نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Premarital education plays a significant role in the consolidation and continuity of marriage and family from various aspects. The present study aimed to "study the effect of premarital education based on risk factors with a cognitive-behavioral approach on the resilience and quality of life of engaged couples".

The research was applied in terms of purpose. In terms of the nature and method of data collection, the semi-experimental design was based on the pre-test-post-test design with the control group, which was carried out in Shahr-e-Rey in 2019. The statistical population was all engaged couples who went to counseling centers or similar centers in Shahr-e-Rey in 2019, which 26 engaged couples, as the sample, were randomly assigned to 2 experimental and control groups (13 couples in each group). The selection of these people was done by visiting counseling centers and talking with the referring couples as volunteers. The research tool included the Conner and Davidson resilience questionnaire 2003 (CD-RIS) and World Health quality of life 1996 (BREF –WHOQOL) which was completed by the participants before and after the training interventions.

Data analysis showed that premarital education based on risk factors with a cognitive–behavioral approach had an effect on the resilience and quality of life of engaged couples, but such a positive effect was not in the control group.

It is concluded from the research that paying special attention to the issue of marriage and providing necessary pre-marriage training that is within the framework of a suitable approach can increase the resilience of engaged couples against life issues and improve their quality of life.

Gastrointestinal ostomy has a great impact on a person's personality perspective, which causes major changes in lifestyle, communication, sleep, marriage, and self-esteem. Over the past decades, mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches to psychotherapy have made significant progress; Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment to social isolation and sleep problems of people with ostomy in Ghaem clinic in Mashhad.

The research design was quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest with a control group. The sample consisted of 40 patients who underwent surgery in the last 6 months of 2018 and underwent an ostomy and were referred to Ghaem Clinic in Mashhad on an outpatient basis in 98-99. Which were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). In this study, a questionnaire of behaviors related to Ray and Harvey's sleep and social isolation with 18 questions was used. Interventions were performed according to the protocol of Hayes, Strosahl, and Wilson acceptance and commitment therapy sessions during 8 90-minute training sessions, one session per week.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that after the intervention, a significant difference was observed in the mean score of social isolation test and sleep-related behaviors in the experimental and control groups (p <0.001).

Discussion and conclusion :

According to the results of this research, treatment based on acceptance and commitment can have a significant effect on the social isolation and sleep problems of people with ostomies and have the necessary efficiency. This means that performing this treatment method improves sleep problems and social isolation. It has been investigated in the community.

‎The present study aimed to examine a structural model of marital commitment based on early ‎maladaptive schemas in the domain of disconnection/rejection and mediated by positive and negative cognitive ‎emotion regulation strategies and smartphone-based social network addiction among married people. ‎‎

‎ This research is a correlational study. For this purpose, a sample of 200 people was selected by ‎the Convenience/Accidental Sampling method from married men and women living in Karaj, and 177 of them were ‎included in the analysis. The Marital Commitment Questionnaire (MCQ), the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-‎SF), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation, and the Social Network Addiction Questionnaires were administered to ‎collect data. Pearson correlation method and Structural equation modeling were used to analyze by SPSS -26 and ‎Smart PLS-2 software. ‎‎

The results from the structural model analysis revealed that schemas of disconnection/rejection Domain with ‎the mediating role of positive strategies for cognitive emotion regulation and addiction to social networks can ‎predict changes in marital commitment at a rate of 40% (R2 = 0.40, P <0.001). Also, the model fit indices (GOF = ‎‎0.27) indicate the desired quality of the model. ‎‎

The present study suggests that early maladaptive schemas challenge couples' marital commitment ‎through cognitive emotion regulation and the‏ ‏overuse of smartphone social networks.  However, more studies are ‎needed to confirm or reject these results.‎‎

Besides the serious damage to the physical health of people, Covid-19 has caused a great deal of psychological distress which makes it necessary to understand the factors associated with tolerating distress during this period. The purpose of this study was to study the mediating role of psychological hardiness in the relationship between the meaning of life and self-compassion with distress tolerance.

The research method was path analysis correlation. The population included all undergraduate students of Poldokhtar Higher Education Center during 2020-2021. The size of the statistical sample according to Klein's rule of thumb equals 210 people, which was done by available sampling method and an online questionnaire. The tools used in this research were the meaning of life questionnaire, psychological hardiness scale, distress tolerance scale, and self-compassion scale. Data analysis was done by the statistical method of path analysis and using SPSS-22 and AMOS-24 statistical software.

The results showed that self-compassion and psychological toughness have a direct effect on distress tolerance, but the meaning of life does not have a direct effect on suffering. Also, self-compassion and meaning in life had a direct effect on psychological toughness. Self-compassion had a significant indirect effect on distress tolerance through the mediation of psychological toughness. Furthermore, meaning in life had a significant indirect effect on distress tolerance through the mediation of psychological toughness.

In today's world of turmoil, distress tolerance is a very important trait. The results of this study showed that this feature is influenced by other variables such as Self-Compassion and psychological hardiness, and having meaning in life by increasing psychological hardiness, affects the degree of distress tolerance.

 This research aims to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and rational emotional behavior therapy on avoidance, marital satisfaction, communication skills, and sexual self-efficacy of couples.

 This semi-experimental study was conducted among couples who were referred to counseling and psychological service centers in Tehran in 2018 among which 45 people were selected by the available sampling method from four counseling centers who met the criteria of the research. They were randomly divided into three experimental groups including acceptance and commitment therapy, rational emotional therapy, and control groups, in each group 15 people participated. First, all three groups were pretested, then one experimental group underwent acceptance and commitment treatment and the other experimental group underwent emotional rational therapy and the control group did not receive any treatment. After the sessions, a post-test was taken from all three groups. After one month, follow-up measurements were performed again in all three groups. Data were processed using SPSS-25 software to calculate descriptive indices and multivariate covariance analysis.

 A significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and rational emotional therapy in reducing avoidance and increasing marital satisfaction, sexual self-efficacy, and communication skills of couples (p<0.001). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in reducing avoidance and increasing marital satisfaction and sexual self-efficacy was higher than rational emotional therapy. But in increasing the communication skills of couples, rational emotional therapy was more effective than acceptance and commitment therapy. In the follow-up phase, no significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy with rational-emotional therapy on marital satisfaction, communication skills, and sexual self-efficacy. However, acceptance and commitment therapy was more effective than rational-emotional therapy in reducing couple anxiety.

 Based on the findings, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy is more effective in reducing avoidance and increasing marital satisfaction and sexual self-efficacy than rational emotional therapy, but rational emotional therapy is more effective in increasing communication skills. It is suggested that acceptance and commitment therapy and rational emotional behavioral therapy be used by experts in this field in order to improve marital relations in counseling and therapy centers.

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy and emotion-focused therapy on ambiguity tolerance and threat sensitivity in married women with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control group. The statistical population consisted of all married female patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder who were referred to one of the psychological and psychiatric counseling and services centers in Pars-Abad city of Ardabil province for treatment between July and October of 2021. among which 45 were randomly selected by purposeful sampling in the groups receiving Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (15 people), emotion-focused therapy (15 people), and the control group (15 people). Data collection tools were: Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale, Ambiguity Tolerance Scale, and Threat Sensitivity Questionnaire. Each interventional treatment was performed during 8 weekly sessions, and the control group did not receive any specific treatment during this period of time. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the Internet and focused on emotion was effective on ambiguity tolerance and threat sensitivity in married women with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.05). Moreover, there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two treatment methods (P<0.05).

The results have potentially significant practical effects for specialists and therapists to pay attention to the effectiveness of treatment methods used in improving the consequences of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Generalized anxiety disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that cause problems to millions of people every year, and the present research aims to predict the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder based on over-anxiety, experiential avoidance, and BIS/BAS brain-behavioral systems among those who refer to service clinics. The psychological survey of Urmia city was carried out in 2021.

The method of conducting this descriptive (non-experimental) research and the research design was a correlation. The statistical population of this research was all the visitors to Urmia's outpatient clinics from June to September 2021. Using the available sampling method, 218 people were selected. To collect data, the Short Scale of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Meta-Worry, The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and the Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Questionnaire were used. In this research, in order to test relations, parametric tests of Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Regression were utilized, and to analyze the data SPSS software was used.

The results of the present study revealed that there was a significant relation at the 0.01 level between meta-worry and generalized anxiety disorder and experiential avoidance and behavioral inhibition systems (BIS) and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. However, no relation was observed between the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Also, the regression results showed that meta-anxiety predicts 28%, experiential avoidance 7%, and behavioral inhibition 4% of generalized anxiety changes.

In explaining and treating generalized anxiety disorder, factors such as meta-worry, experiential avoidance, and behavioral inhibition system should be considered.

Nowadays, the integration of family and professional roles has led many spouses to have problems establishing and maintaining a friendly and loving relationship with each other. The aim of the current research was to study the components of metallization in the communication pattern of Iranian dissatisfied married couples.

Methode: 

The present study is included in the framework of qualitative studies of the content analysis type. Data were collected from unsatisfied married students of Tarbiat Modares University, whose level of dissatisfaction was determined by the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire and was collected using open and in-depth (semi-structured) interviews. Sampling was done in a purposeful way until the data saturation stage (15 participants).                                       

From the participants' experiences, 2 main themes of curiosity and emotion regulation and 15 subcategories of spouse's mind exploration, different perspectives despite shared experience, devaluation of spouse's mind, reaction to definite presuppositions in mind, Involvement of mental assumptions when listening to the spouse, forcing the spouse to perform the desired reaction, projecting fears, activating the fear system, lack of understanding of emotions, aggression, stubbornness, emotional contagion, rumination, catastrophizing And ignorance was extracted.                                                                                          

According to the experiences of the participants, it is possible to suggest training and treatment of metallization according to the main theme of curiosity and emotion regulation to reduce the rate of marital conflict.

Globally, stress is a well-recognized feature of the life of undergraduate students. However, there currently is little evidence to suggest what role resilience plays in this issue. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the resilience education program on negative automatic thoughts and cognitive coping strategies among university students.

In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest nonequivalent-group design in a company with a follow-up stage, 30 university students within experimental and control groups responded to the Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Hollon & Kendall, 1980) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven, 2001). The experimental group received 10 resilience training sessions (1 hour a session).

The results of statistical procedures of multivariate and univariate covariance analysis indicated that the resilience education program was effective in increasing adaptive coping strategies consisting of acceptance, positive reappraisal, positive refocusing, refocus on planning and putting into perspective, and in decreasing negative automatic thoughts and non-adaptive coping strategies consists of self-blame, other-blame, rumination, and catastrophizing in short term and long term.

These findings suggest that resilience training program by increasing positive thinking strategies, adaptive emotional management skills, and interpersonal relationships skills enrichment could result in mental immunization in students

The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) and its consequences have had various effects on the psychological and social aspects of society causing considerable stress and anxiety to many people around the world. Regarding the relationship between health anxiety and psychological flexibility, the conscious self-compassion training program is one of the methods that can be effective. This research aims to study the effectiveness of the online conscious self-compassion training program on the health anxiety and psychological flexibility on society during the Corona outbreak. Therefore, according to the goal, in order to provide mental health services and reduce the risk of disease, a remote counseling network was designed.

The current research is experimental research with pre-test-post-test and control groups. The statistical population included all the people who filled out the health anxiety questionnaire on social networks; Among which 24 people were selected by available sampling whose health anxiety score was higher than 1 and a standard deviation above the mean of 40. They were randomly tested and assigned to two groups.  Salkoskis and Warwick's (2002)health anxiety scale, Dennis and Vander Wal's (2010) psychological flexibility, and Neff's (2003) self-compassion scale were used to collect data. The experimental group received self-compassion training for 8 sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention. SPSS 2019 software was used for data analysis.

The results of covariance analysis showed that the Mindful Self-compassion Teaching Program led to a decrease in health anxiety compared to the control group in the post-test. In addition, the Mindful Self-compassion Teaching Program had a positive effect on increasing psychological flexibility and self-compassion (F=17.22, P=0.001).

According to the findings of this study, therapists can use the Mindful Self-compassion Teaching Program to help reduce health anxiety and increase psychological flexibility and self-compassion in people with health anxiety.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between coping styles and social support with test anxiety with the mediating role of academic resilience.

The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all female high school students from Kashsn city during 2020-2021, among which 316 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Andler and Parker's (1990) Coping Styles Questionnaire, Zimet et al.'s Multidimensional Social Support Questionnaire (1988), Martin's (2003) Academic Resilience Questionnaire, and Spielberger's Test Anxiety Questionnaire (1980). The evaluation of the proposed model was performed using structural equation modeling and the bootstrap method.

The results showed that there are significant correlations between test anxiety with problem-oriented strategy (r = -0.31, p <0.01), emotion-oriented strategy (r = 0.63, p <0.01), distraction strategy (r = 0.18, p <0.01), social employment strategy (r = -0.22, p <0.01), social support (r = -0.23, p <0.01) and academic resilience (r = -0. 63, p <0.01). The results showed that the proposed model has an acceptable fit. The results of path analysis also indicate that academic resilience mediates the relationship between problem-oriented style, emotion-oriented coping style, and social support with test anxiety.

Academic resilience mediates the relationship between problem-oriented coping style, emotion-oriented coping style, and social support with test anxiety. The findings have practical implications for school counselors and educational psychologists to prevent and control test anxiety.

Personality disorders are among the disorders that have a great impact on a person's life. The aim of the present study was to analyze the differentiation of cluster B personality disorders based on the theory of mind, time perspective, social anxiety, and fear of intimacy. 

The design of the present study was comparatively causal and descriptive in terms of data collection. The statistical population included all individuals with cluster B personality disorders in areas 1 and 2 of Tehran. According to the number of groups and the number of differential variables, the sample size was estimated to be 120 people and finally, 116 of the complete and valid questionnaires were collected. Participants answered the theory of mind, time perspective, social anxiety, and fear of intimacy questionnaires. In order to analyze the data, the differential analysis method with SPSS-23 was used. 

The results showed that there was no significant difference in the theory of mind and fear of intimacy between the groups. But there was a significant difference between the components of time perspective, including the past - negative, hedonistic present, future, transcendent future, positive past, and present - destiny. In the variable of social anxiety, only in the fear of social isolation component, there was a significant difference between the studied groups. 

Considering the role of purity of landscape variables and social anxiety in people with B-cluster personality disorder, these variables can be used for differential diagnosis as well as intervention design.

Decreased quality of sleep and negative changes in athletes' moods following the stress of strenuous training, reduced their performance and quality of life. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of massage therapy following intense exercise training on the quality of sleep and mood status in bodybuilders.

The present study included two control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups of male bodybuilders who performed the exercise program with an intensity of 80-90% of maximum strength for 4 weeks (3 sessions per week). They gave Each training session consisted of performing 8 movements in the form of 3-5 turns and 4-6 repetitions of each movement. At the end of each session, the control group actively and the experimental group received 15 minutes of massage and performed the cooling phase. Subjects completed Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in two stages. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Analysis of Covariance.

The results indicated that the sleep quality of the subjects in the experimental group improved compared to the control group (P = 0.001). In addition, it was shown that massage therapy after each session of strenuous training is an effective factor in improving the mood of bodybuilders (P = 0.001).

Considering the low quality of sleep and the higher level of negative moods, especially after intense training among athletes, and also the relationship of these factors with their quality of life and athletic performance, the results of the present study show that the use of massage therapy after  training can be an effective way to improve sleep quality and mood of athletes (especially bodybuilders).

Disorders in attachment relationships can lead to psychological disorders by causing widespread anxiety and mistrust in children. This research aims to "explain the effectiveness of interactive play therapy with the theraplay model on the anxiety of children with attachment disorders".

The research method was an experiment with a single-subject AB-type design. The statistical population included all children with attachment disorders aged 5 to 8 who were present in psychological centers in Tehran from 2020 to 2021. Among them, 3 children (two boys and one girl) were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and by available sampling. The three-step intervention was implemented for each child in 21 sessions. The research tools included the Marschak Interaction Method 2018 (MIM), Spence Children Anxiety Scale 1997 (SCAS), and the Theraplay Behavioral Checklist (Researcher-made). Data visual analysis was done at both within-condition and between-condition levels based on three indicators of level, trend, and stability.  

The findings showed that theraplay intervention significantly reduces the anxiety of children with attachment injuries (P<0.05).

According to the research findings, the effectiveness of theraplay intervention has been confirmed on reducing the anxiety of children with attachment disorders. Therefore, this method can be considered one of the most useful and applicable treatments for these children.

Although conflicts and disagreements are inevitable in emotional relationships, they have many impressions on the quality and durability of the relationship. Clarifying the conflicts between the partners, in addition to being an effective step in evaluating the relationship, is a critical step of relationship assessment and a necessary factor in dissatisfaction intervention programs. Therefore, this study aims to prepare and standardize the Persian version of the Reasons for Disagreement in Romantic Relationship Scale (RDRRS).

As the research sample, 285 men and women living in Tehran, completed RDRRS, Relationship Assessment Scale(RAS), Relationship Quality Scale(RQS), and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire(OHQ) among which the last 3 ones were carried out for assessing the RDRRS validity. The construct validity was examined with the methods of confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity through Pearson correlation. To check its validity by calculating Cronbach's alpha, the main test was re-administered for 30 participants after two weeks.

The factor analysis of RDRRS revealed six main factors: Inadequate Attention or Affection; Jealousy & Infidelity; Chores & Responsibilities; Sex; Control & Dominance; Future Plans & Money. The reliability coefficients using Cronbach Alpha were equal to 0.75 to 0.90 for the main factors, 0.82 for the total score, and 0.39 for the test-retest sample. Also, to check the convergent validity, a significant correlation was obtained between the factors of RDRRS with the relationship evaluation questionnaire and the divergent validity with the happiness questionnaire.

According to the acquired results, the Persian edition of RDRRS has a factorial structure the same as the original scale. The Persian edition of RDRRS is a suitable scale for studying disagreements among Iranian couples.

Appropriate sample size calculation, its justification, and power analysis are too difficult in psychological sciences. The process of sample size calculation and power analysis using statistical formulas, especially without any background is too difficult. The informativeness of research depends on this justification. The more collected data, the more informativeness according to its inferential goals. In this paper, basic concepts have been discussed and then, G*Power software was briefly introduced for sample size determinations and power analysis. Briefly, 3 practical examples of the sample size calculations using this software were finally introduced. This software supports sample size calculation and power analysis for various statistical methods including exact test, t-tests, F-tests, Chi-Square tests, and Z-tests, each of these family tests includes many statistical tests. This software is user-friendly and useful software for estimating sample size and power analysis in psychological science research. This paper provides insight for a psychological researcher and it will make the researcher able to apply this software to other statistical tests