نشریه اصول بهداشت روانی
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 108، خرداد و تیر 1401)

This study aimed to use the thematic synthesis method to review qualitative research about the psychological experiences of healthcare staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Out of 218 English articles that are found in PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline, and Google Scholar databases from 2019 to 2021, 22 articles met the inclusion criteria. The process of thematic synthesis was performed based on Thomas and Harden's analysis method in three stages open coding, organizing codes into common categories, and finally creating the main themes. 

After analyzing the results, five main themes were extracted including compassion fatigue, factors affecting compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, factors affecting compassion satisfaction, and strategic recommendations.

According to the findings, it can be concluded that the healthcare staff experienced both compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compassion fatigue and satisfaction can affect the psychological state of the healthcare staff as well as the quality of care they provide. The underlying factors of both concepts are discussed and some recommendations are provided.

Depression is conceptualized by metaphors, according to this point, this study aimed to analyze some of the main cognitive metaphors for depression from the perspective of clinical psychologists. 

The method of this research was a qualitative-cognitive analysis study. In the first phase, the population of study was all the clinical psychologists who treat depressed patients in Tehran, Iran in 2021. Then, 30 clinical psychologists were selected by the purposive sampling method according to the theoretical saturation rule. Participants were asked to provide descriptions of depression that depressed patients gave them, which led to a rapid diagnosis of depression. Their conversation was recorded and collected by WhatsApp voice recording. In the second phase of this study, the population of 625 metaphorical phrases was obtained. According to the theoretical saturation rule, 200 phrases were selected purposively. Phrases and statements in which the depression and its symptoms were metaphorically expressed were manually separated and categorized. 

The results of this study demonstrated that there were 7 important source domains for depression in Persian-speaking depressed patients. They are respectively included place, container, path, direction, object, human, taste, and color. Place, container, path, and direction are the most mapping for depression.

According to the embodiment rule and like other abstract concepts, it seems that depression can be understood and conceptualized by cognitive metaphors.

This study aimed to determine mediating role of insecure attachment styles on relationship between spiritual compatibility with spiritual growth and psychological distress in university students who experienced emotional failure. 

The statistical community of this study consisted of all male students in Ahvaz universities who experienced emotional failure in their relationships with girls. Among them, 200 men were selected by the purposeful sampling method. The research instruments included spiritual compatibility questionnaire, spiritual assessment inventory, revised attachment styles questionnaire, and psychological distress questionnaire. Data analyzed through SPSS-21, regression, and simple correlation method.

The results showed that there is a significant relation between spiritual compatibility with spiritual growth (P= 0.001, r= 0.58) and also there is a negative relation between spiritual compatibility and psychological distress (P= 0.001, r= -0.17). Also the results of mediating regression showed that insecure attachment style mediate the relation between spiritual compatibility with spiritual growth (P= 0.05, β= -1.12) but insecure attachment style does not mediate the relation between spiritual compatibility and psychological distress (P= 0.96, β= 0.03). 

According to the results, spiritual compatibility plays a role in spiritual growth and mental health. Insecure attachment style has a moderating role in the relationship between spiritual compatibility and spiritual growth.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of online acceptance and commitment therapy and behavioral activation therapy on repetitive negative thinking in obsessive patients. 

In this study, 45 obsessive-compulsive patients who were referred to psychotherapy clinics in Mashhad city, Iran in 2020 were selected and randomly divided into 3 equal groups (2 experimental groups and one control group). They responded to McEvoy et al. (2010) and the obsessive-compulsive disorder questionnaire of Maudsley (1997). The first experimental group underwent eight sessions of an online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and the second experimental group underwent eight sessions of ninety-minute group behavioral activation therapy. The control group did not receive any intervention. The data analyzed through descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Chi-square tests, Shapiro-Wilk test, repeated measures analysis of variance, and SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that the mean of negative thinking in the ACT group and behavioral activation in the post-test was significantly decreased (P< 0.05). In the ACT group, the effect of intervention was persistent in the follow-up. 

The results showed that both therapies were effective on repetitive negative thinking in obsessive-compulsive individuals, but online ACT intervention was significantly more effective than behavioral activation therapy.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress inoculation on coping skills and quality of life among incompatible couples. 

In this study, among the incompatible couples referred to a counseling center in Kazerun city, Iran, twenty-four couples were selected and they were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received ten sessions of the stress inoculation program and the control group was on the waiting list. The research instruments included Andler and Parker's coping styles questionnaire, Cohen's perceived stress, and quality of life questionnaire (SF-36). Data analyzed through SPSS-18 and covariance method.

The results indicated that cognitive-behavioral training effectively relieves stress and improves couples' quality of life (P= 0.001). This approach also increased the coping styles for couples (P= 0.001). 

It seems that stress inoculation training can increase quality of life among incompatible couples by increasing problem-solving coping styles.

Previous studies on the factors affecting the generation and spread of crime in society have shown that social, economic, family, and personal characteristics and abilities are among the factors influencing the emergence of crime. According to these findings, the present study was conducted to improve the skills of kindergarten children with a developmental crime prevention perspective, using social skills training, thinking, and teaching the basic concepts of coding. 

In this study, 32 children were selected among the kindergartens in Mashhad city by a convenient sampling method in 2020. Training presented by kindergarten teachers who participated in the necessary workshops. Gresham and Elliott Social Skills Rating System and Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions were used for evaluation. Data analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests, with SPSS version 23. 

The results showed, planning (w= -2.88, P= 0.002), inhibition (w= -2.73, P= 0.005) and shift (w= -2.61, P= 0.008) from executive functions and as well as cooperation (w= -2.20, P= 0.03) from social skills have been improved, no other significant changes or improvements were found. 

Intervention in kindergarten age using social skills, thinking and coding can improve the cooperation of social skills and planning, inhibition, and shift from executive functions. Finally based on available resources these skills can reduce the economic and personal context of crime.

In the pandemic condition, especially the highly contagious coronavirus disease (COVID-19), it is essential to follow the behavioral recommendations that reduce the infection risk. Humans' personality traits influence many of their behaviors. Knowing the relationship between personality traits and how individuals follow health guidelines is useful. Since it is possible to increase conformity to health guidelines by correcting maladaptive personality traits or strengthening adaptive personality traits, this study aimed to determine the relationship between health observance and the five personality traits.

In the present study, 220 students studying in various fields at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the 2020-2021 academic year were selected voluntarily. They fulfilled NEO Five-Factor Inventory-Short Form and Health Observance Questionnaire. Data analyzed through regression statistical analysis and SPSS software version 26.

The results showed that the personality type explains 36% of the health observance and quarantine compliance in the Corona outbreak. The conscientiousness dimension had the highest correlation (r= 0.562, P< 0.05), and the openness to experience dimension (r= 0.268, P< 0.05) had the lowest correlation with health observance and quarantine compliance. Only the neuroticism dimension was inversely related to health observance and quarantine compliance (r= -0.320, P< 0.05).

Researchers can use conscientious characteristics as a model in health education protocols. Conscientiousness, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and neuroticism predicted health observance and quarantine compliance, respectively. Based on the correlation results, the neuroticism dimension was inversely related to the following health observances and quarantine compliance.

In the present study, the factors that facilitate and prevent moral and immoral behaviors were examined according to the role of benefits and costs of each of these behaviors.

This study was phenomenological qualitative research. Structured interviews were used to collect data. Then, the information obtained from the interview was analyzed by explicit content analysis method during three stages of the process of implementation open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Participants in the study included 222 people (121 high school students aged 16 to 19 years and 101 adults aged 20 to 52 years) from Khuzestan, Lorestan, Hamadan, Mazandaran, Tehran, Arak, Fars, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Ilam, Kermanshah, and Kurdistan provinces that were selected using the convenient sampling method.

The results of the content analysis of the interviews showed that according to the implicit theories of the Iranian people, the benefits factor (psychological benefit and situational benefit) has an important role in facilitating and preventing the performance of any moral and immoral behaviors. Based on the findings, it can be said that the benefit factor (psychological-situational) and cost (psychological-situational) play important roles in the likelihood of the formation, occurrence, and inhibition of moral and immoral behaviors by preventing them in various work, study, social, and life situations.

Overall, the research findings give new insights into the role of benefit and cost as factors that control the occurrence or non-occurrence of moral and immoral behaviors in various situations.