فصلنامه جغرافیا (برنامه ریزی منطقه ای)
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 46، بهار 1401)

In recent years, one of the major problems in our country has been rural backwardness and rural migration to urban areas. The main cause of the economic problems, especially access to employment , have been the many problems such as marginalization, declining quality of life and lack of employment in cities. It is very important to pay attention to rural entrepreneurship with a view to the problems in these areas. This study aimed to analyze entrepreneurship development capacities in rural area of Chendar district of Savojbolagh city of Alborz province. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and field. Factor analysis using principal component analysis was used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the study consisted of residents of Chendar villages (literate and aged between 15 and 65). 400 villagers were randomly selected and distributed among them questionnaires containing 5 indices in individual, infrastructure, economic, social and institutional fields and 35 items. The findings show that the status of entrepreneurship components in rural areas is slightly above average. The most appropriate conditions can be seen in the sub-infrastructure and individual dimensions and then in the economic, social and institutional components, respectively. The results of factor analysis show that the individual and infrastructure components of entrepreneurship are provided in the studied villages, but economic, especially social and institutional components are not available.

In this study, effective synoptic anomalies in the occurrence of early heat of Andimeshk synoptic station during the statistical period 1390-1360 with an environmental approach to rotation were investigated and from altitude data related to 500 and 700 hPa and ground level pressure in the geographical area 0 to 90 degrees East longitude and 0 to 60 degrees north latitude were used and related maps were drawn in Grads software environment. Data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction Analysis and the National Center for Meteorological Research (NCEP / NCAR) as a 6-hour observation with a spatial resolution of 2.5 2 2.5 degrees showed that the high-altitude subtropical system played a major role. Is in charge. During the warm period of the year, a tongue of high pressure from the subtropical Azores that forms in the Atlantic Ocean settles on Iran. The range of operation of this tab extends from the level of 700 to 100 millibars. In this system, lines of the same height are formed parallel to each other. In contrast, sea level is associated with negative anomalies.

The concept of strategic culture is of fundamental importance for the foreign policy behaviors of countries today. This concept, developed by Jack Snyder, is at the core of understanding the nature of intergovernmental relations and therefore serves as one of the main foreign policy behaviors of modern nations. The concept of strategic culture has constructivism roots on the one hand, and strikes at "rational choice theory" on the other. This article basically uses the constructivism approach to understand the constructive elements of the strategic culture of Russia and Iran and its potential to establish strategic relations with Iran. This article shows that the roots of Russia's strategic cultures towards Eurasia are mainly based on different historical experiences, the concept of ideology and their leadership beliefs about the region. In addition, the strategic cultures of both countries are also guided by the concepts of “we against others” that form the core of the constructivism paradigm. In this article, it is been argued that, owing to the fact that nature of Russia's strategic culture is based on hard power, there is little potential for strategic relations between the two countries and these two countries compete with each other in many areas such as central Asia, Caucasus and Caspian see on the field of energy. In this research, electronic and written sources have been used and the information is collected in a library method.

Delinquency analysis is an important executive process for identifying and understanding criminal activity, and this process includes the steps of collecting and analyzing data reported from delinquent events, delinquent and victim profiles, and information developed in this field, which is related to prevention and Discovery is used. The present analytical-descriptive research and the information required for the research have been prepared by two methods library and field. In this article, by summarizing the types of crimes of the last three years in Qazvin and its adaptation to the special environmental and social conditions of this city, we have tried to examine the types of criminological tendencies in specific places that create a special atmosphere combining crimes. With the analysis done in this research, it can be pointed out that the effect of spatial conditions in each of the urban areas that receive a certain population of the city causes a special type of urban space that a certain category of crimes that are of the same type in those areas. They are more likely to occur. In this paper, the average center for total crimes is used as a criterion for comparing four data sets of different types of crimes. The average home burglary center is more northerly than the average crime center and two other crime centers. The middle center for car-related crimes is the southernmost point compared to other crimes, and street robberies are located almost like home burglaries in the north of Qazvin city,

Nowadays, tourism destination markeing professionals and managers have to seek a kind of attachment and blondness in the tourists toward tourism destinations by which tourism destination satisfaction and loyalty can be increased. considering the experiences which tourist have in their travel is important. The reason is that such a factor lead to tourism destination revisit intention and its recommendation to others. Unfortunately, past studies have focused on this issue rarely. This is why the present study aims to present a model for explain the effective factors on the tourism destination revisit intention and its recommendation to others. In the model, tourist involvement, tourist experience quality, and tourism destination satisfaction have been considered as the effective factors on the tourism destination revisit intention and its recommendation to others. The statistical population of this study includes inbound tourists who traveled to the holy city of Ghom in the second season of 2016. A sample of 200 tourists was selected randomly. The research data, which were collected by using a questionnaire, were analyzed through path analysis in the Lisrel. The findings showed that tourist involvement, tourist experience quality, and tourism destination satisfaction affect tourism destination revisit intention and its recommendation to others significantly.

The spatial heterogeneity which is seen greatly in cities nowadays is a result of lack of the previous appropriate development plans and also their unfavorable possibility to happen.This research is done with descriptive-analytical methodology and correlation, utilizing the documental studies related to detailed plans of the year of 1996 and the current status ofthe city and also using the quantitative models, and statistical analysis in the SPSS and ArcGIS soft-wares. The main goal of the research is to explain and evaluate the compiling method and the possibility of happening of the detailed plan ofthe 1996 of the city of Mahabad based on the spatial justice metrics. The results showed that in total, except Residential landuse, the possibility of suggested landuses (especially city services) in the detailed plan is actually low. Also ithas been cleared that the gap between various zones of the city is increased wherever the possibility of the suggested users, urban services in particular, has been greater and that is because the more enjoyable areas have been paid attention more in both the plan compiling and in the executing phases. Also, we can understand that failures happen more in the marginal and outside of the city. The other point is that inthe suggested plans, exterior development has been more emphasized on while the interior development has been not. Ultimately, we can say that the lack of spatial justice metrics in the providing and compiling the urban development plans, especially in the small and medium cities is seen significantly.

The present study aimed to examine the effective factors on the 30-69 years old resident's environmental cognition at the manses in Hossein- Abad in Shiraz. Confidence mass trust volume by assuming 95% 0f probability level and 5% of probability of error level and supposing that 50% of the population gave similar answers, was determined 400 responders. Moreover; by using convenient sampling method, a questionnaire with 20 The way prepared and distributed. The questionnaire analyzed with SPSS software (24 version). The hypothesis testing occurred through student statistics (T), Pearson correlation and regression. The reliability rate of the questionnaire examined through α kronbach formula. It was at acceptable level (=0.905). It was attempted, in the present study, to both recognize the effective factors on the environmental cognition and map correlation between these factors and Spatial Typology of housing in the form of an analyzing model. The results show that qualitative factors such as: difference and similarity, access and permeability, diversity and dynamic reactions, safety and security, similarity, natural environment and welfare play effective role in development of different types of housing.welfare play effective role in development of different types of housing.welfare play effective role in development of different types of housing.welfare play effective role in development of different types of housing.development of different types of housing.welfare play effective role in development of different types of housing.

Architecture has been designed in the past to suit climate, culture, users and the region. Therefore, it is essential to know the native housing and how patterns are formed in the houses. The present study was conducted to investigate the issue of public and private spaces in the traditional and historic houses of the Port of Kong. Spatial syntax (Space Syntax) and Depression Map software were used to analyze the spatial structure of the case studies. This study uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the quantitative analysis section, the data from the software using isovist (field of view) were used to extract the findings and finally the findings were analyzed by logical reasoning. In general, the results obtained from the analysis of the houses show that the issue of privacy has been considered as a cultural principle in addition to climate issues. It is also concluded that the observer will be placed in an isolated space at the entrance that will not have access to other areas of the house and, on the other hand, with the observer in the yard, this space will be used as a private space for residents to access. Conveniently commute in, it will become.

Urban land use is one of the important issues for reaching social, economic and physical goals that not only affect many investment and public decision making, also play an important role in urban growth and urban environment quality.Ultimate goal of land use planning is to create "ecological equilibrium" and "social justice" in development process of city and must respond to human quality goals such as beauty perception, sense of spatial identity and sense of belonging to environment. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of urban land use with emphasis on social justice in regions one and four of Rasht is the aim of study. Research method in this research is analytical-descriptive. In order to quantitatively evaluation of uses, has been compared use per capita in the current situation with together and also these per capita with standard per capita and qualitative assessment of users has been done in terms of social justice index analysis. Information analysis has been done by descriptive statistics, mean comparison of indexes and sub-indexes and AHP method. Results indicate most users don’t have good spatial distribution and uses analysis indicates a quantitative and qualitative turbulence in use of regions one and four of Rasht. Finally, appropriate approaches are expressed to reach welfare of the people through the creation of a better environment, healthier, more effective and more affluent.

According to many experts in the field of geopolitics, international political economy and international relations, a large part of economic and trade exchanges and overall economic concentration in the world is moving to South Asia and the Pacific; The main purpose of this article is to examine the geopolitical rivalries in the South Asian region with emphasis on the Chabahar coast of Iran and Gwadar of Pakistan. The main question of the article is what are the most important geopolitical competitions in the South Asian region with emphasis on the coasts of Chabahar in Iran and Gwadar in Pakistan? The method of this article is qualitative. The method of collecting information is qualitative. The method of analyzing descriptive information is analytical. The results of the article show that in the meantime, the two major economic powers of South Asia, namely China and India, which are growing economically every day and of course increasing the need for energy and consumer markets, seek to achieve strategically and geopolitically important regions for development. They are on their side. Access to Central Asia and the Persian Gulf is an important goal for China and India. In this regard, the willingness of these two countries to invest in the coasts of the Indian Ocean and the Sea of ​​Oman and even the Persian Gulf is significant. At present, these countries are seeking to develop the infrastructure of the ports of Pakistan's Gwadar, Iran's Chabahar and the Oman Desert.

spaces and to meet the needs of citizens, the quality of views of commercial ground floors should be considered and examined. The most important part of the building that is visible to the public when passing through urban space is the ground floor of the building. The design of this part of the building is very influential on the quality of urban space. The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate the quality components of the commercial ground floor facade and its impact on the sense of belonging to urban space. The present study was conducted using a combination survey method. In this study, firstly, information gathering through documentary study was used to formulate the theoretical framework. In the main part of the study, a case study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population of this study was employees, residents and passers-by. The sample size was 385 people based on Cochran formula and questionnaires were distributed among them by simple random sampling. Spss software was used for data analysis and the results were analyzed in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. The results show that on the one hand, the sense of belonging to citizens is the result of the influence of urban views on the quality of urban space, and the quality of views of commercial ground floors, is the basis for the quality of urban spaces and on the other hand, enhances the sense of belonging to the urban space.

Rural Housing Planning and Policy in Iran, which is seriously pursued and implemented by the Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution; It seeks to provide a favorable housing model for rural residents. Given the importance of rural housing planning, the aim of this study is to evaluate the components affecting rural housing planning in Masal city and identify their strengths and weaknesses. In this regard, the research method is mixed with quantitative-qualitative approach, which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The statistical population of the study included officials and experts in the field of rural housing in the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution of Masal County/Guilan. The sample size was 383 people using Cochran's formula and 340 people were reduced using Cochran's modified formula. In order to analyze the research information, has been used of partial least squares method in Smart-pls software. The research findings show that the 5 main variables and 24 sub-variables studied explain the effect of programs and policies in rural housing planning as 0.903% and only with the loss of 0.977%. Also, the highest impact among the components studied in rural housing planning is related to economic and quantitative components and the lowest impact is related to quality component with score of 0.856, 0.811 and 0.326, respectively. On the other hand, the GOF fitness index for measuring the fit of the measurement and structural models is 0.522, which indicates the overall utility of the structural model of the research.

The open space of residential complexes is a part of public spaces in residential complexes and plays a special place in meeting human needs and has been studied from different perspectives. By observing the numbness and tension in the outdoor areas of residential complexes, designers and planners are looking to provide a solution to create constructivism in this behavioral camp. The purpose of this research is to analyze spatial data. The research method in this research was analytical-descriptive, which achieved theoretical principles and framework through theoretical studies on theoretical foundations. In this study, five examples of residential complexes with open space in Kerman have been studied from the perspective of body-behavior coordination. Among these activities, children talk, sit and walk and play as a border, interface and joint using Analyzed from GIS. The study was conducted over a period of 60 days. After analyzing the gear structure in the outdoor behavioral camps of the residential complex for cross-site orientation. We are facing.

Civil liability arising from transportation and the geography of its occurrence is one of the most important issues that has been considered by domestic laws and international documents due to recent changes in how and by what means. Transport liability regime also varies according to the economic and geographical conditions of countries and adherence to international documents. In the legal system of some countries, liability is based on fault and in others, legal systems, liability. Absolute liability in contractual liabilities, especially in the field of transport of dangerous goods or presumption of liability in accidents and insurance services has also been considered. The present study is a descriptive-analytical method on civil liability resulting from the transportation of these goods in Iranian law and international documents. In Iranian law, there are no comprehensive rules regarding the transportation of these goods. Regulations for the Carriage of Goods and Passengers by Rail, Commercial Code, Civil Code, Civil Liability Law, Amending the Law on Compulsory Motor Vehicle Insurance against Third Parties and International Conventions entitled RID Convention, SMGS (Appendix C of the Cotif Convention) which Iran He constantly cited it. More about this source textSource text required for additional translation informationSend feedbackSide panels

According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Rural areas as a rule of national system and activity play a key role in national development; Because the sustainable development of the land depends on the sustainability of the rural system as a sub-system constituting the land system and the sustainability of rural spaces in various dimensions can play an effective role in regional and national development. Its effects and consequences are not only rural areas; Rather, it will cover urban areas and, ultimately, the land as a whole. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between strategic management and sustainable rural development (Case study: Central part of Sirik city). The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study was experts and specialists in the central part of the circus city, 47 of whom were selected by purposeful method. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results of correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between strategic management and sustainable rural development. Among the factors of strategic management, the economic factor is the most important factor.

Today, transportation is associated with all aspects of life in cities. Having a sustainable approach in this basin requires coordination between human activities with a vibrant environment and pollution-free along with supporting dynamism and economic justice along with vitality and social justice, which are the main dimensions of sustainable development. The purpose of this article is to present the optimal model of urban transportation in Tehran with emphasis on clean localized energy. In this research, SPSS and GIS software will be used to analyze the information in testing hypotheses. In other words, because the research is qualitative, to analyze it, first quality is converted into quantity using a questionnaire and non-parametric statistics analysis in SPSS environment and its visual expression in GIS environment. In this study, in order to find clean fuel and localize it according to the situation of Tehran metropolis and the country, first 5 car fuels consumed in Iran, including: gasoline; Gasoline, compressed gas, liquefied petroleum gas and electricity from 5 different directions analyzed by 40 experts using AHP hierarchical analysis process method and in Expert Choice software. Finally, according to the 5 factors raised, experts have been asked to introduce the final fuel with the lowest pollution and the highest production in the country; The results were tested in the form of a 5-point Likert spectrum using t-test that compressed gas (CNG) fuel is introduced as the most suitable fuel that has a high localization capability in Tehran and the country.

This research has been conducted with the aim of the role of foreign policy on the process of attracting tourists in the perspective of 1404. Considering the importance of attracting tourists in the country and recognizing the factors affecting it in line with the 1404 document in order to achieve sustainable tourism development and obtain top tourism rankings, the study of government policies, especially in the foreign field, is very necessary in this study. Has undergone a scientific review. This research has been done by qualitative method and the required information has been collected by using focused interviews with experts and using valid documents and has been analyzed by using descriptive-analytical method. As a final result of the research, it can be said that according to experts, the foreign policy of the country is in the middle of the process of attracting tourists is moderate and the correct foreign policy of the government towards other countries has a great impact on the process of attracting cultural, historical, religious and health tourists. has it.

Understanding and welcoming large-scale changes in the economic, technological, information technology, socio-cultural and environmental arenas, as well as managing such developments on a pilot scale in free zones, is inevitable. The most important tools of globalization are summarized in four categories: production, technology, investment and trade, and investment is considered as the most important tool and engine of other issues. Given that these areas could help developing countries escape poverty and backwardness, they turned to free zones. Iran also has free zones in the north, south, east and west, considering the establishment of free zones in order to put the country on the path of development and in line with the global economy. For this purpose, the present study using descriptive, analytical method and library and field studies has tried to explain the geo-economic effects of free zones on the development of surrounding areas, which is a case study of Anzali free zone and development of areas. Explain what has been paid. Findings show that since Anzali Free Zone seeks to increase investment and registration of companies and production and exports, has led to employment and economic development in the surrounding areas.

sEconomic development of attracting foreign capital, using regional comparative advantages and advantages, creating and launching job opportunities and earning income through related services for residents, as well as for the development of low-income or less developed areas of border areas or The growth pole called free trade zones has been formed in different countries, especially Iran. The main activity of these areas is with the approach of tourism, which is one of the strategic goals of the formation of these areas. In order to prosper and attract investors and people, it is necessary to adopt strategies such as making easy rules and to achieve the goal of strategies such as marketing, which includes activities related to bringing the buyer and seller together to do business, motivate and demand Becomes. The tourism market is segmented by geographical area, demographic composition, type of behavior or by psychology. And for the effectiveness of marketing in this field, mixed marketing techniques are used, which are: product, distribution, price and product promotion (incentive policies). To ensure that all efforts are made to achieve short-term and long-term goals

Human resources as the most important assets of knowledge organizations and a source of creativity and innovation that have individual capabilities, talent, knowledge, experience, skills, abilities and attitudes, are the main foundation of organizational success. Sustainable in Iran's petrochemical industry is based on the future research approach. The purpose of the research is applied research and developmental and qualitative research and its implementation method is descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of the study is 15 experts who as a decision team in identifying indicators and dimensions of variables using non-random (targeted) method and snowball method . The research findings indicate that the model of sustainable human resource management in the Iranian petrochemical industry is based on a future research approach consisting of four main dimensions (input, organization, process, output) and 15 components and 53 indicators. These findings were obtained in three stages of expert questionnaires, the first stage Delphi technique and the second stage Delphi technique, which should be considered in all four dimensions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of geographical environment factors in the formation of human behavior. The research has been done with a qualitative, interpretive approach and grounded theory method; the data collection technique was performed using in-depth interviews with 30 men and women living in Tehran whose method of selection was purposive theoretical sampling. Due to the fact that the research has been done in an interpretive way from the inductive method, the dialectical aspects of the consonant based on the main question of the research have been done in order to achieve the desired results. The findings of this research have been done after documenting in a scientific process and using data coding in three phases. In this research, a typology of human behavior is presented that can be considered in the form of a paradigm model. Findings show that the factors of geographical environment in the formation of human behavior (love, violence, hatred) in Tehran have greatly prevailed. The obtained typology also shows that the negative effects of adverse components of the geographical environment on human behavior in the form of physical violence, verbal violence, sexual violence, psychological violence, media violence, hatred in the face of self-love, wise love, divine love, He has shown his selfless love.

problematic issue takes on more serious dimensions when it occurs in the historical deteriorate fabric, The historical Fabric of cities is the most important physical-spatial context of cultural values , the importance of the role of culture in such areas has been determined. Therefore, the chosen approach to regeneration such fabrics is culture-led. The purpose of this study is assessing the impact of regeneration of the base culture (independent variable) on the sustainable development of tourism (dependent variable) and evaluate the status of indicators of each of the two concepts in the study area. This study was an applied and descriptive-analytic research in terms of purpose and method. The research tool was a questionnaire.The validity of the questionnaire was obtained using content validity and its reliability was obtained through Cronbach's alpha (0.935). Multivariate regression and one sample T test was used to analyze the data by using SPSS software. Research findings show that there is a strong correlation and direct relationship between the cultural-led regeneration components and sustainable tourism development in historical deteriorate fabric of Isfahan city. The results also showed that cultural-led regeneration (independent variable) has the highest correlation with these indicators, respectively: the index of service and welfare facilities, environmental, social, urban management, culture, technology and physical. The results showed that the economic index in the sustainable development of tourism is in an unfavorable situation and in assessing the status of cultural-led regeneration indicators, the performance index is in an unfavorable position compared to other indicators.

Small apartments, poor ventilation and lack of semi-open spaces such as balconies are some of the challenges of urban life today that must be addressed through scientific planning and construction.

To evaluate the efficiency of the balcony and its optimization methods in residential apartments.

In this study, questionnaires were prepared for all age groups of 10 to 80 years old and up to 100 balconies in 7, 8 districts of Tehran and Pardis and Parand were surveyed. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Geographical area of the study: The study area with an area of 15335212.41 square meters, constitutes 1.2% of the total area of Tehran and in terms of area is the 15th among the areas of Tehran. The population of the area is 194,312 people. District 8 of Tehran with an area of 1339 hectares and a population of 377806 is located in the eastern part of Tehran.

Balconies in the study areas for reasons such as lack of privacy, incorrect location in terms of architectural space design, unsuitable location in climatic directions, small area and also insecurity, lack of green space, etc. of good performance Do not encounter.

The results showed that the lack of proper private space and privacy in semi-open spaces, is the most important factor of poor balcony function in residential units that must be planned to eliminate them.

The formation of the architecture of houses is influenced by several factors, not all of which are on the same level in terms of importance and impact. In the opinion of one of the most important of them, It is a way of life that, by having categories such as "culture", "community" and "economy", changes the physical characteristics of houses. With this assumption, in the present article, by determining the position of contemporary lifestyle and the importance of its categories, the physical characteristics in the architecture of Paveh stepped houses are examined. In this research, the research method is analytical-descriptive. To investigate the correlation between factors, the "factor analysis" method was used. To survey the theoretical model obtained from the theoretical foundations, first a "closed questionnaire" with a five-point Likert scale was designed and then "Smart PLS" software was used to analyze its data. However, in order to generalize the results of the studied samples to the whole statistical population, the samples were selected as "simple random". Finally, using the "roleve" and "photography" methods, the patterns and some of their most important changes were obtained. The results of the questionnaire showed that the subdivisions of "bureaucratization" and "commercialization" are less important to residents than other subdivisions, and what is important is the "mediaization" of life today. In "roleve", developments such as; "Reducing the importance of privacy"; "Moving the place of entertainment and celebrations out of the house"; "Moving livestock out of the house and the city" can be seen.

The present study addresses the commitment of states to the safety and sustainability of human settlements in the face of climate change within the framework of international law. The purpose of writing this study is to explain the legal obligations of states to the safety and sustainability of settlements in the face of climate change in the framework of international law. This research has been done qualitatively, analytically, descriptively and as a library. Climate change is one of the factors that has made the stabilization of settlements a challenge for decades and has caused a lot of damage to the human environment. Therefore, states have tried to control this phenomenon in the form of environmental treaties and conventions. However, many conventions and legal instruments emphasize the commitment of states to the sustainability of settlements in the face of climate change, as well as the reduction of natural disasters, all of which affect human settlements, and each member state has obligations to combat and control climate change. They have been responsible for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting the human environment to the phenomenon of climate change, such as securing human settlements and places, but due to their non-binding nature, they are not much considered by states. But in any case, they can be effective as an effective mechanism in controlling climate change and securing settlements.

The main purpose of this article is to manage and plan the sustainable development of urban structures in Khorram Dareh. The main question of the article is whether urban regeneration affects the sustainable urban development of Khoram Dara? The method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The results show that sustainable development requires a stable economy and social system that resists shocks and guarantees welfare for future generations. Factors such as inflation, monopoly, poverty and environmental pollution indicate underutilization. Natural and economic resources and the deprivation of a wide range of members of society from the benefits, which indicates the lack of equal opportunities and the freedom of all to use the available facilities, which encourages inequality and causes underdevelopment. According to the findings of the present study, the economic situation in the city of Khorram Dareh is moderate and most people with jobs such as employees, workers and agriculture say that; The economic situation of their city is a function of the country's macro-economy. Farmers, as an important group and producer of livelihood, have considered themselves dependent on government programs and policies. Of course, it should not be overlooked that in recent years, many unemployed and educated young people are dissatisfied with their situation and said that in order to achieve sustainable urban development, city managers should first of all pay attention to the economic component.

TIran's geopolitical position is incompatible with isolationism and an extrovert and active foreign policy to advise policy makers. On the impact of the recent nuclear agreement is an important position, was called according to analysts, academics and politicians agreement century. A recent agreement is the result of policies of various governments that can disputed Islamic Republic of Iran miniature road map for policies consistent with the geopolitical status of the issues as well. Our research with a descriptive/ analytic and library survey to examine the three states of Islamic Republic of Iran approaches in nuclear talks. In this study, according to the object under study, the research method used, Descriptive and analytic method in which the use of library resources and foreign and local media for arguments research, there are founding compelling justification. The relationship between politics and geographical space and dynamic bilateral relationship.has needs Any policy protests geographical its own space and every space its own policy. Having regard to geographical and geopolitical realities can be a critical factor in the state 's policy actions Islamic Republic of Iran on the nuclear issue began in 1382 and ended with the recent agreement. Have been implemented approaches three:1-collusion 2-contrast 3- Engagement With the exception of the third approach, interactive management with a view to national interests, other models of nuclear crisis management have not been able to play an effective role in maintaining and securing national interests.

The purpose of this paper is to examine economics in Trump's foreign policy from the perspective of realism, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical way. The main question of the research is: What is Trump's foreign policy in the international economy from the perspective of realism? The results show that Trump's foreign policy is based on central interests. Trump does not care about the globalization of the economy, he cancels or amends some trade agreements under the pretext of nationalism. Trump opposes the establishment of a liberal order in the United States and seeks to end it. The global economy does not seem to benefit the United States, and he seeks to fundamentally redefine the national interest of the United States. Trump's protectionist policies are worsening the state of the world economy. With the inauguration of the Trump administration, the direction of American foreign policy has undergone significant changes, from liberal internationalism to a combination of modernism and realism. The most important characteristics of this type of orientation are prioritizing national goals, adopting unilateral policies, opposing the role of legitimate and participatory US leadership, reluctance to globalize the economy, and adherence to US moral commitments and international norms.

Considering the increasing importance and necessity of urban management in achieving sustainable and coherent development, the present study investigates the role of cements in urban management of Tehran Municipality. According to the research design, the present study is of field and applied type. The population and statistical sample size include municipal managers and experts of 22 districts of Tehran and 121 districts, of which 220 are mayors of each district and senior managers. The results were obtained based on Friedman tests and quadratic factor analysis. In this field, 6 components in the form of urban law, accounting and financial management, urban engineering, urban planning, environment have been considered as components of urban management. The results of Friedman test indicate that accounting and financial management has the highest rank, followed by urban economics with the next rank. Urban law is in third place and environment is in fourth place. Urban social sciences, urban planning and urban engineering are in the next ranks, respectively. The findings showed that NGOs, as an intermediary between the municipality, the people and the government, can play an irreplaceable and vital role and transform the municipality from a passive organization to a dynamic and empowering institution through communication, public participation and efficient management. .

Development and security for the border areas of Iran is one of the main and important issues that should be seriously considered by officials. This has made security concerns in the east one of Iran's main problems. Because Iran's eastern borders, which are very long, deal with issues such as drugs, water geopolitics, ethnic and religious issues, and the presence of foreign countries in neighboring countries. Iran is bordered by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east; Countries that, due to long periods of tension and instability, play a major role in creating insecurity in their neighboring regions, including Iran. The present paper tries to analyze the roots of insecurity and threats to development and security in the border region of South Khorasan in a descriptive-analytical manner. The main question is what are the foreign threats to the development and security of South Khorasan province as a border region in the east of the country? Findings of the study show that drugs, evils and insecurity, terrorism, the presence of foreign forces in Afghanistan, ethnic and religious issues and political instability in Afghanistan are the most important threats to development and security in the border areas of Iran and Afghanistan, especially in South Khorasan province to be. Inevitably, land management in South Khorasan province faces many issues and challenges, and development and security in this province require special attention and attention of the government and local officials.

Iran is an ethnically diverse country. Distinctive features of ethnic groups from other Dick in Iran are more focused on linguistic and religious components. The settlement of Iranian ethnic groups, mainly in the border areas and adjacent to the country of their own language, provides a suitable ground for the occurrence of ethnic crises and affecting the national security of the country; On the other hand, the tactical use of ethnicities has become very important in international studies. Accordingly, the result of the present study, which is based on documentary and library studies, is based on the assumption that harsh, security and political treatment of ethnic groups increases their sense of political and economic deprivation. This reduces the sense of satisfaction, sensitivity, trust and political participation of ethnicities, the government's policy-making ability to maintain national unity, cohesion and identity, and provides opportunities for opportunistic exploitation of foreign countries. Awareness of the conditions and factors that cause tension in ethnic relations in Iran, can lead to better and more effective executive solutions. The central government must lead ethnicities towards national participation by adopting effective and executive policies.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of positivity in the organizational behavior of employees of sports organizations. The method of this research was combined and its design was of harmonization and exploratory type. In the qualitative part of this research, the data theory method of the Strauss-Corbin approach was used and in the quantitative part, the structural equation model method was used. The statistical population in the qualitative section were experts and informants of sports organizations. In this section, sampling was performed by the method of maximum diversity and the total number of participants was 15. The statistical population of this study in the quantitative part of all employees of sports and youth departments in the south and southeast of the country was 638 people. The number of sample sizes in this study was estimated based on the number of parameters identified in the qualitative part of the research (5 samples were considered for each parameter identified). As a result, the sample size was 459 people who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Also, in the qualitative part, a semi-structured interview was used to collect data and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire was used. In order to evaluate the quality and validation of qualitative results in the present study, Lincoln and GABA (1985) evaluation criteria including validity, transferability, reliability and validity criteria were used. Divergent validity and Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used.

Cities have always been a place to ensure human security against human and natural disasters and dangers. But widespread urban sprawl in recent decades and the relentless concentration of population in urban centers have made cities a dangerous environment. Therefore, the discussion of ensuring the security of citizens and defending all urban facilities in a smart and planned way, has opened the way for the concept of passive urban defense. The purpose of this study is a set of passive defense strategies tailored to the structures (geographical, economic, and social) in urban regions (Case study: Chabahar city). The present research is a developmental research based on the purpose, in terms of nature, quantitative method and in terms of survey type and descriptive-analytical method. Expert choice software and SWOT model were used to analyze the data. The results of the SWOT model showed that macro strategies based on the usual rule, considering that the average total score of threats and weaknesses is higher than the average total score of opportunities and strengths (WT<SO), the macro strategy will be a review strategy. The results of the research indicate that in the current situation, the city of Chabahar does not have a comprehensive defense plan to ensure the security of the city and its citizens in critical situations and the occurrence of possible attacks by the enemy. Therefore, planners, city managers and urban designers should have a solution for passive defense planning.

Its important to try to apply risk management techniques to reduce risk in customs. The purpose of this research is to develop a model of risk assessment management model using data mining algorithms. This research is based on descriptive and analytical methods based on data mining algorithms and also the present research is of method and nature, qualitative-quantitative type. The statistical population of this research includes experts and policy makers, managers and senior customs consultants of Khuzestan . In qualitative method section, 14 expert managers and senior consultants were considered, 14 expert colleagues of the organization, 10 university professors for the initial extraction of the model in the quantitative part, all managers and senior customs advisors of Khuzestan as the statistical population of the research. Were taken. In both qualitative and quantitative phases, sampling was done judiciously and purposefully. In this research, the decision tree algorithm was used to build a risk management model and analysis of customs data, which is a decision tree algorithm and analysis of customs data from Rapid miner software version 9.1. The results showed that among the risk factors identified in the transit procedure, the currency value is the highest and the type of transit is the least important. Among the risk factors identified in the insurance import procedure is the highest importance and the net weight is the least important, and among the risk factors identified in the net weight export procedure is the highest importance and the currency value is the least important.

This study seeks to examine the satisfaction of spatial quality in the mental aspect that culture includes. Using the post-construction evaluation method by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each set can help. The purpose of this study is to obtain a model that can be used to assess the spatial quality of each residential complex in accordance with the culture of its inhabitants. Therefore, the research using qualitative and analytical research method and library information collection method seeks to answer the question: how can a poe model be set up, based on which the level of satisfaction with the spatial-cultural quality in residential complexes Did you measure? The research findings indicate that many cultural issues fall into the perceptual or subjective category. This does not mean that the role of other material (objective) characteristics should be ignored. Meanwhile, the role of time and future needs that may occur in a housing is one of the things that play an important role in the level of satisfaction of independent users. Based on the final conceptual model, the characteristics and their selection in the evaluation of residential complexes in terms of cultural-spatial quality of each study sample can be achieved. These characteristics have the ability to be tested in each case by a questionnaire so that the amount of each can be measured.

The present study aimed to identify and determine the effective factors of the spread and acceptance of new technologies in the field of urban waste management. This research is applied research in terms of purpose and is descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The study population is the citizens of Tehran, in which the new technologies considered in this research in the field of separation at the source of waste have been implemented and implemented. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire and Structural equation modeling method was used to evaluate the research hypotheses using SmartPLS3 software. All research hypotheses were confirmed and effective factors (social factors, managerial factors, Cultural factors, educational and promotional methods, knowledge of recycling booths, trust in applications, technical attractiveness, motivation, expectations from publication and distribution, competitive marketing) dissemination and acceptance of new technologies in the field of municipal waste management were proven. The results showed that the effective factors have a positive and significant relationship with the spread and acceptance of new technologies used in the field of separation at the source of waste. The results show that using this model helps managers to identify these dimensions and eliminate weaknesses. And in the relevant field, to promote and improve the dissemination and acceptance in the audience of the technologies used, separation from the source of waste and to be able to encourage more users to use these technologies in addition to effective introduction.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of social networks on the political behavior of the Iranian people. Because the mass media in our country are constantly losing their authority and credibility. The roots of this process go back to both the media and the outside world. Along with some technological developments and changes in the information ecosystem, governance policies have been an important factor that over the past years has led to the weakening of the media and the reduction of their authority and credibility. The statistical population of this study included all Iranians with the right to vote and we randomly selected 278 people. Analytical-correlation method was used to obtain the desired information in this study. In this article, we seek to answer the question of what effect social networks have had on the political behavior of the Iranian people (since 2008-2018)? There is a positive relationship between the use of social networks between 2008 and 2018 and the political behavior of citizens, in other words, the more the use of social networks increases, the more the political behavior of individuals in elections changes.

The UN Counter-Terrorism Regime includes countering the financing of terrorism, banning the shipment of weapons, banning the movement of terrorists. Counter-terrorism financing Special in international counter-terrorism mechanisms. The Islamic Republic of Iran is both a serious threat posed by terrorism and a major victim of terrorism. On the other hand, in the form of supporting terrorism, Iran has been in the form of bilateral relations only with a few great powers, is a tool of a political nature can not hinder Iran's active diplomacy in the field of counterterrorism. From the beginning of the emergence and spread of terrorism in the region, Iran has played an important role in countering them and cooperating with the international regime to counter the diet and its financing. Iran's counter-terrorism financing activities over the past decade have been defined in particular in cooperation with the Financial Action Task Force . The FATF Regime is an important part of the UN Security Council. The passage of the Anti-Terrorism Financing Law was an important step towards institutionalizing the fight against terrorist financing through mechanisms based on domestic law. The FATF assessment of the situation in Iran in relation to terrorist financing expresses Iran's position in this regard, both in terms of laws and regulations terms field operations activities. Managing the situation and taking advantage of Iran's very good counter-terrorism situation requires that international counter-terrorism financing mechanisms be implemented in accordance with domestic law and its capabilities in dynamic diplomacy and foreign policy for the country properly.

Today, the planet is facing a serious problem of air pollution, one of the results is the phenomenon of global warming. Important factors OF air pollution, especially in urban environments, are cars and residential buildings.Therefore, air pollution will be reduced if residential buildings ,that are part of the consumers of this energy, reduce the amount of energy consumption. manifestations of sustainable architecture is the traditional architecture of Iran, which has tried to move towards sustainable architecture by choosing the appropriate proportions and orientations. This study sought to investigate how architecture and climate adapt in arid climates and how to pay attention to climatic conditions in creating the desired homes to create optimal comfort and reduce energy consumption. In order to achieve these goals, cities then houses were selected from the climate of BW and Ds as study samples for analysis, which were analyzed based on physical criteria. Finally, studies showed that in terms in arid climate the form, shape of the yard, building massesis ,the average ratio of open space to closed space is different. It can also be said that both climates are similar in terms of physical characteristics. the highest area of the facade and opening belongs to the southern facade and the lowest level and opening belongs to the western facade. The use of these models can reduce energy consumption, So that we can take a step towards promoting sustainability by providing the criteria of physical proportions along with other criteria of sustainable architecture.

Today, population growth and changes in lifestyles and consumption patterns have created dramatic changes in the quantity and quality of production waste, which has led to many problems and difficulties, such as problems in how to move and how to dispose of it. The city of Tehran, with the highest urban population in the country, with an average daily production of 7489 tons of waste, produces about 20% of the total waste of the country. Since the occurrence of any health and environmental crisis in this metropolis endangers the social life of the whole country, this study identifies the risks of both sanitary and incinerative landfilling methods and also ranks them to manage the environmental risk of waste sanitary and waste incineration methods in Tehran. will pay. The tool used in collecting the required data is this questionnaire study which was selected and completed by 130 experts, experts, specialists and students and professors in this field which was randomly selected using Cochran's formula. HAZID method was used to identify risks and EXCEL and SPSS statistical software were used to examine the questionnaires, which were finally ranked using FAHP hierarchical analysis method. The results show that in the landfill method, groundwater pollution and odor emission and in the waste incinerator method, air pollution, high cost of collection equipment and finally control of pollutants are the most important hazards of waste disposal at the Kahrik site.

One of the most important and challenging issues in countries with a historical background, such as Iran, is how to properly deal with the valuable heritage of the past, which should be properly passed on to future generations. Meanwhile, the architecture and especially the special function of traditional baths is much more complex than other historical buildings and according to the existing conditions, it requires that by creating special spaces and understanding these spaces and the relations between them and by revitalizing them, suitable uses be given to They are granted. collect data in the form of Delphi and questionnaires and using multi-criteria evaluation method (MCDM) based on analysis Hierarchical (AHP) and using Expert Choise software. Findings show that the importance, the criterion of recognizing the effect and examining the spatial status of the sub-spaces of historic baths in the intervention stage with a weight of 0.302 has been selected as the best criterion in selecting the option for the proposed model. After that, the criterion of preserving the historical values ​​related to the building with a weight of 0.0222 is in the second rank and the criterion of following the written principles of protection according to the restoration charters with a weight of 0.0124 is in the third rank. Among the studied indicators, the intervention aimed at developing the tourism industry with a weight of 0.015 is in the lowest rank compared to other indicators.

Undoubtedly, the fishing and seafood industry is one of the main occupations that has a long history in the southern and northern regions of the country and still occupies an important part of the active population of the country. The existence of high potential in the supply of food protein in the country, job creation and especially currency appreciation in this industry, the need for study and, of course, planning for better use of existing facilities in the country makes it more clear. Therefore, in this study, in order to investigate the activity of Kilka fishing fleet in Mazandaran province, technical efficiency and random border production function have been estimated. To estimate the efficiency, the maximum likelihood method proposed by Batis and Coilly has been used. The results of estimating the technical efficiency show that the highest technical efficiency in the study group is 97% and the lowest is 46%. The average technical efficiency of users was 87% and the range between minimum and maximum efficiency was 41%, which can be attributed to management issues. The final results of the research show that the more the number of ships and nets increases, the lower the economic efficiency, and vice versa, the more the number of manpower and fishing capital increases, the higher the economic efficiency. Therefore, by improving and reviewing the management methods in fishing, it is possible to increase the rate of production and increase the efficiency of using production inputs.

This article tries to answer the basic question using the descriptive-analytical approach that the geopolitical position (political geography) of Iran in the plans to transfer reserves and energy resources from the Caspian Sea (Caspian Sea) and geoeconomic development (or dimension). What is the geopolitical position of Central Asia (Central Asia) and the Caucasus? The results show that Iran, due to its special geopolitical position (political geography) can play a transit role and connect these countries to open waters and Europe. In other words, Iran, due to its geographical location (natural and human), is an undeniable suitable option for transferring oil and gas from the newly independent countries of Central Asia to consumer markets. In addition to the opportunities it offers Iran, these issues have posed challenges for Iran, such as the presence of the United States and Israel in the region. Westerners are well aware that the southern route to Iran is the only route that can transport the oil and gas Europe needs without having to cross the Russian border. But as long as the differences between Iran and the United States continue, it seems that the United States will prevent the transfer of energy from the Caspian Sea basin through Iran, as well as lines such as Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan that do not cross Iran and Russia. Will be supported by the United States.

International rivers are waterways that cross the border between two or more countries and mark the border of countries, or rivers that cross the territory of several countries along their route. In the current era, the source of many regional conflicts and disputes between governments that share watersheds. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of border rivers on relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in the direction of economic stability and development of border areas and regional convergence. The main question of the article is what effects have border rivers had on the relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in terms of stability and economic development of border areas and regional convergence? The information required for this research has been collected using library and documentary methods. In this way, by studying and reviewing books, articles and scientific research journals, a collection on the subject of this research has been done. Also, the opinions of professors and experts related to political geography have been used in order to increase the weight of the content as much as possible. The results of the article show that the emergence and formation of natural waterways, which are the same as rivers, are affected by various factors; Such as climatic conditions, geology, human and geographical factors. Rivers with common border areas can have a significant impact on relations between the two countries, especially their political and security issues.

One of the new topics that have been addressed in recent decades is the right to a healthy environmen.The environment refers to the whole environment that surrounds man and life,his activities are related to it.Compensation for this right,unlike many other rights,is not personal and can have harmful collective and global effects.As the European Commission has different tendencies in this regard in its documents and in its 2000 bill,two types of of damages can be claimed in advance.Proposed:1.Environmental damage that includes damage to biodiversity,water and polluted areas; 2.Traditional damage that is the same damage to persons and property.Now,what is the characteristic of the concept of damage to the environment that is different from the concept of dmage to other cases in society and individuals?The main topic of the present study was that this issue was addressed in a descriptive –analytical method and the purpose of the damage in environmental damage to any damage to the environment,whether it is present or future,personal or some kind,is direct.Either indirectly,collectively claimable,or individual,compensable or not; Based on the nature and evolution of the concept of damage in environmental damage,it seems that the application of general and traditional rules of environmental compensation methods in the field of environmental law is not very effective, and therefore the development of special environmental compensation system with modern methods approach.It is necessary.