نشریه دراسات فی السردانیه العربیه
سال سوم شماره 2 (الربیع و الصیف 2022)

The Thousand and One Nights, with its varied features based on the process of narration, description and dialogue between the characters in the space of time and place, reflects the reality of society in its various aspects, where the contemporary novelist seeks to enhance his novelistic effectiveness by being inspired by The Thousand and One Nights, as a source text, with the refinement of his literary faculties and his mind for creation. “Soulaf Baghdad” by Muhsin Jassim al-Musawi, the Iraqi critic and novelist, who borrowed “Baghdad” to represent the bleak Iraqi reality after the American occupation, is only the evidence of his direct, creative and indirect influence on the narrative climates of the tales of the nights from the stylistic point of view. For the spread of his ideas, his novelistic or creative experience, and his critical skill, as a literary critic, he is immersed in the concepts and techniques of narration simultaneously. Getting to know the novelist's motive for inspiration from the narrative framework of The Thousand and One Nights, explains the necessity of conducting the current research using the descriptive-analytical method. It seems to us that the narrative structure of the novel, with its overlapping narrative structure, secret places, and the presence of eccentric characters, bringing poetry, associated with the thousand and one nights. It can be said that this influence is a driving force for a project that aims to draw the atmosphere of Baghdad, the tragic past of the fifties and Baghdad, its unknown and frightening future, next to the conditions and facts of “Soulaf” with its people, with several narrations in one narration by the narrator of Scheherazade, between reality and imagination. As for the content of the fictional work, It can be said that according to the author's critical viewpoint and the many books he wrote in the field of criticism of The Thousand and One Nights and Arabic narratology has provided his novel with an artistic image with a new reading of The Thousand and One Nights and the mechanisms of intellectual vision in it.

The female biography plays a significant role in expressing the ideology of the female writer and shows the importance of women writers in relation to the important issues of the society. In other words; the writing of female autobiography is different from other types of literature because it directly emphasizes the essence of women in the face of the patriarchal society and is the best way to depict the concerns of women, especially Arab women. The current research is trying to examine the biography of the Egyptian writer Razavi "Al-Sarkha" based on the descriptive-analytical approach and relying on cultural criticism. "Sarkha" is the second part of the book "Asqal Man Razavi" in which he combines the experience of his personal life and the political events of the country. In other words, he portrays his severe illness, which is associated with the unsettled conditions of Egypt in 2010-2013. The most important results of the research are: Razavi Ashour is an intellectual writer who in his biography talks about women who had a deep influence on the formation of his personal experience. Also, culture and society play a significant role in the formation of Arab women's identity. Razavi's main concern in the issue of women is the issue of women's education, and he wants to make reforms in the field of freedom of expression in the Arab society.

It is important to tell the history for children in the form of a story instead of a soulless and direct report. Because the story has magical tools, including character structurizing, which has attracted the attention of the audience and made it a suitable educational tool for teaching history to children. Abdul-Tawab Yossef teaches the history of Islam to children by using the art of story in his collection of stories (20 stories from the life of Prophet Muhammad). Among the author's tricks in teaching history is the design of fictional characters and their structurizing in the form of objects and animals. This collection of stories is a historical novel about the life of the Messenger of God, which narrates the real events of his life relying on artistic structures. The center of these artistic structures is character structurizing, which has been used for easy understanding of history. The narrator in these stories is designed objects and animals that the author has given life to so that they assume the dignity of humans and living creatures and narrate events from their observations as fictional characters. Based on the descriptive analytical method, this research examines 6 stories from this collection of stories and investigates how to use characters to facilitate the understanding of history and to express it in an easy way to children. The stories in this collection are divided into two parts: human characters that are taken from the history of Islam and have the role of documenting historical events in the story. The second division is fictional characters who play the role of narrators who, as witnesses, narrate the events as they happened. The author chose these characters to attract the attention of the audience to make it easy for the child to understand history by mixing reality with amazing imagination. Especially, he has established a close relationship between those historical events and the structurizing of the characters, which can fulfill the responsibility of the narrative well.

The hybridization is one of the most prominent critical concepts in novels and stories, which means the diversity and combination of languages, styles, dialogues and literary genres in a single text. Hybridization, from the point of view of Mikhail Bakhtin and the Russian formalists is a kind of stylistic aesthetics which indicates the genius of the novelist and his mastery of writing polyphonic novels. The novel "Ashar Salawat le-algasad" by Wafa 'Abd al-Razzaq is one of these types of novels, which hybridization included its components such as: personality, space-time, and the form of language and style. This research tries to use descriptive-analytical method to study the effects of "hybridization" and how to use it in the novel "Ashar Salawat Le-aljasd" by Wafa Abd al-Razzaq. Results show that the author has combined his novel with other literary genres such as poetry and biography and has used their techniques in his text to give it dynamism and beauty. As it deals with the combination of characters and sounds, as well as temporal and spatial spaces, which are reflected in the multiplicity of places and times by moving from the past to the present or from one place to another. As it deals with the combination of her own views and those of women who each express a common pain, these thoughts and ideas are in conflict with the views arising from the religion and culture of each country regarding the identity of women and social status.

Critical discourse analysis is one of the advanced theories in the study of discourse that deals with language, and helps through text and speech to create social and political power. Norman Fairclough was the first to develop a study in the analysis of critical discourse. Ahmed Al-Saadawi, the Iraqi novelist (1973-till now) wrote the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" and won the Arab Booker Prize. Hadi Al-Atak (a seller of antiques in a neighborhood in central Baghdad), was collecting the remains of the victims of terrorist bombings during the winter of 2005, to paste these parts and produce a strange human being, who quickly rises to carry out a massive revenge and revenge against the criminals who killed its parts. The fates of intertwined personalities during the exciting pursuit in Baghdad and its neighborhoods. The research revolves around three levels: the first is the “description level” which deals with the external weaving of the text, the second is the “explanation level” which searches for the ideology found in the text of the novel, and the third is the “interpretation level” which is a study on The internal weaving of the text, and the idea and emotion are the significance of this text.We would like to summarize the results of the research: as follows: The description in the structure of the text The novel focuses on the element of repetition and intertextuality “another narration between this narration”, as well as in terms of resemblance to the phrases that distinguish the narration from the rest. Likewise, the level of explanation is limited to the ideology in which the events of the novel take place in one of the old Baghdad neighborhoods, in the Al-Batoun neighborhood, which is known for the mixing of its residents of different nationalities, sects and homogeneous sects. In terms of interpretation, emotion plays a positive role in this novel, as the disturbing facts of an explosion or other terrorist campaigns occur. The approach that we have adopted in this regard is the descriptive-analytic that deals with the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" in the light of Norman Fairclough's vision.

In the Holy Quran, God Almighty has assigned a surah to His Prophet Yusuf (AS). Mystics have adapted the truths of the Qur'an to the inner self, interpreted the verses of the soul, and finally presented pure ideas about human truth. The works of Ibn al-Farez al-Masri and Jalal al-Din Muhammad Balkhi are also full of such interpretations. This article examines the "facts and details of the story of Prophet Yusuf (AS)" by reflecting on the poems of these two famous poets and mystics. In the present study, first the joint interpretations of these two mystics about Jamal Yusuf (AS) and his dream and the smell of the shirt of Prophet Yusuf (AS) were examined and analyzed, then Jalaluddin Maulana's views about Yusuf (AS) and Zulaikha and the prolongation of his imprisonment Yusuf (AS) was explained. The results show that the Sultan of Lovers and Rumi considered the beauty of Prophet Yusuf (AS) as the manifestation of the beauty of truth and the manifestation of Prophet Yusuf (AS)'s dream in Ibn Farez's poems is an allusion to the mystics of God on whom the true existence of God has been revealed. But Maulana Jalaluddin does not have an interpretive view in this discussion. Ibn Farez considers the sight of the eyes of Prophet Yaqub (AS) by the shirt of Prophet Yusuf (AS) to indicate that he reached the gathering place, which was transmitted from the shirt of Prophet Yusuf (AS) to Prophet Ya'qub (AS), but Maulana the shirt He considers Prophet Yusuf (AS) as a symbol of discovery sciences. Rumi considers Zulaikha as a symbol of the world and considers the reason for the prolongation of the imprisonment of Prophet Yusuf (AS) to be the attention to the creature who are the captives and prisoners of the mortal world.

The structural study of the novel as an outstanding literary genre by analysing the internal components and descrbing the relationships of these elements makes its inner layers clear to the audience. Influenced by pioneer structuralists ideas, especially Prop, Claude Bermon, a famous French philosopher and narratologist, designed a new model for structural analysis of narrations. A template that can be adapted to any language and style. According to this theory, narrative is a coherent and related set of sequences that makes up the structure of story. The combination and sequential process of these main and sub-sequences make the outline of the narrations. And the characters of the story play a role in shaping the plot and the series of events in proportion to their presence and influence in the narration. Zaraib al-'Abid's novel by Najwa bin Shatwan, a Libyan female writer, is a remarkable work in terms of structure and content. The subject of this realistic workis the story of the slavery system that dominated Libyan society during the years of occupation of the country by the Ottoman government and the beginning of Italian colonialism. In this research, the central characters and their actions and reactions in the course of the narration will be investigated in a descriptive and analytical way, and the course of events will be examined in terms of conformity and coincidence with the Bremon model. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that the arrangement of events and developments and their sequence have a considerable harmony and discipline and its main and central characters are dynamic and well-organized.

Metafiction is a style of writing novel and a phenomenon that emerges from postmodern narration, and one of its features is experimentation and breaking the familiar patterns of the novel and there is no doubt that metafiction is a kind of displacement in the narrative and it tends to produce a new vision and a new discourse that dominates over the discourse that is known to everyone, and on this basis, metafiction opens more than one subject for the recipient. It also means "the story about the story," that is, the novel's talk about itself or the description of its inner world, and it discusses its critical perceptions about the narration. However, the attempt of metafiction to break and destroy the old and build it again in a different framework, is what made it a postmodern technique. It is important to say that "William Gass" is one of the famous who used this term in his critical studies. The phenomenon of metafiction has attracted the attention of researchers, and they are applying it to a number of Arabic and other novels; hence the idea of this research came to apply the features and forms of metafiction in the novel "Azazel" by Youssef Zaidan, based on the descriptive-analytical style. Hence, the aim of this research is to explore metafictive forms by analyzing their metafictive text to show the writer's creativity. One of the results we have reached in this research is that the metafictive style in this novel is seen through aspects such as: reference to writing, the rebellion of characters against the author, breaking chronology and other metafictive techniques.

Mosaic narration is a style of modern Arabic narration that has been used in many new novels. This narrative style is characterized by overlap, contradiction, fragmentation, intertwining and disintegration. By employing this technique, an intertwined narrative text is generated in terms of the subjective and main elements of the narration such as time, place and personality. It also transcends the narration from the traditional method in terms of framework elements, and the novel tends towards poetry, play and short story. This narrative approach came in response to the needs of the Arab narrative in the course of its development and maturity, and appeared to dismantle the old narrative logic based on linearity and consistency. Given the importance of identifying the new narrative formats, this article seeks, by relying on the descriptive-analytical method, to study this method in the novel “Raml al-Mayah” by the famous Algerian novelist Wassini al-Araj, in which he searches for new expressive ways. The findings show that this Algerian novelist has taken a step towards modernization and innovation with regard to the process of adapting the basic story of "One Thousand and One Nights". takes a step towards innovation and creativity, and in turn gives the heritage narration new events, calling for presenting the new idea and the fragmented narrative experience, as he destroys the old narrative logic in content and formulation, thus generating from his lips a fragmented, fragmented narrative text characterized by Diversity and intertwining. Based on this, we find that the description dominates the novel and the narrator is concerned with linguistic aesthetics, connotations, and wonderful vibrant expressions. He presents things, selves and personalities in description, and does not take care of the narration and its development. The narration turns into media-manifest writings through these intensive descriptions, and this structure ended with the overlap of times and places and the failure to choose the temporal thread. and spatial coherence. Time and place are not specified in the narration, as events take place in different places and times. In the end, the language and the structure in it are characterized by the remarkable fluidity and the transfer between the poetic, narrative, colloquial and classical cases. In any case, it goes beyond the usual narrative language thanks to its dynamism and dynamism.

Since the novel has a role in influencing the reader, novelists use it to express the realities of life. And in order to be able to increase the effectiveness, they use the five senses in expressing events. But the issue of this effectiveness was not specifically considered in the discussions of researchers like other topics. Therefore, in this research, we chose Jalal Burgess's novel "Dafatir Al-warraq" as a model to examine the sensory mechanisms in the depiction of events that are harmoniously placed in the narrative parts of this novel. And we examine this research by considering the equivalent of the sense of sight and hearing in a descriptive and analytical way. It was concluded that the author connected the senses of his novel text with the living reality with this match to depict the relationship between them more. On the one hand, this case was intended to increase the sphere of influence on the receiver and on the other hand, to create the integration of two different worlds such as the narrative world and the realistic world. The distribution between peer emotions in realistic and virtual divided aspects led to aesthetic representations. which was placed in its concepts to create mutual dependence between two different parties, and Burgess was successful in expressing this fusion of imagination and reality in the novel Events.

Discourse explains the connection between language and society because discourse is the use of language to influence the audience. Critical discourse analysis originated from sociology and is one of the modern critical approaches influenced by the philosophical views of Michel Foucault, Marx and Freud and believes that there is a dialectical relationship between language and society. One of the pioneers of this approach is Norman Fairclough, whose theory rests on three levels: description, explanation, and explanation. Alaa Al Aswany's Automobile Club is one of the most famous contemporary Arab novels that explains the ideology of power and the social and political conditions in a modernist style in Egyptian society. In this article, we try to analyze the critical discourse of this novel based on the three levels of Norman Fairclough's theory adhering to the descriptive-analytical method. The results show that vocabulary and structures such as choosing the imperative form and using plural pronouns instead of singular pronouns describe solidarity, totalitarian ideology, antagonism and contrast, and clarify the contrast between the character of the kou who oppresses Egyptians and obeys foreigners. The repetition describes the discourse of protest and resistance against colonialism, the most important place being the "Car Club" where important events by foreigners and British take place. At the level of interpretation, historical intertextuality refers to previous texts such as Quranic verses, narratives, and historical events such as the Holocaust, the Haganah, Hitler's dictatorship and his crimes against humanity. At the level of clarity, the author explains the ideology of Egyptian colonialism and the power in the two forms of British power over Egypt in a strong way, and also the power of Englishman James over Egyptian slaves weakly in the novel. Al-Aswany reflects the revolution of the oppressed against the oppressor, and his most important goals are the destruction of the British occupation and the independence of Egypt, and in this way the author reflects the dignity and humanity that were destroyed under the clutches of the colonists.

The usage of humorous language is one of the best ways to create joy and happiness in the audience, which can indirectly criticize and correct many shortcomings and deficiency. Therefore, this type of literature has been considered by literary scholars. Arabic and French literature, especially in the contemporary era, has been the scene of a stronger and better emergence in the field of Humorous allusions. Maron Abboud a prominent Lebanese novelist, and Stendhal famous writers of French literature, have done so many literary works that can be examined from a view of Humorous allusions. In this research, first, the definition of humor and its background and position in both Arabic and French literature were discussed. Then, relying on the American comparative school and descriptive-analytical method, we examined the most important Functions of humor in the Short Story Collection "Wojooh wa Hekayat" by Maroon Abboud and the Novel "Red and Black" by Stendhal. And we sought to find an answer to this question: What are the grounds for the emergence of humorous in the works of the both authors? What are the differences and commonalities between both of them in using Functions humorous? The results indicate that Maroon Abboud and Stendhal, despite not having a literary connection and having a time and space interval, have used a variety of literary techniques and humorous methods such as contradiction, conflict, Caricature illustration, etc. to highlight the humorous aspect and critique of defects.