مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

Intercropping as a new green revolution can prepare the way for sustainable production by increasing resource use efficiency. In agroecosystems sustainable management, application of biofertilizers especially mycorrhiza as a supplement or alternative for chemical fertilizers is very important. Accordingly, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of application of Rhizophagus intraradices and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under intercropping systems.

A field experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 20 treatments and three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh in 2019. The first factor including different planting patterns (P1: safflower sole cropping, P2: chickpea sole cropping, P3: cropping of a row of safflower+ a row of chickpeas, P4: cropping of three row of safflower+ two row of chickpeas, P5: cropping of four row of safflower+ two row of chickpea) and the second factor including different fertilizer sources (F1: control, F2: application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus intraradices), F3: recommended chemical fertilizer and F4: 50% chemical fertilizers + mycorrhiza fungus (AM).

The results showed that the highest seed yield of safflower (1906.6 kg/ha) and chickpea (765 kg/ha) were observed in monoculture with application of 50% chemical fertilizer+ mycorrhizal fungus. Furthermore, the highest of safflower oil content (28.51%) and yield (508.71 kg/ha) were obtained in planting pattern of 4:2 and monoculture with application of 50% chemical fertilizer+ mycorrhizal fungus, respectively. Although, seed yield of safflower and chickpea in monocultures decreased in compared with intercropping, but the land equivalent ratio (LER) in the all planting patterns was higher than one. So that the highest (1.89) LER was observed in planting pattern of 1:1 integrated with 50% chemical fertilizer+ mycorrhizal fungus.

Based on the land equivalent ratio, system productivity and intercropping monetary indices intercropping pattern of 1 row chickpea+ 1 row safflower with application of 50% chemical fertilizers+ mycorrhiza fungus not only leading to agricultural ecosystems diversity and sustainable productivity, but also effective in enhancing economic income and land use efficiency. As a result, application of biofertilizer in intercropping can reduce the detrimental implications of chemical fertilizers on the environment.

According to the 2030 Document (FAO, 2016), agriculture is facing more challenges today than ever before. More people need food, water shortages, declining land productivity, and declining agricultural labor are increasing the need for sustainable agriculture around the world.Therefore,the aim of this study is to diversify the grain crop system using a mixture of winter cereals,wheat,barley and triticale and their response to end-of-season water stress in hot and dry ecological conditions.

In order to investigate the yield response and yield components of mixed culture of different cereal cultivars to water stress in hot and dry ecological conditions,an experimental split plot design in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2017-2018 crop year in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Darab Natural Resources-Shiraz University.In this experiment,the first factor of irrigation regime in two levels of normal irrigation and water stress and the second factor including ten levels of genotypes(tall barley line EB-95-97,dwarf barley line EB-95-97 dwarf bread wheat line S-92-19,tall bread wheat cultivar Khalil and a cultivar of Triticale called Juanilo) which were grown as a series of alternatives to double and pure row mixture. Double mixed crops as one in a row, including:dwarf barley,tall barley(one row of dwarf barley+one row of tall barley),dwarf barley-triticale (one row of dwarf barley+one row of triticale),tall barley-triticale (one row tall barley+one row of triticale),dwarf wheat-triticale (one row of dwarf wheat+one row of triticale) and tall wheat-triticale (one row of tall wheat+one row of triticale) with a 50:50 planting ratio and pure cultivation including:barley Dwarf, tall barley, triticale, tall wheat and dwarf wheat had a planting ratio of 100:0. According to plant density(400 plants per square meter for barley,450 plants per square meter for wheat and triticale(seeds per plot) and exactly each planting line (before planting according to the weight of one thousand seeds calculated and measured Were placed in separate bags and planted on each stack(including two planting lines) when planting. The final harvest of the crop was done manually after removing the rows. Traits such as 1000-seed weight, biological yield,harvest index, number of spikes per spike, number of spikes per plant, spike length,plant height and grain yield were measured.

The results of this experiment showed that the highest grain yield was obtained in tall wheat-triticale mixed culture with9472kg ha-1 under normal irrigation and the lowest grain yield was achieved in pure dwarf barley with 3934 kg ha-1 under water stress conditions.The results of correlation coefficients under normal irrigation conditions showed that there was the highest positive and significant correlation between grain yield and biological yield under normal irrigation conditions (r=0.847**) and water stress (r=0.792**).

The tall-Triticale mixed wheat cultivation system under normal irrigation conditions showed a 16% increase in yield compared to the tall wheat pure cultivation system,while it did not show a significant difference with the Triticale pure cultivation system. Existence of more vegetation, less weeds, lower shading temperature and consequently higher photosynthesis under water stress and higher yield components in intercropping systems than pure cereals, which together increase the yield.Seeds in mixed cropping systems were different from pure cereals.The decrease in yield in pure crop compared to mixed crop is due to water stress in the grain filling stage.Therefore, mixed cultivation under water stress conditions shows better yields than pure cultivation,which is probably due to the reduction of exogenous competition in mixed cultivation of cultivars.

Drought stress, reduces physiologic and qualitative traits of triticale. Also, using compost fertilizer has beneficial effects on physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil and reducing the negative effect of environmental stresses like drought stress on physiologic and qualitative traits of crop plants. This study designed and carried out with aim to study the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on physiologic and qualitative traits of triticale under drought stress conditions in Ahwaz weather conditions in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan.

In order to investigate the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on physiologic and qualitative traits of triticale under drought stress conditions, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement accomplished in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2018-2019 growing season. Experimental factors include four levels of drought stress (complete irrigation, drought stress from spike emergence stage, drought stress from pollination stage and drought stress from milky-dough stage) in main plots and five amounts of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1) in sub-plots.

Analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress, sugarcane residue compost fertilizer and their interaction on the most of measured traits (SPAD, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, relative water content, cell membrane stability, canopy temperature, redistribution, grain protein, grain Fe and grain Zn) were significant. Mean comparison of above measured traits in interaction effects of drought stress and sugarcane residue compost fertilizer showed that drought stress decreased these traits and the maximum amount of these traits was obtained in full irrigation and the lowest amount was observed in drought stress from spike emergence to complete maturity. Also, in different drought stress levels, with increasing the amount of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer, the amount of traits increased and reached a maximum at the level of 40 t ha-1. Therefore, the maximum amount of these traits was under full irrigation and 40 t.ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest amount of them was obtained in drought stress from spike emergence and non-use of sugarcane residue compost.

Generally, drought stress from irrigation cut off decreased physiologic and qualitative traits of triticale. Also, in different drought stress levels with increasing the amount of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer, the amount of above traits increased. Therfore using sugarcane residues compost fertilizer decreased the negative impact of drought stress from spike emergence conditions on physiologic and qualitative traits of triticale between 6 to 46 percent.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), is the third most important crop in the world after rice and wheat in terms of consumption. This crop needs optimal irrigation to achieve proper growth and ultimately acceptable yield. Considering the climatic conditions of the Iran, it is necessary to study the effects of deficit irrigation on potato and to investigate the methods of increasing the drought stress resistance of this crop.

In order to investigate the tuber yield, physiological indices and water use efficiency of potato in the two cropping years 2019-2020, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Agricultural Research and Training Center of Natural Resources of Hamadan Province. Each year, the experimental treatments included irrigation interval as the first factor at four levels (irrigation after 70, 90, 110 and 130 mm cumulative evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) and the second factor was bio-fertilizer at six levels. Bio-phosphate (B), Glomus. mossea (GM), G. fasciculotum (GF), G. mossea+ Bio-phosphate (BGM), G. fasciculotum + Bio-phosphate (BGF) and Control (C) were administered factorially.

The results showed that increasing irrigation stress reduced tuber yield but the application of Bio-fertilizers improved the adverse effects of drought stress. The results also showed that the drought stress of 130 mm evaporation compared to the treatment of 70 mm evaporation (Control), led to a decrease in tuber yield and leaf area index, by 46.79 and 46.81%, respectively. The results related to potato yield showed that the use of three bio-fertilizers G. mossea, G. fasciculotum and Bio-phosphate had the greatest effect on tuber yield and leaf area index. The improvement tuber yield under conditions of severe drought stress by using bio-fertilizer treatments compared to the control was 38.65% for G. mossea, 37.41% for G. fasciculatum, 32.63% for bio-phosphate, 20.11% for bio-phosphate + G. mossea and 12.91% for bio-phosphate + G. fasciculatum. Based on the results the application of Glomus fasciculatum and G. mossea bio-fertilizers in the treatment of severe drought stress modified the stress effects by 36.36 and 30%, respectively, compared to the non-use of bio-fertilizer. Application of biofertilizers in all irrigation treatments moderated the adverse effect of drought stress on water use efficiency index. The use of Glomus musea, G. fasciculatum and biophosphate biofertilizers led to an increase in water use efficiency index in severe drought stress treatment compared to the control treatment by 38.38, 36.6 and 30.87%, respectively.

Therefore, the use of mycorrhizae G. fasciculatum and G. mossea also bio-Phosphate is recommended separately for areas that suffer from drought stress during the potato growing season.

By identifying the weed seed bank can be ascertained to the composition and density of weed seed bank species and flora during the growing season and in choosing the best time and method for effective control of weed seeds in the soil was careful. Since continuous cultivation of a plant in the farm increased the seed bank of weeds, therefore, in order to describe the plant communities of the farm surface and evaluate any changes in them, it is necessary to know and study the soil seed bank. In fact, knowing the seed bank can help control future weeds on the farm and focus on better management operations. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of onion monoculture continuing on weed density and diversity in the conventional agroecosystems of Jiroft region.

Weed seed bank sampling was performed from two soil depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm by systematic random method. Density and diversity of weed seed bank were determined by germination method in greenhouse conditions. The study population were includes soil samples from four onion monoculture crops with a duration of less than three years (S1), between three to five years (S2), between five to eight years (S3) and more than eight years (S4) and long period fallow system (F). Analysis of variance of data related to different indices and comparison of different indices of diversity and richness in different onion monoculture systems were calculated by Duncan test.

At both 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths, the highest density was related to chameleon weeds. The total number of germinated seeds in greenhouse conditions in fallow and onion monoculture systems at depths of 0 to 20 was about 4140 seeds in m3 of soil that at this depth, F and S4 cropping systems had the lowest and highest number of weeds with an average of 221 and 1704 seeds in m3, respectively, and the majority of seeds were observed at this depth. At a depth of 20-40 cm, 2049 seeds in m3 of soil were observed. At this depth, S4 and F cropping systems with the average of 830 and 143 seeds had the highest and lowest number of weeds, respectively. Also, the results showed that continuous onion monoculture at both depths had a significant effect on weed diversity and species richness indices and S4 and F cropping systems had the highest and lowest diversity and richness, respectively. In fact, weed density increased with increasing continuous onion monoculture.

Because the density of weed seeds in fields under continuous cultivation is higher than fallow and a higher proportion of seeds accumulate in the surface layer of the soil. So, seed density can be reduced in the seed bank with proper rotation. Therefore, it is recommended to use crop rotations with a diverse collection of winter and spring plants instead of continuous cultivation of a crop that by increasing diversity, it provides suitable conditions for better control and interruption of weed life cycle.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is grown world-wide as a protein source for food and feed. It can be used in diet as a vegetable, green or dried, fresh or canned. It is a very valuable legume crop that contributes to the sustainability of cropping systems by its ability of biological N2 fixation. The aim of the study were to determine the magnitude of G × E interaction and to identify high yielding and stable or specifically adapted genotypes for target environment(s). Furthermore to evaluating cultivars based on multiple traits and studying relationship among traits, The GT biplot was used.

In this research to finding interrelationships between different traits and adoptability faba bean promising lines, 9 faba bean lines as well as check cultivar, Barekat were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications in three agricultural research field stations of Gorgan, Zanjan (Tarom) and , Zabol for two cropping seasons (2016-17 and 2017-18). The plant height (PH) and lowest pod height was calculated before harvesting, in each plot were harvested by hand at harvest maturity stage and seed number/pod (SP), pod number/plant (PN) and hundred seed weight (100SW) measured on ten plants selected randomly from all plots. Data were analyzed using SAS software and the means were compared using LSD test at a probability level of 5%. A GGE-Biplot was used to analyse G x E interaction and stability of the genotypes based on the trait grain yield (kg ha-1). In order to determining the interrelationships among traits and identifying suitable traits for indirect selection, the genotype by trait (GT) was done.

.Combined analysis of variance showed significant effects of genotype, environment, genotype × environment intraction, on grain yield. Stability in performance of the 10 genotypes was tested using GGE-Biplot approach across five environments. GGE-Biplot analysis using a genotype × environment interaction (GEI) model explained 95.1% of total interaction effect variance. View of polygon graph revealed two superior mega-environments and the compatible genotypes were determined for each mega-environment; Gorgan and Tarom (Line G9), Zabol (Line G1). Lines G9, G4, G7 and G1 with average seed yield of 3.22, 3.06, 2.88 and 2.87 t/ha, respectively, had higher seed yield and yield stability. Based on GEI and GGE-Biplot analysis, Tarom experimental environments had good differentiation ability. The GT biplot for genotype data explained 61% of total variation of the standardized data. GT biplot analysis showed positive relationship between yield and other traits number of pods per plant, Green pod yield, harvest index and Height of lowest pod, they are identified as important traits for yield improvement. Hence, these traits could be considered as key components during the selection process aiming towards the breeding of faba bean genotypes for high yield.

Finally, genotypes G9, G4 and G7 had the highest yield and the most stable genotypes with wider adaptation to all the test environments and can be recommended as the superior genotypes for being release as new commercial faba bean cultivars.

A proper planting date in canola allows the crop to grow sufficiently and minimizes the damaging effects of stress. On the other hand, early autumn rains and the problem of timely farm preparation and unavailability of farm fields due to summer crops such as peanuts in the Moghan region cause delays in planting dates for autumn crops such as canola. Problems such as supplying primary soil water for crop establishment of canola fields, pest damage such as flea beetles in delayed cultivation, the possibility of damage from cold and frost stress, as well as the decline in yield due to canola exposure to drought and heat stress due to delayed planting are the main problems of canola cultivation in the Moghan region. Because of this, canola transplanting can solve the problems and be a good choice in these kinds of situations.

In order to agronomic evaluation of direct cultivation and transplantation of spring canola in different plant densities under delayed conditions in the Moghan region, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in two cropping years, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. Experimental treatments included direct sowing of seeds as a control at a rate of 6 kg/ha; transplanting with densities of 20, 30, and 40 plants per square meter, each density with both bare-root transplant and potted-root transplant; and also with one seedling or two seedlings in the planting hole. During the experiment, traits including flowering initiation, flowering completion, flowering period, growth period, plant height, first pod height, stem diameter, branch number, pod length, pod thickness, pod number, seed number per pod, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield were recorded. Correlations among traits and path analysis were performed to investigate seed yield's direct and indirect effects.

The results showed that transplanting on average caused a significant decrease in phenological traits such as flowering initiation (145.5 GDD), flowering completion (207.8 GDD), growth period (158.9 GDD), and increased flowering period (156.6 GDD) during the experimental years. Also, transplanting caused a significant increase in stem diameter (2.8 mm), branch number (2.3), pod diameter (0.6 mm), number of pods per plant (158.2), number of seeds per pod (3.3), 1000-seed weight (0.69 g) and seed yield (1894.4 kg/ha). In control treatment as delayed direct sowing, seed yield in total experimental years showed a yield decline of 62.2% (1150.7 kg/ha) compared to transplanting cultivation treatments (3045.1 kg/ha). Comparing the bare-root transplant treatments, it was found that 40 plants per square meter had a higher number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield than the 30 and 20 treatments and had a significant difference with them. Phenotypic correlation among agronomic traits showed seed yield had a negative and significant correlation with phenological traits: flowering initiation (-0.90**), flowering completion (-0.90**), and growth period (-0.77**) with a positive and non-significant effect on the flowering period (0.52). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the number of pods per plant (0.241*) and pod thickness (0.229*) had the most significant direct and positive effects on seed yield, respectively, while flowering completion (-0.559**) had the most negative and significant direct effect on seed yield.

Under delayed conditions, bare-root transplanting of canola with 40 plants per square meter density and one seedling in the planting hole was superior in terms of seed yield and phenological traits compared to potted-root transplanting and direct cultivation and is recommended in Moghan region.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has the widest geographical range of distribution of all cereals. Hull-less barley research and development is now receiving more emphasis with potential for feed, food and industrial uses. Variety selection is and will become more important as the various industries demand specific characteristics. The purpose of this research was to evaluate and select the best hull-less barley lines with high yield and desirable agronomic characteristics using the selection index of ideal genotype.

To select superior hull-less barley lines in warm regions, especially Ahvaz and Darab, 72 pure lines in the non-repeating Augment design with three controls (Loot cultivar and two promising lines EHB-87-4 and EHB-85-9) was checked. This research was conducted in Fars (Darab Station) and Khuzestan (Ahvaz) Centers of Agricultural Research and Education and Natural Resources during the 2020-2021 cropping year. To select the best hull-less barley lines for Ahvaz and Darab separately and to select the best lines for both regions in terms of grain yield and other studied traits simultaneously, the selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG) was used. SIIG index was calculated based on grain yield, number of days to heading, number of days to physiological maturity, plant height and 1000-grain weight.

The results of analysis of variance of hull-less barley agronomic traits showed that there was no significant difference between the blocks in both Ahvaz and Darab regions (except for 1000-grain weight in Darab). The heritability values of traits in the combination of both Darab and Ahvaz regions were low for lines and control genotypes. The highest and lowest heritability of pure lines were related to the number of days to maturity (0.37) and grain yield (0.01), respectively. The heat maps showed that the maximum maturity, flowering, plant height and grain yield is related to Darab region. In total, the results of SIIG index in Ahvaz showed that 19 hull-less barley lines with SIIG≥ 0.600 and in Darab 24 lines with SIIG≥ 0.500 were among the top lines in these areas. Based on the results of the average SIIG index, lines 52, 22, 33, 66, 5, 53, 24, 48, 18, 27, 51, 25, 81, 21, 46 and 19, respectively, with SIIG≥ 0.500 in both Darab and Ahvaz regions were the top lines.

In total, lines 52, 22, 33, 66, 5, 53, 24, 48, 18, 27, 51, 25, 81, 21, 46 and 19 were selected and recommended for advanced experiments. Also, SIIG index is an effective and useful method to selecting superior genotypes.

Soil salinity is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and yield of crop plants in arid and semi-arid regions, which causes lipid peroxidation and membrane damage by producing reactive oxygen species. Under such conditions, plants use enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms to prevent lipid peroxidation and increase malondialdehyde content. Application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria is another strategy that can improve plant performance under salinity stress and, consequently, plant growth increase by producing or releasing secondary metabolites such as regulators or growth hormones. Also vermicompost can directly increase plant yield by increasing plant nutrients and by acting on some antioxidant functions, controlling free radicals and thus protecting plants against environmental stresses. Humic acid also reduces the effects of salinity stress by improving protein synthesis, altering enzyme activity, solubility of micronutrients, improving soil structure, increasing cation exchange capacity and soil microbial population. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of salinity, vermicompost, flavobacterium and humic acid on antioxidant enzymes activity and some biochemical traits of triticale.

an experiment as factorial was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research greenhouse of faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil during 2020. Factors experiment were included salinity at three levels (no application of salinity as control, application of 50 and 100 mM soil salinity by NaCl), and bio-fertilizers application (no application of bio-fertilizers as control, application of vermicompost, Flavobacterim, both application vermicompost and Flavobacterim) and humic acid foliar application (foliar application with water as control and foliar application of 2 g.L-1 humic acid).

The results showed that the combined application of vermicompost, flavobactrim and foliar application humic acid under 100 mM soil salinity conditions, increased proline content (50%), soluble sugar (45.37%), anthocyanin content (57.14%) and the activity of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase (54.88, 48.47 and 48%, respectively) compared to no application of biofertilizers and humic acid under non-salinity conditions. Also, the combined application of vermicompost, flavobacterium and foliar application of humic acid under non-salinity conditions decreased 54.26% of malondialdehyde content and increased 69.56% of grain yield compared to the no application of biofertilizers and humic acid under 100 mM soil salinity conditions.

It seems that the application of biofertilizers and foliar application of humic acid can increase grain yield under salinity stress by improving the antioxidant enzymes activity and the compatible osmolytes content.

Given the shortcomings regarding lentil cultivars compatible with temperate and semi-temperate rainfed regions of the country, identifying genotypes with potential to be introduced as cultivars is very important. Due to genotype × environment interaction, selection of genotypes with wide adaptation to different environments is difficult. In addition to high yield, these genotypes must have yield stability in different regions, in other words, general stability. In GGE model (G+GE), the selection of stable genotypes is based on both genotype (G) and genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects.

in order to evaluate yield stability of rain-fed lentil genotypes, the present study was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications with 14 advanced genotypes along with two local cultivars including G15 and G16 (Gachsaran and Sepehr respectively) over two years (since 2018). The experiment’s locations were Gachsaran, Khormeh Abad, Ilam and Moghan. After collecting data from eight environments, the genotype × environment interaction for grain yield was evaluated by using GGE biplot method.

Principal component analysis in the GGE biplot model showed that 47.1% of the variations caused by G and GE is justified by the first two components (PC1, PC2). The mosaic plot revealed that the contribution of diversity due to genotype × environment interaction was significantly higher than the diversity caused by genotype (G) alone. Using GGE biplot model and based on representativeness and discriminating ability, Gachsaran region was identified as a desirable environment to identify variation among genotypes. G11 was the closest genotype to the ideal genotype in terms of grain yield. This genotype had the highest yield among genotypes and was in a moderate position in terms of stability. Genotype 9 was in the second place in terms of yield but had high yield stability since was the closest genotype to the ideal genotype in terms of stability. Genotypes 10 and 1 were also in the next ranks considering both yield and stability. These four genotypes had considerable advantage in terms of both average yield and yield stability compated to control cultivars (G15 and G16). In addition, G5 showed the least yield stability among all genotypes. G15 and G16 as local cultivars showed relatively low grain yield and stability compared to the most of advanced genotypes.

G9, G11, G10, G1 were considered as genotypes with potential to be introduced as new cultivar(s) following further experiments in private farm lands.

All over the world, there are high salinity lands and most of those considered as an arid or useless lands (from agriculture aspect) for lack of knowledge about resistant varieties. Quinoa plant indicate significant resistance to wide range of Abiotic stress such as salinity and cold. Also this plant is protein-rich and can be a good alternative to rice and wheat. It is necessary to study about this kind of plants in the critical condition (saline soil & dry farming) more than ever. In this paper we investigate about the impact of date of planting and density in dry farming and saline soil on quinoa plant yield.

In this study, the experiment, split plot design in completely randomized block base format with three repetition in the crop year 2019 (1397- 98) was performed in one of the farms of Gomishan city, Golestan province. Main factor consists of three planting date (February 4, March 6, April 4) and subsidiary factor has three density (60, 80, 100 and 120 plants per m^2). To determine the length of growth stages and dry weight and doing analysis, Sampling was done once in every two weeks. Final yield is determined by split middle line. during the growth season the important dates of plant phenology such as time for emergence & seedling development, physiological maturity, flowering and grain development divided by different treatment notes were taken. lastly, data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS and average data evaluated by LSD test.

The results indicate significant impact of planting date on plant height, number of seeds per panicle, dry weight of the plant and weight of one thousand seeds significance 1 percent level and weight of panicle, number of seeds of branch were at significance 5 percent level. Maximum values of this functional traits was obtained in planting date february 4. and planting date March 6 has the lowest values of these traits. plant height, number of seeds per panicle, wet and dry weight of the plant significantly affected by density factor. all interactions of both factor had huge impact on measured traits. most yields in 60 and 80 density plants per m^2 were significantly more than this trait's value in other planting density. results of this study indicate that february 4 was the best quinoa planting date (in comparison to other reviewed planting dates) for Gomishan and its condition, also 80 density plants per m^2 (high density without any decreased yield) is the most suitable for there.

Due to the quinoa high resistance to drought and salt stress as well as appropriate performance, as a strategic product could be recommended to farmers. by the results of this paper we can conclude that february 4 is the best planting date for saline soil and dry farming. delay to cultivation has a significant decrease in reviewed traits. moreover, because 80 density plants per m^2 increased the plant yield in most traits, then it could be considered as a most appropriate density to this study condition. however to confirm this findings it is necessary to check this experiment another year.