eastern direction and fruit. The highest total antioxidant activity was in interaction between eastern direction and fruit.according to the results of this experiment, it has been specified that geographical directions of south and east have the maximum effect on the biochemistry characteristics and fruit organ, This may be due to the better and more light received in these parts of the tree canopy.

In order to investigate the effect of organic, bio-chemical fertilizers on yield and efficiency components of sesame, a factorial experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replications in two crop years in Kermanshah in 2017-2018. The first factor consisted of nitrogen fertilizer with four levels of zero, 33, 66 and 100% nitrogen, and the second factor consisted of inoculation with four levels of seedless biofertilizer, Azotobacter inoculation, Azospirillum inoculation and mixing with both bacteria. . The experiment was conducted each year on three land plots including control, 10 ton manure and 10 ton municipal waste compost. The results showed that the effect of nitrogen and biological fertilizer levels on grain yield and biological yield were significant in all three environments. The highest values of grain yield and biological yield were obtained in the combination of Azotobacter and Azesprillium fertilizers in all three media. The highest grain yield (1298 kg / ha) was observed in the control medium in 100% nitrogen requirement, in the fertilizer medium in 33% nitrogen requirement (1565 Kg / ha) and in the compost medium were obtained with 66% nitrogen (1799 kg / ha). Overall, the results showed that the combination of biological fertilizers with manure or compost could save the fertilizer application and also have acceptable yield. Also, the use of biological fertilizers and organic fertilizers increased the efficiency of use of the elements, which could eventually increase round yields in addition to lower production costs.

Understanding the rangeland ecosystem is the first step in managing these resources and determining land management and sustainable development programs.The aim of this study is to investigate the qualitative changes in the percentage of vegetation in the area of international wetlands of Golestan province. The study used Landstat satellite bands measuring TM and OLI during statistical years (1988-2018). In ENVI5.3 software, geometric correction and preliminary processing and FLASH algorithm were used for atmospheric corrections. To increase the accuracy of rangeland classification, NDVI map was prepared with TERSET software and And 4 classes of covered land (excellent, very good, good and poor) were obtained. The CROSSTAB technique also calculated changes during the years of study. Land area showed results The highest increase with very good vegetation is from 1540/93 to 2849.99 square kilometers And the largest reduction in area with well-covered lands was from 1369/46 to 68.94 square kilometers. During this time, the study area underwent changes The biggest reductions include the destruction of a well-covered class from 31.94 to 1.66 percent and its conversion to other users.Also, 13.46 square kilometers of good coverage has become poor coverage Which included the surrounding wetlands, rocky areas and rural areas.Good coverage that minimized area reduction There were pasture lands in use Class changes with good coverage indicated a reduction in area and vegetation And the temperature will rise The results showed that NDVI is a good measure for evaluating and monitoring vegetation changes and proper rangeland management.

In the present study, the effect of three types of nitrogen fertilizers under potting and greenhouse cultivation on growth rate, total nitrogen content, protein, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids and leaf nitrate reductase activity in American agave cultivar Marginata was investigated.Fertilizers including urea (46%), NPK compound fertilizer of type 20 20 20, and Dr. Bio biofertilizer (containing Azotobacter) were applied in two concentrations each, and their effects were compared with the effects ofsoil without fertilizer as a control. Increasing fertilizer in all cases, and especially in the case of biofertilizer, reduced the nitrate reductase activity of the leaves and also changed the overall nitrogen content of the root in favor of increasing it in the leaves. Urea increased wet and dry weight, total protein content, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids. Biofertilizer significantly increased fresh and dry weight and leaf protein content, fresh weight and content of free amino acids and root protein. This fertilizer had no significant effect on the alkaloid content of leaves and roots. Increasing the NPK fertilizer also increased the fresh and dry weight and free amino acids of the leaves and the content of total proteins and alkaloids in the leaves and roots and decreased the fresh weight and free amino acids of the roots.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and selenium foliar application on physiological characteristics and yield and yield components of safflower under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main factor included irrigation in three levels, complete irrigation during growing season (control), cutting irrigation at 50 percent flowering stage and cutting irrigation at 50 percent head forming stage. Sub factor was considered foliar application of safflower plants including nonspraying (control), foliar application by salicylic acid, selenium and salicylic acid with selenium. Drought stress reduced biologic yield, yield components and grain yield, but it increased protein percentage, the superoxide dismutase activity and proline concentration. Also, the highest negative effect of drought tension was observed in flowering stage, so that stress at flowering stage reduced 49 percent grain yield and 33 percent biomass of safflower. Foliar application improved yield, yield components and superoxide dismutase activity compared to non-spraying (control). However, between foliar application treatments in grain yield and superoxide dismutase activity, no significant difference was observed, but foliar application of salicylic acid with 7198 kg ha-1 showed the highest biomass. The foliar application in stress and non-stress conditions increased grain oil percentage, so that in complete irrigation and flowering stage stress , the highest grain oil percentage was belonged to salicylic acid foliar application with 24 percent and salicylic acid foliar application with selenium 28 percent. The foliar application treatments increased proline concentration in stress conditions compared to control and at flowering stress stage, salicylic acid and selenium foliar application with 11 micro Mol per gram fresh plant weigh showed the highest proline concentration. Keywords: Grain yield, Oil percentage, Proline and Safflower. .

Perhaps talking about the use of microalgae species in various fields, global approaches to increase the productivity and شchieving economic superiority alongside لreat environmental benefits وis superfluous. Some of these factors such as illumination conditions, temperature, nutrient concentration, CO2 content and the like have been researched befor. Therefore, in this article, simply review researches that focuses on some less tested factors but with significant effects on increasing culture productivity, especially on a large scale. Therefore, at first, different cultivation environments including fresh water, sea water and sewage for use in mass cultivation are described and compared and the superior species of each environment are introduced. Then different culture methods including photototrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic and photothetrophic were compare. Reuse of recycled water for microalgae cultivation process to reduce treatment and pumping costs and related challenges is considered. Finally, the effect of shear stresses (coused by equipments and is a major concern in large-scale cultivation) on cultivation productivity and ways to reduce these effects is considered.